Carta de compartimentação fisiográfica na escala 1:50.000 a partir da análise integrada na bacia do Ribeirão de Araras (SP)

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Table 1: Glacier measurements from air photos 1969 and landsat images 1972 and 1973

The extent of snow cover at the end of the ablation season on glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps in 1972 and 1973 was determined from Landsat-1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images. For snovv mapping the MSS-images with a ground resolution of 80 meters were enlarged to a scale of 1: 100.000 by photographic methods. Different appearance of snow cover in the 4 MSS-channels is discussed in connection with ground truth control. The accuracy of snow and ice mapping from Landsat images was checked on 15 glaciers with an area from 1 to 10 km2 by aerial photography and/or ground truth control. These comparisons imply the usefulness of Landsat images for snow mapping on glaciers of a few square kilometers. The altitude of the equilibrium line was determined from Landsat images for 53 glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps. The regional differences in the equilibrium line altitude correspond to the regional precipitation patterns. The equilibrium line was identical with the snow line at the end of the budget year 1971/1972; therefore it was possible to determine the equilibrium line from satellite images. For 1968/69 the equilibrium line was mapped from aerial photographs for several glaciers. In 1972/73 mass balance was strongly negative and the equilibrimn line was within the firn area of the glaciers. Therefore it was not possible to distinguish between accumulation and ablation areas from the Landsat images of September 1973; however, snow and ice areas could be olearly differentiated. The ratios of accumulation area 01' snow area to the total area of the glaciers were determineel from satellite images and aerial photography separately for aelvancing anel for retreating glaciers and were relateel to the mass balance. In the budget years 1968/69 and 1972/73 with negative mass balance the accumulation area ratios of the advancing glacien; were olearly different from the ratios of the retreating glaciers, in 1971/72 with positive 01' balanced mass budget the differences between advancing and retreating glaciers were not significant.

South America, 1819 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: South America : from the latest Spanish and Portuguese surveys. It was published by W. Faden in Jany. 1, 1819. Scale [ca. 1:77,500,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Coasts, Brazil, 1830 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Blachford & Co.'s new chart of the coast of Brazil : from the Equator to Rio Janeiro, drawn from the surveys made by order of the Portuguese government, including those of Jose Patriceo, Manoe Pimental & several other officers in the Royal Navy. It was published by R. Blachford & Co., chart sellers to the Admiralty, and East India Compny, etc., 115 Minories in 1830. Scale [ca. 1:1,700,000]. Covers a portion of coastal Brazil.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as rocks, channels, points, ports, coves, islands, flats, bottom types, anchorage points, and more. Includes also selected land features such as towns, drainage, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Depths shown by soundings. Includes notes and insets: Harbor of Cape Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Harbor of Bahia, or St. Salvador, Fernand de Noronha, Bay of Maranham and Pernambuco. Decorated with 10 views of harbor entrances to Rio de Janeiro, Cape Frio, Bahia, etc.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Southern Vietnam, 1883 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: La Cochinchine française en 1883. It was published by Challamel ainé in 1884. Scale [ca. 1:1,000,000]. Covers Southern Vietnam and portions of Cambodia. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Asia North Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, railroads, territorial and administrative boundaries, fortification, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Central & Eastern Africa, 1635 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Aethiopia superior vel interior, vulgo Abissinorum sive Presbiteri Ioannis imperium. It was published by Guiljelmum et Johannem Blaeu in 1635. Scale [ca. 1:12,600,000]. Covers Central and Eastern Africa. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes notes, illustrations of animals, and ornamental cartouche. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Worcester, Massachusetts, ca. 1860 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city of Worcester, Mass. : from actual surveys under the direction of P. Ball, C.E. It was published by Smith & Mc.Kinney, between 1850 and 1860. Scale [ca. 1:3,600]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, public buildings, schools, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), selected private buildings with names of property owners, town and ward boundaries, cemeteries, and more. Includes also engravings of important buildings and advertisements in margins. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Africa, 1770 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: L'Afrique : ou tous les points principaux sont placez, sur les opservations de messieurs de l'Academie royale de siences [sic] par N. de Fer, geographe de Monseigneur le Dauphin. It was published by Desnos in 1770. Scale [ca. 1:12,250,000]. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also illustrations, plans, and descriptions of the inhabitants of Africa.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Coast, North Africa, Tunisia and Algeria, 1829 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte comparée des régences d'Alger et de Tunis, dressée par le Chev. Lapie, Géographe du Roi ; les noms anciens ont été revus par ... Hase ; les noms arabes par ... Taubert ; gravé par Flahaut ; écrit par Lallemand. It was published by Chez Ch. Picquet, Quai Conti, no. 17 in 1829. Scale [ca. 1:1,632,653], 16 km=9.8 cm. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the western portion of the map. Covers the coast of North Africa including Tunisia, Algeria, and portions of Morocco and Libya. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Orleans, France, ca. 1680 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville d'Orleans : comme il est aujourd'huy, où sont representées en elevation les églises, palais et autres edifices. It was published by Chez le Sr. Iselin, au bas du Pont au Change between 1680 and 1715. Scale [ca. 1:4,625]. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Selected features shown pictorially. Includes also a brief history of the city.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Burma, 1824 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Geographical sketch of the Burmese Empire, drawn by H. Hamilton ; compiled at the office of the Surveyor General of India. It was published by Published at the Asiatic Lithographic Press in 1825. Scale [ca. 1:1,010,000]. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the central north portion of the map. Covers Burma and bordering portions of India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and China.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Asia North Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, fortifications, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, ground cover, temples, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also glossary and notes on the construction of the sketch and table of estimated road distances.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Burma, 1824 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Geographical sketch of the Burmese Empire, drawn by H. Hamilton ; compiled at the office of the Surveyor General of India. It was published by Published at the Asiatic Lithographic Press in 1825. Scale [ca. 1:1,010,000]. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the central south portion of the map. Covers Burma and bordering portions of India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and China.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Asia North Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, fortifications, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, ground cover, temples, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also glossary and notes on the construction of the sketch and table of estimated road distances.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Burma, 1824 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Geographical sketch of the Burmese Empire, drawn by H. Hamilton ; compiled at the office of the Surveyor General of India. It was published by Published at the Asiatic Lithographic Press in 1825. Scale [ca. 1:1,010,000]. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the south portion of the map. Covers Burma and bordering portions of India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and China.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Asia North Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, fortifications, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, ground cover, temples, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also glossary and notes on the construction of the sketch and table of estimated road distances.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.