Investigations of the origin of stereocontrol in syndiospecific Ziegler-Natta polymerizations

In order to expand our understanding of the mechanism of stereocontrol in syndiospecific α-olefin polymerization, a family of Cs-symmetric, ansa-group 3 metallocenes was targeted as polymerization catalysts. The syntheses of new ansa-yttrocene and scandocene derivatives that employ the doubly [SiMe₂]- bridged ligand array (1,2-SiMe₂)₂{C₅H-3,5-(CHMe₂)₂} (where R = t- butyl, tBuThp; where R = i-propyl, iPrThp) are described. The structures of tBuThpY(µ-Cl)₂K(THF)₂, tBuThpSc(µ-Cl)₂K(Et₂O)₂, tBuThpYCH(SiMe₃)₂, Y₂{µ₂-(tBuThp)₂}(µ₂-H)₂, and tBuThpSc(µ-CH₃)₂ have been examined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Ansa-yttrocenes and scandocenes that incorporate the singly [CPh₂]-bridged ligand array (CPh₂)(C₅H₄)(C₁₃H₈)(where C₅H₄ = Cp, cyclopentadienyl; where C₁₃H₈ = Flu, fluourenyl) have also been prepared. Select meallocene alkyl complexes are active single component catalysts for homopolymerization of propylene and 1-pentene. The scandocene tetramethylaluminate complexes generate polymers with the highes molecular weights of the series. Under all conditions examined atactic polymer microstructures are observed, suggesting a chain-end mechanism for stereocontrol.

A series of ansa-tantalocenes have been prepared as models for Ziegler-Natta polymerization catalysts. A singly bridged ansa-tantalocene trimethyl complex, Me₂Si(η⁵-C₅H₄)₂TaMe₃, has been prepared and used for the synthesis of a tantalocene ethylene-methyl complex. Addition of propylene to this ethylene-methyl adduct results in olefin exchange to give a mixture of endo and exo propylene isomers. Doubly-silylene bridged ansa-tantalocene complexes have been prepared with the tBuThp ligand; a tantalocene trimethyl complex and a tantalocene methylidene-methyl complex have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Thermolysis of the methylidene-methyl complex affords the corresponding ethylene-hydride complex. Addition of either propylene or styrene to this ethylene-hydride compound results in olefin exchange. In both cases, only one product isomer is observed. Studies of olefin exchange with ansa-tantalocene olefin-hydride and olefin-methyl complexes have provided information about the important steric influences for olefin coordination in Ziegler-Natta polymerization.

甲烷团簇纯库仑爆炸的离子平均动能

利用一简单的经典静电模型研究了甲烷团簇纯库仑爆炸情况下产生的离子平均动能。研究表明，甲烷团簇爆炸后离子获得的平均动能和离子的初始平均静电势能的比值，与团簇的尺寸大小无关。这意味着在甲烷团簇纯库仑爆炸近似下，不必使用分子动力学模拟，离子获得的动能可以通过这一比值以及离子的初始静电势能进行估算。给出了不同碳离子价态下的离子平均动能和其初始平均静电势能的比值。

Synthesis and matrix isolated photolysis of 2,3-dimethylbicyclo [2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid anhydride: a potential percursor to 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-dehydrobenzene

The synthesis of the first member of a new class of Dewar benzenes has been achieved. The synthesis of 2,3- dimethylbicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid and its anhydride are described. Dibromomaleic anhydride and dichloroethylene were found to add efficiently in a photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition to produce 1,2-dibromo- 3,4-dichlorocyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. Removal of the bromines with tin/copper couple yielded dichloro- cyclobutenes which added to 2-butyne under photochemical conditions to yield 5,6-dichloro-2,3-dimethylbicyclo [2.2.0] hex-2-ene dicarboxylic acids. One of the three possible isomers yielded a stable anhydride which could be dechlorinated using triphenyltin radicals generated by the photolysis of hexaphenylditin.

Photolysis of argon matrix isolated 2,3-dimethylbicyclo [2.2.0]hexa-2, 5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid anhydride produced traces whose strongest bands in the infrared were at 3350 and 600 cm^(-1). This suggested the formation of terminal acetylenes. The spectra of argon matrix isolated E- and Z- 3,4-dimethylhexa-1,5-diyne-3-ene and cis-and trans-octa- 2,6-diyne-4-ene were compared with the spectrum of the photolysis products. Possibly all four diethynylethylenes were present in the anhydride photolysis products. Gas chromatograph-mass spectral analysis of the volatiles from the anhydride photolysis again suggested, but did not confirm, the presence of the diethynylethylenes.

I. Electronic states of heavily-doped molecular crystals--naphthalene. I. Theoretical. II. Experimental. II. Lowest singlet and triplet excited states of pyrazine

PART I

The energy spectrum of heavily-doped molecular crystals was treated in the Green’s function formulation. The mixed crystal Green’s function was obtained by averaging over all possible impurity distributions. The resulting Green’s function, which takes the form of an infinite perturbation expansion, was further approximated by a closed form suitable for numerical calculations. The density-of-states functions and optical spectra for binary mixtures of normal naphthalene and deuterated naphthalene were calculated using the pure crystal density-of-state functions. The results showed that when the trap depth is large, two separate energy bands persist, but when the trap depth is small only a single band exists. Furthermore, in the former case it was found that the intensities of the outer Davydov bands are enhanced whereas the inner bands are weakened. Comparisons with previous theoretical calculations and experimental results are also made.

PART II

The energy states and optical spectra of heavily-doped mixed crystals are investigated. Studies are made for the following binary systems: (1) naphthalene-h₈ and d₈, (2) naphthalene--h₈ and αd₄, and (3) naphthalene--h₈ and βd₁, corresponding to strong, medium and weak perturbations. In addition to ordinary absorption spectra at 4˚K, band-to-band transitions at both 4˚K and 77˚K are also analyzed with emphasis on their relations to cooperative excitation and overall density-of-states functions for mixed crystals. It is found that the theoretical calculations presented in a previous paper agree generally with experiments except for cluster states observed in system (1) at lower guest concentrations. These features are discussed semi-quantitatively. As to the intermolecular interaction parameters, it is found that experimental results compare favorably with calculations based on experimental density-of-states functions but not with those based on octopole interactions or charge-transfer interactions. Previous experimental results of Sheka and the theoretical model of Broude and Rashba are also compared with present investigations.

PART III

The phosphorescence, fluorescence and absorption spectra of pyrazine-h₄ and d₄ have been obtained at 4˚K in a benzene matrix. For comparison, those of the isotopically mixed crystal pyrazine-h₄ in d₄ were also taken. All these spectra show extremely sharp and well-resolved lines and reveal detailed vibronic structure.

The analysis of the weak fluorescence spectrum resolves the long-disputed question of whether one or two transitions are involved in the near-ultraviolet absorption of pyrazine. The “mirror-image relationship” between absorption and emission shows that the lowest singlet state is an allowed transition, properly designated as ¹B_3u ← ¹A_1g. The forbidden component ¹B_2g, predicted by both “exciton” and MO theories to be below the allowed component, must lie higher. Its exact location still remains uncertain.

The phosphorescence spectrum when compared with the excitation phosphorescence spectra, indicates that the lowest triplet state is also symmetry allowed, showing a strong 0-0 band and a “mirror-image relationship” between absorption and emission. In accordance with previous work, the triplet state is designated as ³B_3u.

The vibronic structure of the phosphorescence spectrum is very complicated. Previous work on the analysis of this spectrum all concluded that a long progression of v_6a exists. Under the high resolution attainable in our work, the supposed v_6a progression proves to have a composite triplet structure, starting from the second member of the progression. Not only is the v_9a hydrogen-bending mode present as shown by the appearance of the C-D bending mode in the d₄ spectrum, but a band of 1207 cm^-1 in the pyrazine in benzene system and 1231 cm^-1 in the mixed crystal system is also observed. This band is assigned as 2v_6b and of a_1g symmetry. Its anonymously strong intensity in the phosphorescence spectrum is interpreted as due to the Fermi resonance with the 2v_6a and v_9a band.

To help resolve the present controversy over the crystal phosphorescence spectrum of pyrazine, detailed vibrational analyses of the emission spectra were made. The fluorescence spectrum has essentially the same vibronic structure as the phosphorescence spectrum.

Efecto de la temperatura en el subproteoma de membrana externa de Escherichia coli

[es]En sus habitas naturales, los microorganismos están en un estado constante de adaptación a cambios tanto bióticos como abióticos. Ante situaciones de estré s, como por ejemplo cambios en nutriente s, temperatura o de osmolar idad , la s estrategias de supervivencia o adapta ción se puede n manifestar como cambios fenotípicos y genotípicos . En este estudio se analizaron algunos mecanismos de cambio asociados a la supervivencia y la composición proteica de membrana en Escherichia coli (bact eria mesófila), al ser expuesta a condiciones de ayuno y a temperaturas subó ptimas (4 y 20ºC). Al realizar un análisis comparativ o del subproteoma de membrana entre estas dos temperaturas, se observó que ante la ausencia de nutrientes, E. coli respondía de forma diferen te en la expresió n de proteí nas as ociadas a estructura (lipoproteínas), conservación de la energía y transporte, con un aumento en el nú mero de proteí nas expresadas a 20 o C. Se observó, además, una importante diferencia en la supervivencia a estas dos temperaturas, donde el número de células en el estado viable no cultivable (VNC) representaron un porcentaje importante a 20ºC

不同氧磷比对磷酸盐包边玻璃性质的影响规律

包边技术是提高大尺寸激光玻璃饱和增益系数的关键技术。采用传统的方法熔制玻璃,研究了 P2O5含量对 P2O5-Al2O3-B2O3-CuCl-Na2O-ZnO磷酸盐包边玻璃的折射率、热膨胀系数、玻璃转变温度、膨胀软化温度以及化学稳定性的影响。结果表明：当 P2O5的摩尔分数为 60%左右,玻璃样品具有最高的折射率（1.522 0）、最低的玻璃转变温度（352.4 ℃）、较好的化学稳定性[0.52 mg/（cm^2·d）]和适宜的热膨胀系数（128.427×10^-7/℃）,是用作钕磷酸盐激光玻璃硬包边的理

Prediction of discard mortality for Alaskan crabs after exposure to freezing temperatures, based on a reflex impairment index

Millions of crabs are sorted and discarded in freezing conditions each year in Alaskan fisheries for Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) and snow crab (C. opilio). However, cold exposures vary widely over the fishing season and among different vessels, and mortalities are difficult to estimate. A shipboard experiment was conducted to determine whether simple behavioral observations can be used to evaluate crab condition after low-temperature exposures. Crabs were systematically subjected to cold in seven different exposure treatments. They were then tested for righting behavior and six different ref lex actions and held to monitor mortality. Crabs lost limbs, showed ref lex impairment, and died in direct proportion to increases in cold exposure. Righting behavior was a poor predictor of mortality, whereas reflex impairment (scored as the sum of reflex actions that were lost) was an excellent predictor. This composite index could be measured quickly and easily in hand, and logistic regression revealed that the relationship between reflex impairment and mortality correctly predicted 80.0% of the mortality and survival for C. bairdi, and 79.4% for C. opilio. These relationships provide substantial improvements over earlier approaches to mortality estimation and were independent of crab size and exposure temperature.

Length-weight relationship of fishes from a seagrass meadow in Negros Oriental, Philippines

The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship of the form W=aL super(b) were estimated for 13 fish species sampled in a seagrass meadow in Negros Oriental, Philippines. Also, to facilitate conversions, the relationship between total length and standard length for the 13 species is given.

Telhados verdes para habitações de interesse social: retenção das águas pluviais e conforto térmico.

O crescimento populacional aliado à migração tem aumentado a pressão sobre o uso do solo urbano perpetuando sucessivos problemas de assentamentos informais e saneamento ambiental nos grandes centros. Esta situação se agrava ainda mais em épocas de chuvas intensas devido à ocorrência de enchentes. Este projeto faz parte de um conjunto de ações integradas de cidadania e inclusão social na região hidrográfica da baixada de Jacarepaguá, especificamente envolvendo a Comunidade da Vila Cascatinha, em Vargem Grande, a fim de gerar subsídios para políticas públicas em áreas de assentamentos informais, integrado ao projeto HIDROCIDADES (CNPq/CTHIDRO/CTAGRO), que visa a conservação da água em meios urbanos e periurbanos associado à cidadania, inclusão social e melhoria da qualidade de vida nas grandes cidades. Este projeto utilizou uma tecnologia adaptada dos telhados verdes para edifica��ão popular (telhado de fibrocimento), com o objetivo de verificar aspectos construtivos, possíveis espécies com potencial de geração de renda, custos, efeitos no retardo do escoamento superficial das águas pluviais e outros benefícios associados a questões climáticas locais e de conforto do ambiente interno. Os resultados gerados demonstraram, entre outros, o estabelecimento de metodologia para implantação dos telhados verdes em habitações populares, o valor dos custos e resultados preliminares de espécies com potencial para geração de renda. Ainda, a implantação dos telhados verdes demonstrou ser promissora no controle do escoamento superficial, na aplica��ão do sistema de irrigação. Na simulação das chuvas, observou-se uma retenção de até 56% do volume precipitado. Observou-se o retardo da ocorrência do pico de até 8 minutos no telhado vegetado em relação ao telhado testemunho (convencional telhas fibrocimento). Foi observada a eficiência tanto no comportamento térmico interno como também no externo, uma redução da amplitude térmica interna em dia característico de verão (35,9 C), sendo capaz de r eduzir a temperatura interna em cerca de 2,0 C nos períodos mais quentes do dia e cerca de 4,0 C no ambiente externo em comparação com o telhado-testemunha (sem plantio), com potencial de modifica��ão do microclima local.

栽培牡丹起源研究

牡丹在中国被称作“花中之王”。我国不仅是全部野生牡丹的原产地，也是栽培牡丹最早的驯化地。野生牡丹共有8个种，分布于云南、四川、湖北、甘肃、陕西、山西、安徽、河南和西藏等9省区，因其具有很大的观赏和药用价值，而在中国和世界温带地区广泛栽培。本研究利用形态特征和4个核基因片段（三个Adh 基因和GPAT基因片断）的核苷酸序列变异对牡丹组的种间系统发育关系进行了分析，并对我国栽培牡丹四个品种群的101个代表品种的可能祖先进行了形态学鉴定和分子诊断标记研究。在此基础上，利用核编码叶绿体表达的GPAT基因的（大内含子）部分序列和叶绿体基因组的trnS – trnG 和 rpS16 – trnQ两个基因间隔区的DNA序列变异重建了栽培牡丹37个代表品种和26个野生居群间的谱系关系。结果表明：（1）GPAT基因树是迄今得到的分辨率最好，并具有很高自展值支持的牡丹组种间系统发育关系树;（2）GPAT基因树和形态学证据一致支持银屏牡丹（P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan）, 凤丹（P. ostii）, 紫斑牡丹（P. rockii）, 卵叶牡丹（P. qiui）, 和矮牡丹 （P. jishanensis） 参与了栽培牡丹的起源;（3）叶绿体DNA单倍型网络树（network）进一步证实上述5个祖先类群的4个（矮牡丹除外）可能参与了栽培牡丹的母系起源。37个品种的GPAT基因谱系和叶绿体DNA单倍型网络树一致表明银屏牡丹是栽培牡丹最主要的祖先，其次是紫斑牡丹、凤丹、和卵叶牡丹;（4）我们的分子证据不支持形态学证据关于矮牡丹是栽培牡丹最主要的野生祖先的推测;（5）形态学和分子诊断标记证据表明，101个品种中有65.35 % 的品种具有两个以上野生种的特征，18.81 % 品种同时具有 Eco R I (+) 和 InDel51(+)物种特异分子标记。对37个品种的GPAT基因谱系和叶绿体DNA谱系比较发现，其中35个可能是杂种起源。另外，对7个古代牡丹品种（据文献记载）的GPAT基因的不同克隆类型进行测序和谱系分析，结果表明其中4 个为杂种起源。上述证据充分表明杂交和（或）渗入杂交在牡栽培牡丹的起源和进化中发挥了重要作用。根据本研究的结果，结合现有的形态学数据、考古记录，以及有关牡丹栽培和驯化历史的记载，我们对栽培牡丹的起源和驯化历史总结如下。牡丹的栽培迄今有1,600 – 2,000年，栽培牡丹最迟起源于1，500年前。最初通过驯化和对突变的选择获得原始品种。由于牡丹品种可以通过无性和（或）有性方式进行繁殖，其后新的品种通过如下方式产生：（1）对突变的选择，（2）对栽培类型和野生种之间或栽培类型之间杂交和（或）渗入杂交产生的实生苗的选择。由于绝大部分（如果不是全部）早期的原始品种已绝灭，现有栽培牡丹是起源于各种人工和自然进化力共同作用的结果，其中包括多次驯化、人工选择、突变、杂交和渗入杂交等。据作者所知，栽培牡丹的这种 ‘compilospecies’ 起源和驯化模式是目前已研究过的主要栽培作物中未见报道的。 因此，本研究不仅为栽培牡丹的多系起源和驯化历史提供了可信的分子证据，同时也为利用单拷贝基因的内含子序列构建栽培作物及其近缘野生祖先间的种系发生关系提供了成功的例子。另外，本研究也为同时利用核和叶绿体基因组的非编码DNA序列研究杂交在栽培作物的起源和进化的中作用提供了成功的例子。

Ecological condition of coastal ocean waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: 2011

In August 2011, the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS) conducted an assessment of the status of ecological condition of soft-bottom habitat and overlying waters of the continental shelf in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The original sampling design included 50 randomly selected sites from the Mississippi River delta to the U.S./Mexican border, representing a total area of 111,162 square kilometers; however, vessel failures and inclement weather precluded sampling at 16 sites in the western-most part of the study region. Sampling was completed at the remaining 34 sites in offshore waters between the Mississippi River delta and Freeport, Texas, representing an estimated 75,591 square kilometers. Field sampling followed standard methods and indicators applied in prior NOAA coastal studies and EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) and National Coastal Assessment (NCA). A key feature adopted from these studies was the incorporation of a random probabilistic sampling design. Such a design provides a basis for making unbiased statistical estimates of the spatial extent of ecological condition relative to various measured indicators and corresponding thresholds of concern. Indicators included multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition (benthic fauna, fish tissue contaminant levels). Water depths ranged from 13 – 83 m throughout the study area. About 9 % of the area had sediments composed of sands (< 20 % silt+clay), 47 % of the area was composed of intermediate muddy sands (20 – 80 % silt+clay), and 44 % of the sampled area consisted of mud (> 80 % silt+clay). About 50 % of the area (represented by 17 sites) had sediment total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations < 5 mg/g and all of the sites sampled had levels of TOC < 20 mg/g, well below the range associated with potentially harmful effects to benthic fauna (> 50 mg/g). Surface salinities ranged from 23.4 – 36.5 psu, with salinity generally increasing with distance west of the Mississippi River delta. Bottom salinities varied between 31.1 and 36.5 psu, with lowest values occurring at shallow, inner-shelf stations. Surface-water temperatures varied between 29.8 and 31.5 ºC, while near-bottom waters ranged in temperature from 19.4 – 31 ºC. An index of density stratification (Δσt) indicated that portions of coastal shelf waters in the northwestern GOM at the time of this sampling were strongly stratified. Values of Δσt at 19 of the 34 sites sampled in this study (56 % of the study area) ranged from 2.2 to 12.4, which is within the range considered to be indicative of strong vertical stratification (Δσt > 2). Stratification was strongest close to the Mississippi River delta, and decreased with distance west of the delta.

缺失nifZ的棕色固氮菌突变株DJ194的钼铁蛋白研究—纯化、结晶及金属簇的组成与分布

从棕色固氮菌DJ194菌株得到的固氮酶粗提液经DEAE－52、Sephacryl S－200及Q－Sepharose等柱厌氧层析，分离纯化得到nifZ基因缺失的固氮酶MoFe蛋白（ΔnifZ Av1）制备物。通过天然电泳和SDS变性电泳发现早期纯化所得的ΔnifZ Av1制备物中残存相当比例的三个主要污染蛋白：属于热激蛋白60家族（Hsp 60 family）成员的分子伴侣GroEL、糖酵解过程的一个多功能酶——6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶（6-Phosphate Glucose Isomerase，PGI）及棕色固氮菌细菌铁蛋白（Bacterioferritin，Bfr）。初步鉴定表明，它们分别为由约55kD亚基组成的14聚合体，62kD亚基组成的10聚体和20kD亚基组成的24聚体。首次发现PGI有如此高的聚合体。虽然GroEL和PGI在天然电泳中的迁移率小于ΔnifZ Av1蛋白，但它们的亚基在SDS变性电泳中与ΔnifZ Av1亚基具有相似的迁移率，互相重叠，从而使变性电泳比天然电泳显出更高的ΔnifZ Av1纯度;而细菌铁蛋白虽然不会在变性电泳中污染ΔnifZ Av1，但往往会在ΔnifZ Av1制备物的结晶中优先或较多地结晶出来,从而给它的晶体生长和解析研究带来干扰（Zhao等，2004）。 通过Sephacryl S－200柱洗脱峰收集精度的调整及Q－Sepharose柱的NaCl浓度梯度洗脱，得到了纯度大于90%的ΔnifZ Av1制备物。它的厌氧天然电泳及其免疫印渍（Western blotting），以及SDS-变性凝胶电泳显出，ΔnifZ Av1的电泳迁移率、分子量和亚基组成等均与野生种钼铁蛋白（OP Av1）相似，表明nifZ基因缺失并未改变ΔnifZ Av1的α2β2四聚体构成。ΔnifZ Av1的Mo含量、EPR信号（g≈4.3, 3.65和2.01）和520-660 nm附近的圆二色摩尔消光系数（Δε）也都与OP Av1较相似，从而表明ΔnifZ Av1含有与OP Av1数量相当的具有3/2自旋态的还原FeMoco。然而，ΔnifZ Av1的Fe含量和对底物（C2H2、H+和N2）的还原活性都较低, 分别约为OP Av1的74%和46-50%;而反映P-cluster状况的450nm附近的Δε也明显低于OP Av1。此外，与OP Av1相同的ΔnifZ Av1在g≈2.01的EPR信号却与推测含由双[4Fe-4S]簇组成的P-cluster前体的His-tagged ΔnifZ Av1（Hu等，2004）的信号明显不同。这就表明，ΔnifZ Av1与OP Av1的差别不在于FeMoco的结构、含量和氧还状态，也不在于P-cluster的结构和氧还状态，而仅在于ΔnifZ Av1中P-cluster数目的减少（约一半）。据此推测出与国外提出的His-tagged ΔnifZ Av1模型不同的ΔnifZ Av1(DJ194)的如下结构模型。一个αβ亚基对含有一个FeMoco和一个P-cluster，而另一个αβ亚基对只含FeMoco，其P-cluster区域则是空的。由于nifZ基因的缺失只造成了钼铁蛋白中两个P-cluster中的一个不能组装，因此推测P-cluster的组装可能不是受单一基因产物的影响。根据Lee等（1998）对nifZ产物（NifZ）和nifW产物（NifW）可以形成[NifWx-NifZy]多聚体，并可能是通过同一途径来影响固氮酶的合成的研究，提出NifZ的如下的可能作用机理。[NifWx-NifZy]多聚体影响与P-cluster合成相关的金属簇(如[4Fe-4S])的进入和P-cluster的最终合成，而其中的一个αβ对上的P-cluster的形成可能较多的受到NifZ的影响;nifZ的某些突变或缺失虽然不影响[NifWx-NifZy]多聚体的形成，但对于更依赖于NifZ的那个αβ对上的P-cluster的合成可能会产生不同的影响。 对这一高纯度的ΔnifZ Av1制备物结晶的研究表明，使用Tris缓冲系统的25%PEG 6K/MgCl2晶体培养液可以在较短的晶体培养时间内得到较大的晶体;在一定条件下，pH为7.5和8.3的培养液对出晶数和晶体大小的影响不明显;PEG 6K的浓度与MgCl2的浓度对出晶大小的影响有一定的相关性，即较低的PEG浓度在较低的MgCl2浓度下和较高的PEG浓度搭配较高的MgCl2浓度较易长出较大的晶体。虽然ΔnifZ Av1制备物的纯度达到90%以上，并且在染铁实验中表明其基本不含细菌铁蛋白，但我们在对得到的晶体进行电泳鉴定中仍然发现了一种与以前报导的砖红色晶体不同的深棕红色的细菌铁蛋白晶体，之所以颜色不同可能和所含的铁元素的氧化状态有关。不过在所鉴定的5支结晶管中只在一个管内发现了与固氮酶晶体同时存在的这种细菌铁蛋白晶体，说明通过蛋白纯度的提高减少细菌铁蛋白的含量以及晶体培养条件的优化，细菌铁蛋白晶体形成的几率就可大大降低。

水稻RAD21/REC8家族基因的分离与功能分析

染色体黏着是有丝分裂和减数分裂的关键事件，是保证姊妹（或同源）染色体正确分离并分配到子细胞中的关键调控环节之一，它建立于细胞分裂前的S期将新复制的姊妹染色体紧密联系在一起。来自酵母的研究结果已经证明姊妹染色体之间的黏着是由多亚基的蛋白质复合体－黏着素所介导的。在芽殖酵母有丝分裂中，黏着素由Scc1，Scc3，Smc1和Smc3四个亚基组成。减数分裂黏着素的组成与有丝分裂中的相似，只是Scc1被其减数分裂特异的Rec8变体所替换。目前，已经从高等真核生物线虫，果蝇，人，鼠以及拟南芥中分离到了黏着素相关的基因，但是对于这些基因在高等真核生物特别是植物细胞分裂中的功能还知之甚少。即使在酵母中人们对于减数分裂和有丝分裂过程中有关染色体黏着与分离的许多基本问题仍然不清楚，而且许多现象表明减数分裂的详细机制在各种生物中存在重大差异。 我们通过同源克隆的方法证明水稻（和拟南芥）基因组编码4个RAD21/REC8-like基因。这4个基因均以单拷贝存在，在核苷酸水平上没有相似性。它们所编码的蛋白质的相似性主要局限于其N-末端结构域和C-末端结构域。这4个蛋白质的中间区域没有（或者仅有极低的）相似性，但是中间区域都含有潜在的核定位信号，PEST序列，分离酶的识别序列以及多个磷酸化位点。 半定量RT-PCR，原位杂交以及Western杂交结果显示这4个基因都在生殖器官中优势表达，但是它们在花发育过程中的表达动态是不同的。OsRAD21-1和OsRAD21-3都在减数分裂时期的颖花中表达量最高，但是OsRAD21-3还在成熟花粉中高表达;OsRAD21-4在减数分裂前的颖花中表达量最高;OsRAD21-2则在雌雄蕊形成时期表达最强，之后逐渐降低。这些结果暗示这4个基因的功能可能是不同的。 免疫荧光定位分析表明，OsRad21-1和OsRad21-3 特异地定位于有丝分裂的染色体上，其分布动态表明这两个蛋白可能都参与了有丝分裂姊妹染色体之间的黏着。由于水稻四个RAD21/REC8类基因中，只有OsRAD21-3在花粉发育过程中表达，同时水稻花粉的发育成熟要经过两次有丝分裂，推测OsRad21-3蛋白可能参与这两次有丝分裂过程姊妹染色体之间的黏着。OsRad21-4则特异地定位于减数分裂前间期到中期Ⅰ的染色体上，说明它可能特异地介导减数分裂过程姊妹染色体之间的黏着。与其它已知的Rad21/Rec8-like蛋白不同，不论在有丝分裂还是在减数分裂过程中，OsRad21-2蛋白都不定位于染色体上而是特异地定位在核仁中，并且它的动态变化与核仁重建和解体的动态规律在时间上也是相一致的，这说明OsRad21-2是一种新的核仁蛋白质而与染色体的黏着无关。 OsRAD21-4 RNAi转基因水稻植株的花粉活性受到严重影响，种子结实率降低。雄性减数分裂过程中染色体出现多种异常行为：前期Ⅰ染色体异常凝集;同源染色体提早分离;染色体出现片断化。进一步的FISH实验结果证明RNAi株系中同源染色体配对和姊妹染色体臂的黏着均发生异常。因此，OsRad21-4是酵母Rec8的同源蛋白，是正确的减数分裂所必需的。 与表达分析和功能分析所得的结果相一致，进化树分析可以将Rad21/Rec8-like蛋白质分为三个亚家族：（1）Rad21亚家族，参与有丝分裂姊妹染色体黏着;（2）Rec8亚家族，参与减数分裂染色体黏着;（3）Rno亚家族，目前仅发现于高等植物中，是一种核仁蛋白质而与其它的Rad21/Rec8-like蛋白的功能不同，可能不参与染色体之间的黏着。

放牧对典型草原土壤-植物系统中碳、氮、磷库特征的影响

放牧是内蒙古典型草原最主要的利用方式。放牧已对草原生态系统的结构和功能产生了巨大的影响。本论文研究了放牧对内蒙古典型草原土壤-植物系统中碳、氮、磷库特征的影响，结果表明： （1）草地开垦已使土壤C、N贮量显著损失。放牧已使羊草草原土壤C贮量表现出下降的趋势，大针茅草原没有表现出这种变化趋势。 （2）放牧尚没有使土壤全N发生显著变化，但土壤N素一些组分的比例发生了变化。放牧后，土壤NH_3-N下降，酸不溶态N比例有所提高;放牧使Fe-P比例显著降低。 （3）蒙古草原土壤微生物量C、N与土壤有机C、全N、降雨量、温度均表现出了很好的相关性。放牧对微生物量的影响与不同草原类型和放牧率有关。 （4）放牧使土壤养分元素的空间异质性加大。退化草地恢复过程中小叶锦鸡儿灌丛诱导了植物组成、生物量和土壤化学元素含量在空间上的分异，这种生态效应有利于退化草地的恢复。 （5）不同放牧强度对土壤C、N、P库和植物系统中C、N、P含量的影响不同。放牧使植物系统地上部C含量下降，N、P含量提高。高强度的放牧使土壤N、根系中的N素向表层相对聚集，表现出明显的表聚化现象。植物C/N、C/P比在中、重度放牧强度下最低，此时植物残体分解速率最高，极度放牧最终C、N循环速率减小。不考虑放牧率，研究放牧对土壤C、N、P含量的影响可能会得出矛盾的结论。 （6）放牧草地中低等植物地衣、蓝细菌在元素化学循环中的作用提高。地衣Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis （Ach.）的生物量在经度放牧草地中最高，其体内C、N含量与放牧率的关系与维管植物相似。退化草地中蓝细菌可能是最重要的N素来源。

中国西北地区分布的几种荒漠植物的生理生态学特性研究

白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.)是中国西北部沙漠的流动及固定沙丘上广泛分布的优势种灌木。瘦果小而轻;借助显微镜和扫描电镜对瘦果的形态结构进行了观察，其种子的种皮与果皮愈合，果皮外层为很厚的粘液层，其粘液层在遇湿后迅速吸水膨胀，其重量增至原来的589倍。在自然生境中，粘液物质将沙粒粘附于瘦果的周围，使瘦果的重量发生变化。瘦果能长时间在水上漂浮，粘液物质有助于种子的萌发和苗的发育。白沙蒿产生三种不同颜色的瘦果，其种子具有不同的萌发速率但最终达到相同的萌发率。瘦果的粘液物质对白沙蒿种子的传播与萌发具有重要的生态意义。白沙蒿种子为需光种子，种子在光下萌发而在暗中受到抑制。种子萌发的适宜温度为250 C，在100 C和300 C萌发速率和萌发率都很低，萌发在50 C受到抑制。种子在沙中被埋越深，其萌发速率和萌发率就越低。在沙平面下2厘米或更深层沙土下出苗率为零。但是，当将种子上层沙土移走，只保留0.5厘米沙土覆盖种子，这些种子的萌发率达到原先就位于沙土下0.5厘米的种子的萌发率，但是后者的萌发速率较高。土壤水分含量越高，从1. 7%到14. 7%，其萌发就越快。土壤水分含量从19.4%起，种子的萌发受到了延迟，苗的发育受到了抑制。 梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)是我国西北荒漠中分布的多年生植物，属中亚荒漠植被成分。其种子萌发的最适温度为loo C，亚适宜温度为15-20 0C。从200C起，温度越高，萌发比率越低。种子无论在光下和暗中都能萌发，萌发率无显著性差异。浓度低于0.2 molL的NaCl溶液对萌发的影响不大;但从0.8 mol/L起，萌发率随着浓度增高而降低，直至为零。将在盐溶液中处理9d的种子转移至蒸馏水后，原来较高浓度下的种子具有较高的萌发恢复率。不同浓度下的种子的萌发率和萌发恢复率要比蒸馏水中的低，表明NaCl处理后的部分种子永久地失去萌发力。梭梭的种子为短命种子，在自然状态下，种子的含水量为8.5%，寿命约为10个月。将梭梭种子含水量降至2. 5%和1.4%，其耐贮藏力增强。经过500 C下5天和10天的人工加速老化后，超干种子表现出较强的抗老化能力。与对照相比，超干种子萌发率、根长及活力指数等均显著提高。较低的电导率和较高的脱氢酶活性，说明种子在超干处理后表现出了膜系统的完整性和较高的种子生活力。超干处理既能显著提高梭梭种子的耐贮性，也能有效保持种质的稳定性，是梭梭种质资源保护的重要途径之一。 沙柳（Salix psammophila）是毛乌素沙地流动沙丘和固定沙丘上广泛分布的重要固沙植物。沙柳叶片的光合速率呈现出双峰型的日动态变化，在午后14点出现光合午休现象。蒸腾速率呈现出单峰型的日动态变化，蒸腾在午后15点达到最大。水分利用效率在早晨9点后保持在2.5 μmol C02．mmol-l H20左右。叶片水分亏缺也表现出规律性的变化。从早晨开始，叶片水分亏缺逐渐增强，在18时达到最大值。比较生长季节的不同时期环境因子的变化情况表明，春末的光照强度和气温比夏末高，但土壤水分含量则相反。沙柳在春末的光合速率、蒸腾速率分别是夏末的79%和72.4%，表明水分亏缺是影响沙柳生长发育的主要限制因素。