Primary and secondary metabolites production in signal grass around the year under nitrogen fertilizer

Plants produce a number of substances and products and primary and secondary metabolites (SM) are amongst them with many benefits but limitation as well. Usually, the fodder are not considered toxic to animals or as a source having higher SM. The Brachiaria decumbens has a considerable nutritional value, but it is considered as a toxic grass for causing photosensitization in animals, if the grass is not harvested for more than 30 days or solely. The absence of detailed information in the literature about SM in Brachiaria, metabolites production and its chemical profile enable us to focus not only on the nutritive value but to get answers in all aspects and especially on toxicity. The study was conducted in the period of december 2013 to december 2014; in greenhouse FZEA-USP. B. decumbens was used with two cutting heights (10 and 20 cm) and nitrogen doses (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1) in complete randomized block design. The bromatological analysis were carried out on near infrared spectroscopy. Generally, the application of 150 kg ha-1 N was sufficient to promote the nutritional value in B. decumbens but above it the nitrogen use efficiency decline significantly. The highest dry matter yield (99.97 g/pot) was observed in autumn and the lowest was in winter (30.20 g/pot). While, as per nitrogen dose the average highest dry matter yield was at 150 kg ha-1 (79.98 g/pot). The highest crude protein was observed in winter (11.88%) and the lowest in autumn (7.78%). By the cutting heights; the 10 cm proved to have high CP (9.51%). In respect of fibrous contents, the highest acid detergent fiber was noted in summer (36.37%) and lowest in winter (30.88%). While the neutral detergent fiber was being highest in autumn and lowest in spring (79.60%). The highest in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were noted at 300 kg ha-1 N; being 68.06 and 60.57%; respectively; with the lowest observed in without N treatments (62.63% and 57.97), respectively. For determination of the classes, types and concentration of SM in B. decumbens, phytochemical tests, thin layer and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis were carried out. Height, nitrogen and seasons significantly (P <0.0001) affected the secondary metabolic profile. A new protodioscin isomer (protoneodioscin (25S-)) was identified for first time in B. decumbens and is supposed to be the probable toxicity reason. Its structure was verified by 1D and 2D NMR techniques (1H, 13C) and 1D (COSY-45, edited HSQC, HMBC, H2BC, HSQC -TOCSY, NOESY and 1 H, 1 H, J). All factors influence the metabolic profile significantly (P <0.0001). The lowest phenols were at 300 kg ha-1 while the lowest flavones were at 0 kg ha-1. Season wise the highest phenols occurred in autumn (19.65 mg/g d.wt.) and highest flavones (28.87 mg/g d.wt.) in spring. Seasons effect the saponin production significantly (P <0.0001) and the results showed significant differences in the protodioscin (17.63±4.3 - 22.57±2.2 mg/g d.wt.) and protoneodioscin (23.3±1.2 - 31.07±2.9 mg/g d.wt.) concentrations. The highest protodioscin isomers concentrations were observed in winter and spring and by N doses the highest were noted in 300 kg ha-1. Simply, all factors significantly played their role in varying concentrations of secondary metabolites.

Aplicaciones de las tecnologías SIG y GPS en la dinámica de poblaciones de flora amenazada: Helianthemun caput-felis Boiss

Se muestra un ejemplo de aplicación combinada de las técnicas SIG y GPS para el seguimiento de especies vegetales de flora catalogada como rara, endémica o amenazada: Helianthemum caput-felis Boiss. La localización georreferenciada de todas sus poblaciones y la base de datos generada permiten la elaboración de una cartografía de detalle muy útil para conocer las condiciones óptimas para su desarrollo, sus principales amenazas, así como para realizar el seguimiento de la dinámica de estas poblaciones, ya que a través del análisis espacial se puede preveer qué áreas desaparecerán si se ejecuta el planeamiento urbanístico vigente y, por lo tanto, tomar las medidas oportunas desde el organismo oficial competente. Esta cartografía a escala de detalle se convierte en una información de base y de consulta fácil de integrar en los proyec-tos de desarrollo del planeamiento.

Los SIG en el contexto del medio marino en la Región de Murcia

La aplicación de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) se ha extendido en el mundo científico-técnico, donde se ha convertido en un instrumento de análisis y almacenamiento de información imprescindible. El uso de los SIG abarca casi cualquier aplicación en la que haya una componente espacial, como usos militares, aplicaciones en infraestructuras, planificación territorial, etc. En el medio marino se pueden aplicar para teledetección, cartografía digital, geoestadística, análisis y modelación espacial, Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales (IDE), visores web, etc. En 1988, la Región de Murcia impulsó el proyecto de cartografía binómica del litoral murciano, siendo un instrumento que ha ido actualizándose hasta nuestros días. En comparación con otras regiones mediterráneas españolas, el litoral murciano es el tramo del litoral mediterráneo con la información cartográfica más completa y precisa, además del SIG marino más avanzado. Son numerosos los trabajos y aplicaciones en los que se ha utilizado como base la cartografía y los datos asociados, como la Red Natura 2000, ‘Programa de gestión integrada del litoral del Mar Menor y su zona de influencia’, caracterización ambiental para la propuesta de Reservas Marinas, diagnóstico medioambiental, etc.

How can an invasive grass affect fire behavior in a tropical savanna? A community and individual plant level approach

Some invasive grasses have been reported to change fire behavior in invaded plant communities. Urochloa brizantha is an aggressive invasive grass in the Brazilian Cerrado, an ecosystem where fire is a common disturbance. We investigated the effects of U. brizantha on fire behavior in an open Cerrado physiognomy in Central Brazil. Using experimental burnings we compared fire behavior at both the community and the individual plant level in invaded (UJ) and non-invaded (NJ) areas burned in July. We also assessed the effect of fire season in invaded areas by comparing July (UJ) and October (UO) burnings. We evaluated the following variables: fuel load, fuel moisture, combustion efficiency, maximum fire temperature, flame height, and fire intensity. Additionally, we evaluated the temperatures reached under invasive and native grass tussocks in both seasons. Fuel load, combustion efficiency, and fire intensity were higher in NJ than in UJ, whilst flame height showed the opposite trend. Fuel amount and fire intensity were higher in October than in July. At the individual plant level, U. brizantha moisture was higher than that of native species, however, temperatures reaching ≥600 °C at ground level were more frequent under U. brizantha tussocks than under native grasses. At the community level, the invasive grass modified fire behavior towards lower intensity, lower burning efficiency, and higher flame height. These results provide essential information for the planning of prescribed burnings in invaded Cerrado areas.

La opinión del residente como criterio para la elaboración de rutas turísticas en el entorno urbano mediante SIG

La importancia de la actividad turística para las economías locales es un hecho constatado en las últimas décadas desde diferentes organismos oficiales, tanto nacionales como internacionales. A su vez, el mayor acceso y mejora de la tecnología permite desarrollar metodologías que establezcan modelos locales de turismo más eficientes e innovadores, acordes tanto con el valor y los recursos endógenos, como con la realidad del destino turístico en cuestión. El objetivo de este artículo ha sido desarrollar y aplicar una metodología que ha permitido; por un lado, la selección y georeferenciación de los principales atractivos culturales de la ciudad de Murcia de acuerdo a la opinión de sus habitantes; y por otro, desarrollar una ruta turística a partir de la ubicación de esos puntos, haciendo uso de la extensión de análisis de redes de un SIG.

Avaliação da aptidão dos solos a sul do concelho do Fundão com vista à sua beneficiação pelo regadio, com o uso de ferramentas SIG

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimentos dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Sistemas de Informação Geográfica em Recursos Agro-Florestais e Ambientais.

Preventing collapse in Ukraine: The EU should finance the grass roots directly. CEPS Commentary, 10 December 2014

With the aim of averting the total collapse of the Ukrainian economy, Daniel Gros and Steven Blockmans urge the EU to ​offer a minimum of macro-financial assistance to improve governance, fight corruption and harmonise laws with the EU acquis, while beefing up financing channelled directly to the grass roots.

I-90, Lodge Grass : environmental impact statement.

F available only in microfiche

The pricing and utilization of legume and grass seeds /

Cover title.

Cucamonga brome, a new grass for covercropping /

Mode of access: Internet.

Apparati e solennità dell'ingresso in Milano dell'emin.mo e reuer.mo sig.re cardinale, arciuescovo Cesare Monti alli 29. d'aprile dell'anno 1635.

Errata, p. [69].

Graphical remote-access simulation system (GRASS), the communication and monitor components (GASP/GLASP).

"Supported in part by contract U.S. AEC AT(11-1)1469."

GRASS: terminal user's guide,

Includes bibliographical references.