Low organisational justice and heavy drinking: a prospective cohort study

Objectives: To investigate whether low perceived organisational injustice predicts heavy drinking among employees. Methods: Data from the prospective occupational cohort study, the 10-Town Study, related to 15 290 Finnish public sector local government employees nested in 2432 work units, were used. Non-drinkers were excluded. Procedural, interactional and total organisational justice, heavy drinking (>=210 g of absolute alcohol per week) and other psychosocial factors were determined by means of questionnaire in 2000-2001 (phase 1) and 2004 (phase 2). Multilevel logistic regression analyses taking into account for the hierarchical structure of the data were conducted and adjustments were made for sex, age, socio-economic position, marital status, baseline heavy drinking, psychological distress and other psychosocial risk factors such as job strain and effort/reward imbalance. Results: After adjustments, participants who reported low procedural justice at phase 1 were about 1.2 times more likely to be heavy drinkers at phase 2 compared with their counterparts with high justice. Low perceived justice in interpersonal treatment and low perceived total organisational justice were associated with an elevated prevalence of heavy drinking only in the socio-demographics adjusted model. Conclusions: This is the first longitudinal study to show that low procedural justice is weakly associated with an increased likelihood of heavy drinking.

Effort-reward imbalance and sedentary lifestyle: an observational study in a large occupational cohort

Objectives: To investigate the association between effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work and sedentary lifestyle. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the ongoing Finnish Public Sector Study related to 30 433 women and 7718 men aged 17-64 were used (n = 35 918 after exclusion of participants with missing values in covariates). From the responses to a questionnaire, an aggregated mean score for ERI in a work unit was assigned to each participant. The outcome was sedentary lifestyle defined as <2.00 metabolic equivalent task (MET) hours/day. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used as an analysis method to include both individual and work unit level predictors in the models. Adjustments were made for age, marital status, occupational status, job contract, smoking, and heavy drinking. Results: Twenty five percent of women and 27% of men had a sedentary lifestyle. High individual level ERI was associated with a higher likelihood of sedentary lifestyle both among women (odds ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.16) and men (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.33). These associations were not explained by relevant confounders and they were also independent of work unit level job strain measured as a ratio of job demands and control. Conclusions: A mismatch between high occupational effort spent and low reward received in turn seems to be associated with an elevated risk of sedentary lifestyle, although this association is relatively weak.

Effort-reward imbalance at work and the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors: cross-sectional survey in a sample of 36,127 public sector employees

Background In occupational life, a mismatch between high expenditure of effort and receiving few rewards may promote the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors, however, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute this hypothesis. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the dimensions of the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model – effort, rewards and ERI – are associated with the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors. Methods Based on data from the Finnish Public Sector Study, cross-sectional analyses were performed for 28,894 women and 7233 men. ERI was conceptualized as a ratio of effort and rewards. To control for individual differences in response styles, such as a personal disposition to answer negatively to questionnaires, occupational and organizational -level ecological ERI scores were constructed in addition to individual-level ERI scores. Risk factors included current smoking, heavy drinking, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and physical inactivity. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of having one risk factor, two risk factors, and three or four risk factors. The associations between ERI and single risk factors were explored using binary logistic regression models. Results After adjustment for age, socioeconomic position, marital status, and type of job contract, women and men with high ecological ERI were 40% more likely to have simultaneously ≥3 lifestyle risk factors (vs. 0 risk factors) compared with their counterparts with low ERI. When examined separately, both low ecological effort and low ecological rewards were also associated with an elevated prevalence of risk factor co-occurrence. The results obtained with the individual-level scores were in the same direction. The associations of ecological ERI with single risk factors were generally less marked than the associations with the co-occurrence of risk factors. Conclusion This study suggests that a high ratio of occupational efforts relative to rewards may be associated with an elevated risk of having multiple lifestyle risk factors. However, an unexpected association between low effort and a higher likelihood of risk factor co-occurrence as well as the absence of data on overcommitment (and thereby a lack of full test of the ERI model) warrant caution in regard to the extent to which the entire ERI model is supported by our evidence.

Igorreko hizkeraren azterketa dialektologikoa

464 p.

Soziale Ungleichheiten beim Übergang von der Grundschule in die Sekundarstufe I. Theorie, Forschungsstand, Interventions- und Fördermöglichkeiten

Auf der Basis eines theoretischen Modells zum Übergangsprozess, in dem primäre und sekundäre Herkunftseffekte nach Boudon unterschieden werden, fasst der vorliegende Beitrag den empirischen Kenntnisstand zum Einfluss der familiären Herkunft auf den Übergang von der Grundschule in die Sekundarstufe I zusammen. Dabei wird neben den primären Effekten zwischen verschiedenen Arten von sekundären Herkunftseffekten unterschieden: sekundäre Effekte der Leistungsbeurteilung, der Schullaufbahnempfehlung und des Übergangsverhaltens. Die Befunde sprechen für die Existenz primärer und sekundärer Herkunftseffekte im deutschen Schulsystem: Kinder aus sozial schwachen Familien haben schlechtere Schulleistungen, erhalten jedoch selbst bei gleichen Testleistungen noch schlechtere Beurteilungen durch die Lehrkräfte (Noten und Schullaufbahnempfehlungen) und gehen bei gleichen Testleistungen und Schulnoten und gleicher Empfehlung häufiger auf niedrigere Schulformen über. Weiterhin werden Ergebnisse aus Studien zur Quantifizierung und Neutralisation von primären und sekundären Herkunftseffekten vorgestellt und diskutiert sowie mögliche Interventions- und Fördermöglichkeiten zur Verringerung der Herkunftseffekte beim Übergang aufgezeigt.

Euskarazko zinemaren produkzioa eta finantziazioa (2005-2012): hamaika fikziozko film luzeren azterketa ekonomikoa

490 p.

Batasuneko zirkulatzeko askatasuna ekonomikoki aktiboak ez diren hiritarrengan: non dago muga?

Askatasunez zirkulatu eta erresiditzeko eskubidea europaren integrazio prozesuko lorpen handienetako bat izan da, Europar Batasunean (aurrerantzean EB) egunero milaka pertsonek gauzatzen duten eskubidea izanik. Zertan datza eskubide honek? Pertsona batek nazionala ez den beste estatu batera sartu edo irtetzeko edo bertan bere egoitza finkatzeko duen eskubidea da. Hala ere, eskubide hau oso zabala izan daiteke, hau egikari dezaketen subjektuak anitzak izan daitezkeelako edota eskubidea egikaritu daitekeen espazio geografikoa oso zabala delako, beste zenbaiten artean. Horregatik, beharrezkoa deritzogu atal bat eskubidearen marko guztia aipatu eta horren barnean aztertuko duguna zehaztera eskaintzea.

Slobodan Jovanović et la tradition du libéralisme doctrinaire serbe : pour un changement du paradigme

International audience

Trapping phenomena in AlGaN and InAlN barrier HEMTs with different geometries

PAPER Trapping phenomena in AlGaN and InAlN barrier HEMTs with different geometries S Martin-Horcajo1, A Wang1, A Bosca1, M F Romero1, M J Tadjer1,2, A D Koehler2, T J Anderson2 and F Calle1 Published 11 February 2015 • © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd Semiconductor Science and Technology, Volume 30, Number 3 Article PDF Figures References Citations Metrics 350 Total downloads Cited by 1 articles Export citation and abstract BibTeX RIS Turn on MathJax Share this article Article information Abstract Trapping effects were evaluated by means of pulsed measurements under different quiescent biases for GaN/AlGaN/GaN and GaN/InAlN/GaN. It was found that devices with an AlGaN barrier underwent an increase in the on-resistance, and a drain current and transconductance reduction without measurable threshold voltage change, suggesting the location of the traps in the gate-drain access region. In contrast, devices with an InAlN barrier showed a transconductance and a decrease in drain associated with a significant positive shift of threshold voltage, indicating that the traps were likely located under the gate region; as well as an on-resistance degradation probably associated with the presence of surface traps in the gate-drain access region. Furthermore, measurements of drain current transients at different ambient temperatures revealed that the activation energy of electron traps was 0.43 eV and 0.38 eV for AlGaN and InAlN barrier devices, respectively. Experimental and simulation results demonstrated the influence of device geometry on the observed trapping effects, since devices with larger gate lengths and gate-to-drain distance values exhibited less noticeable charge trapping effects.

Impacto de la innovación tecnológica en las estrategias de YouTube y Google

El concepto de administración ha venido cambiando constantemente a través del tiempo y de las ideologías de diferentes autores que han marcado dicho concepto, en donde se ha podido establecer de mejor forma el significado que ésta ciencia tiene con la innovación y la estrategia. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar los fundamentos teóricos de la administración, la innovación y la estrategia, para así mostrar los alcances e impactos que estos tienen en las organizaciones visitadas durante la misión empresarial al Silicon Valley, principalmente a YouTube y Google. Para cumplir con dicho objetivo se realizaron encuestas a diferentes trabajadores pertenecientes a las organizaciones, obteniendo así, información valiosa para el estudio realizado. Con la información obtenida de la entrevistas, se logró recopilar información pertinente que permitió concluir que la innovación es un pilar fundamental para el buen funcionamiento de las empresas pertenecientes al Silicon Valley y así mismo ser base indispensable para la creación y formulación de las principales estrategias de las empresas.