A pigeonpea gene confers resistance to Asian soybean rust in soybean.

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most economically important crop diseases, but is only treatable with fungicides, which are becoming less effective owing to the emergence of fungicide resistance. There are no commercial soybean cultivars with durable resistance to P. pachyrhizi, and although soybean resistance loci have been mapped, no resistance genes have been cloned. We report the cloning of a P. pachyrhizi resistance gene CcRpp1 (Cajanus cajan Resistance against Phakopsora pachyrhizi 1) from pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and show that CcRpp1 confers full resistance to P. pachyrhizi in soybean. Our findings show that legume species related to soybean such as pigeonpea, cowpea, common bean and others could provide a valuable and diverse pool of resistance traits for crop improvement.

Iowa's Barriers to Prenatal Care Project: 2-14 Data Summary, July 2015

The findings in this summary are based on the Iowa Barriers to Prenatal Care project. Ongoing since 1991, the purpose of this project is to obtain brief, accurate information about women delivering babies in Iowa hospitals. Specifically, the project seeks to learn about women’s experiences getting prenatal or delivery care during their current pregnancy. Other information is included which may be pertinent to health planners or those concerned with the systematic development of health care services. This project is a cooperative venture of all of Iowa’s maternity hospitals, the University of Northern Iowa Center for Social and Behavioral Research, and the Iowa Department of Public Health. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation funded the first three years of this project. The current funding is provided by the Iowa Department of Public Health. The Director is Dr. Mary Losch, University of Northern Iowa Center for Social and Behavioral Research. The Coordinator for the project is Rodney Muilenburg. The questionnaire is distributed to nearly ninety maternity hospitals across the state of Iowa. Nursing staff or those responsible for obtaining birth certificate information in the obstetrics unit are responsible for approaching all birth mothers prior to dismissal and requesting their participation in the study. The questionnaire takes approximately ten minutes to complete. Completed questionnaires are returned to the University of Northern Iowa Center for Social and Behavioral Research for data entry and analysis. Returns are made monthly, weekly, or biweekly depending on the number of births per week in a given hospital. Except in the case of a mother who is too ill to complete the questionnaire, all mothers are eligible to be recruited for participation. The present yearly report includes an analysis of large Iowa cities, African American mothers, and a trend analysis of the last ten years. Also presented in this report is a frequency analysis of all variables included in the 2012 questionnaire. Unless otherwise noted, all entries reflect percentages. Please note that because percentages were rounded, total values may not equal 100%. Data presented are based upon 2012 questionnaires received to date (n = 23,674). All analyses reflect unweighted percentages of those responding.

An alternative methodology for fitting selectivity curves to pre-defined distributions

A non-linear least-squares methodology for simultaneously estimating parameters of selectivity curves with a pre-defined functional form, across size classes and mesh sizes, using catch size frequency distributions, was developed based on the model of Kirkwood and Walker [Kirkwood, G.P., Walker, T.L, 1986. Gill net selectivities for gummy shark, Mustelus antarcticus Gunther, taken in south-eastern Australian waters. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 37, 689-697] and [Wulff, A., 1986. Mathematical model for selectivity of gill nets. Arch. Fish Wiss. 37, 101-106]. Observed catches of fish of size class I in mesh m are modeled as a function of the estimated numbers of fish of that size class in the population and the corresponding selectivities. A comparison was made with the maximum likelihood methodology of [Kirkwood, G.P., Walker, T.I., 1986. Gill net selectivities for gummy shark, Mustelus antarcticus Gunther, taken in south-eastern Australian waters. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 37, 689-697] and [Wulff, A., 1986. Mathematical model for selectivity of gill nets. Arch. Fish Wiss; 37, 101-106], using simulated catch data with known selectivity curve parameters, and two published data sets. The estimated parameters and selectivity curves were generally consistent for both methods, with smaller standard errors for parameters estimated by non-linear least-squares. The proposed methodology is a useful and accessible alternative which can be used to model selectivity in situations where the parameters of a pre-defined model can be assumed to be functions of gear size; facilitating statistical evaluation of different models and of goodness of fit. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.