Henriette Gottschalk nee Rothschild with her grandson Franz Catzenstein at the dining table in her garden.

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GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) approximately 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for approximately 2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs

Most psychiatric disorders are moderately to highly heritable. The degree to which genetic variation is unique to individual disorders or shared across disorders is unclear. To examine shared genetic etiology, we use genome-wide genotype data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) for cases and controls in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We apply univariate and bivariate methods for the estimation of genetic variation within and covariation between disorders. SNPs explained 17-29% of the variance in liability. The genetic correlation calculated using common SNPs was high between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (0.68 +/- 0.04 s.e.), moderate between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (0.43 +/- 0.06 s.e.), bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (0.47 +/- 0.06 s.e.), and ADHD and major depressive disorder (0.32 +/- 0.07 s.e.), low between schizophrenia and ASD (0.16 +/- 0.06 s.e.) and non-significant for other pairs of disorders as well as between psychiatric disorders and the negative control of Crohn's disease. This empirical evidence of shared genetic etiology for psychiatric disorders can inform nosology and encourages the investigation of common pathophysiologies for related disorders.

Living room of Henrietta Gottschalk nee Rothschild; Marienstrasse, Hannover, Germany.

The family has been curious about the family tree on the wall. Family lore suggests that it was produced by French POWs during WWI

House of Henriette Gottschalk nee Rothschild; Marienstrasse, Hannover, Germany.

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Obituary of Julie Schoenbeck nee Rothschild; Cologne, Germany.

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Portrait of Rosalie Rothschild nee Stern; Cologne Portraits Women

Handwritten on verso: Rosalie Rothschild

Weisenheim; Jewish Community Collection 1986

Clippings on visit of David Meyer in Weisenheimer synagogue in 1986.

Professor Della Giovanna with unidentified group outside of the entrance to Madonna Del Cufo Church; Rome Portraits Groups

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Italian Alpine Club Portraits Groups

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Ermano Loevinson, leader of excursion, with unidentified group members; Ostia Portraits Groups

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Monday Society; Cafe Greco; Rome Portraits Groups

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Unidentified group; Rome Portraits; Groups

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Italians in the countryside Portraits; Groups

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