Analyse des Fluchtverhaltens von Fischen auf Schiffsgeräusche mit hydroakustischen Methoden

Investigations on the avoidance reactions of pelagic schooling fish (herring and sprat) released by an approaching fishery vessel were carried out during the 378th cruise of FRC "Solea" from 25 September to 3 October 1995 in the Arkona Sea, southern Baltic. An echosounder system EK 500/BI500 with a 38 kHz transducer mounted on a towed body as weIl as a 120 kHz hull mounted transducer were used. Fish densities were measured synchronously as well as under the ship as at a laterally distances from the ship by the transducer of the towed body. By these means the variation of fish densities up to a certain distance from the ship is possible. The advantage of using an echo integrating system for these measurements is, that it works also for not schooling fish and under conditions where schooling fish disperse (e.g. at night).

Expressão e distribuição de CGRP, VEGF e TGF-β na gengiva dos dentes de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura: aspectos imunohistoquímicos

No momento em que há a agressão tecidual e a defesa inata é deflagrada, mediadores químicos são liberados no local afetado. Esses mediadores podem ser de origem celular tais como CGRP, VEGF e TGFß. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar a expressão e distribuição de CGRP, TGFß e VEGF na gengiva do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo de rato no 7 e 14 dias após a indução por ligadura; a expressão e distribuição de CGRP, TGFß e VEGF na gengiva do dente contralateral correspondente sem ligadura, no 7 e 14 dias, e se a indução da periodontite por ligadura no dente experimental provoca uma inflamação na gengiva do dente contralateral correspondente no 7 e 14 dias após a ligadura. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram selecionados 15 ratos Rattus Novergicus, Albinus, Wistar. O grupo experimental de 12 ratos foi dividido em 2 subgrupos compostos por 6 ratos cada um deles distribuídos da seguinte maneira: os do subgrupo A1 permaneceram com a ligadura no primeiro molar inferior esquerdo por 7 dias e foram sacrificados; os do subgrupo A-2 -permaneceram com a ligadura no primeiro molar inferior esquerdo por 14 dias e foram sacrificados. Outros três animais constituíram o grupo controle. Após o sacrifício dos 12 animais dos grupos experimentais e controle suas mandíbulas foram colocadas em ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) neutro para sofrerem descalcificação. Então foram processadas para inclusão em parafina e os cortes histológicos foram corados pela hematoxilina-eosina e submetidos à técnica imunohistoquímica para imunomarcação de CGRP, VEGF e TGFß. Aos 7 dias de ligadura observou-se na lâmina própria gengival, epitélio juncional e epitélio oral, expressiva marcação para CGRP. A expressão de VEGF foi intensa na lamina própria e com pouca ou nenhuma marcação no epitélio oral e juncional. O TGFß apresentou pouca marcação na lâmina própria ou nenhuma marcação no epitélio oral e juncional. Aos 14 dias de ligadura houve expressiva marcação de CGRP na lâmina própria, epitélios oral e juncional. O VEGF e o TGFß apresentaram muita marcação na lâmina própria e pouca ou nenhuma marcação no epitélio oral e juncional. Na gengiva dos dentes contralaterais nos 7 e 14 dias houve pouca marcação do CGRP do TGFß na lâmina própria e muita marcação do VEGF. Na gengiva dos dentes controle observou-se muita marcação do CGRP no epitélio juncional e oral e na lâmina própria. O TGFß e o VEGF se expressaram muito pouco ou não se expressaram. Devido à marcação expressiva do VEGF na lâmina própria dos dentes contralaterais, permanece inconclusiva a adequação do uso dos dentes contralaterais nos estudos experimentais das doenças periodontais, embora a expressão de TGFß e CGRP tenham sido menores nestes dentes. A maior marcação do CGRP, VEGF e TGFß nos animais com 14 dias de ligadura do que aos 7 dias demonstra a progressão do processo inflamatório crônico, não se observando processo de reparação cicatricial.

Decarbonising urban transportation

18 p.

Pathways for the uptake of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by aquatic animals

In this article, pathways from freshwater and marine environments are described. DOM is defined operationally as all the organic compounds which pass through a filter of pore size 0.45 microm., those retained on the surface of the filter being particulate organic matter (POM). DOM can be taken up directly by animals by transfer across the body wall, but more commonly DOM is obtained from ingested food. Once ingested POM from food particles are broken down in the gut, small molecules of DOM are released for transfer across the gut wall. Some ingested particles are attacked by micro-organisms living in the gut, thereby making the DOM available to the host animal. The importance of the microbial loop is discussed, as well as aggregation processes between the fractions of DOM which are more obviously particulate in nature. (DBO)

Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in Windermere (Cumbria)

The Arctic charr of the British Isles are all non-migratory and are near their most southernmost range. Windermere is one of the few lowland lakes at southerly latitudes to contain a substantial proportion of Arctic charr. The first recorded mention of charr in Windermere was made around 1540 but it was not till the 17th century that different "sons" of charr were recognized, based on differences in their breeding behaviour. In the 1960's, the presence of two distinct populations, autumn spawners and spring spawners were discovered. In the 1980's it was shown that there were at least four races of charr in Windermere, based on genetic characteristics. Recently, the lake has changed due to inputs of phosphorus from treated sewage released into the lake resulting in eutrophication particularly in the south basin. Since the mid-1980's the numbers of charr caught in the south basin have declined.

Testable models of aquatic systems: A NERC special topic for integrating experiments and modelling

A major part of the support for fundamental research on aquatic ecosystems continues to be provided by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Funds are released for ”thematic” studies in a selected special topic or programme. ”Testable Models of Aquatic Ecosystems” was a Special Topic of the NERC, initiated in 1995, the aim of which was to promote ecological modelling by making new links between experimental aquatic biologists and state-of-the-art modellers. The Topic covered both marine and freshwater systems. This paper summarises projects on aspects of the responses of individual organisms to the effects of environmental variability, on the assembly, permanence and resilience of communities, and on aspects of spatial models. The authors conclude that the NERC Special Topic has been highly successful in promoting the development and application of models, most particularly through the interplay between experimental ecologists and formal modellers.

I. The Superstition Hills, California, earthquakes of 24 November 1987. II. Three-dimensional velocity structure of southern California.

Part 1 of this thesis is about the 24 November, 1987, Superstition Hills earthquakes. The Superstition Hills earthquakes occurred in the western Imperial Valley in southern California. The earthquakes took place on a conjugate fault system consisting of the northwest-striking right-lateral Superstition Hills fault and a previously unknown Elmore Ranch fault, a northeast-striking left-lateral structure defined by surface rupture and a lineation of hypocenters. The earthquake sequence consisted of foreshocks, the M_s 6.2 first main shock, and aftershocks on the Elmore Ranch fault followed by the M_s 6.6 second main shock and aftershocks on the Superstition Hills fault. There was dramatic surface rupture along the Superstition Hills fault in three segments: the northern segment, the southern segment, and the Wienert fault.

In Chapter 2, M_L≥4.0 earthquakes from 1945 to 1971 that have Caltech catalog locations near the 1987 sequence are relocated. It is found that none of the relocated earthquakes occur on the southern segment of the Superstition Hills fault and many occur at the intersection of the Superstition Hills and Elmore Ranch faults. Also, some other northeast-striking faults may have been active during that time.

Chapter 3 discusses the Superstition Hills earthquake sequence using data from the Caltech-U.S.G.S. southern California seismic array. The earthquakes are relocated and their distribution correlated to the type and arrangement of the basement rocks. The larger earthquakes occur only where continental crystalline basement rocks are present. The northern segment of the Superstition Hills fault has more aftershocks than the southern segment.

An inversion of long period teleseismic data of the second mainshock of the 1987 sequence, along the Superstition Hills fault, is done in Chapter 4. Most of the long period seismic energy seen teleseismically is radiated from the southern segment of the Superstition Hills fault. The fault dip is near vertical along the northern segment of the fault and steeply southwest dipping along the southern segment of the fault.

Chapter 5 is a field study of slip and afterslip measurements made along the Superstition Hills fault following the second mainshock. Slip and afterslip measurements were started only two hours after the earthquake. In some locations, afterslip more than doubled the coseismic slip. The northern and southern segments of the Superstition Hills fault differ in the proportion of coseismic and postseismic slip to the total slip.

The northern segment of the Superstition Hills fault had more aftershocks, more historic earthquakes, released less teleseismic energy, and had a smaller proportion of afterslip to total slip than the southern segment. The boundary between the two segments lies at a step in the basement that separates a deeper metasedimentary basement to the south from a shallower crystalline basement to the north.

Part 2 of the thesis deals with the three-dimensional velocity structure of southern California. In Chapter 7, an a priori three-dimensional crustal velocity model is constructed by partitioning southern California into geologic provinces, with each province having a consistent one-dimensional velocity structure. The one-dimensional velocity structures of each region were then assembled into a three-dimensional model. The three-dimension model was calibrated by forward modeling of explosion travel times.

In Chapter 8, the three-dimensional velocity model is used to locate earthquakes. For about 1000 earthquakes relocated in the Los Angeles basin, the three-dimensional model has a variance of the the travel time residuals 47 per cent less than the catalog locations found using a standard one-dimensional velocity model. Other than the 1987 Whittier earthquake sequence, little correspondence is seen between these earthquake locations and elements of a recent structural cross section of the Los Angeles basin. The Whittier sequence involved rupture of a north dipping thrust fault bounded on at least one side by a strike-slip fault. The 1988 Pasadena earthquake was deep left-lateral event on the Raymond fault. The 1989 Montebello earthquake was a thrust event on a structure similar to that on which the Whittier earthquake occurred. The 1989 Malibu earthquake was a thrust or oblique slip event adjacent to the 1979 Malibu earthquake.

At least two of the largest recent thrust earthquakes (San Fernando and Whittier) in the Los Angeles basin have had the extent of their thrust plane ruptures limited by strike-slip faults. This suggests that the buried thrust faults underlying the Los Angeles basin are segmented by strike-slip faults.

Earthquake and explosion travel times are inverted for the three-dimensional velocity structure of southern California in Chapter 9. The inversion reduced the variance of the travel time residuals by 47 per cent compared to the starting model, a reparameterized version of the forward model of Chapter 7. The Los Angeles basin is well resolved, with seismically slow sediments atop a crust of granitic velocities. Moho depth is between 26 and 32 km.

Diurnal periodicity of activity in the spawning perch P. fluviatilis L. [Translation from: Kalamies 1972(7) 3, 1972]

Diurnal periodicity of spawning in the perch so far are rather meagre and found to be partly contrary to experiences of perch anglers. Therefore a study was made on the spawning during a 5-day period in the spring of 1971 in the Kuusamo area. Observations were made during the main spawning season, between 4- 9 June 1971. The perch were often measured, weighed and then released back into the water. The differences between spawning and non-spawning perch were studied as well as the time of roe discharge in a 24 hour period. Activity and environmental factors such as light intensity were also taken into consideration.

I. Studies on alkaline phosphatase activity in developing sea urchin embryos. II. Studies on the activation of protein biosynthesis in sea urchin eggs at fertilization

I. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the developing sea urchin Lytechinus pictus has been investigated with respect to intensity at various stages, ionic requirements and intracellular localization. The activity per embryo remains the same in the unfertilized egg, fertilized egg and cleavage stages. At a time just prior to gastrulation (about 10 hours after fertilization) the activity per embryo begins to rise and increases after 300 times over the activity in the cleavage stages during the next 60 hours.

The optimum ionic strength for enzymatic activity shows a wide peak at 0.6 to 1.0. Calcium and magnesium show an additional optimum at a concentration in the range of 0.02 to 0.07 molar. EDTA at concentrations of 0.0001 molar and higher shows a definite inhibition of activity.

The intracellular localization of alkaline phosphatase in homogenates of 72-hour embryos has been studied employing the differential centrifugation method. The major portion of the total activity in these homogenates was found in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions with less than 5% in the nuclear fraction and less than 2% in the final supernatant. The activity could be released from all fractions by treatment with sodium deoxycholate.

II. The activation of protein biosynthesis at fertilization in eggs of the sea urchins Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been studied in both intact eggs and cell-free homogenates. It is shown that homogenates from both unfertilized and fertilized eggs are dependent on potassium and magnesium ions for optimum amino acid incorporation activity and in the case of the latter the concentration range is quite narrow. Though the optimum magnesium concentrations appear to differ slightly in homogenates of unfertilized and fertilized eggs, in no case was it observed that unfertilized egg homogenates were stimulated to incorporate at a level comparable to that of the fertilized eggs.

An activation of amino acid incorporation into protein has also been shown to occur in parthenogenetically activated non-nucleate sea urchin egg fragments or homogenates thereof. This activation resembles that in the fertilized whole egg or fragment both in amount and pattern of activation. Furthermore, it is shown that polyribosomes form in these non-nucleate fragments upon artificial activation. These findings are discussed along with possible mechanisms for activation of the system at fertilization.

As finanças públicas e a sociedade: um estudo de caso dos gastos em educação dos municípios da região metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2004 a 2008

O objetivo desta pesquisa acadêmica é o de compreender os aspectos que envolvem os gastos com educação dos municípios que compõe a região metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2004 a 2008, através do estudo da sua aplicação e dos aspectos que envolvem a sociedade. Apesar do acesso às informações financeiras dos entes governamentais serem disponibilizada mediante a atuação das finanças públicas, dando cumprimento às diferentes normas legais, a necessidade de tornar transparente o patrimônio público insere a um percepção por uma demanda por modelos de indicadores que evidenciem o controle dos gastos públicos. Desta forma, pretende-se entender as relações e características que envolvem tais informações e aguça a atenção em melhor conhecê-las. A análise de diferenciados aspectos governamentais, legais e socioambiental que afetam os gastos públicos em educação dos municípios que ocupam a região metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, impondo aos entes governamentais algumas das responsabilidades que são compartilhadas pela população, legisladores e administradores. O conhecimento dos padrões de comportamento dos envolvidos nesta relação traz esclarecimentos úteis, como fundamentais, para o planejamento e o controle a curto e longo prazo. Ao desenvolver a pesquisa bibliográfica, esta requereu uma revisão das obras literárias e nas experiências e vivências nelas contidas para satisfazer a curiosidade crítica que propelia a pesquisa. A discussão precedente das análises efetuadas neste estudo mostrou a ampla possibilidade em ressaltar-se que compreender e acompanhar os gastos públicos em educação e a elaboração de indicadores de percepção dos gastos públicos representa papel de suma importância ao exercício democrático de fiscalização do poder público pela sociedade.

SAQUA - sistema baseado em software livre para análise do comportamento da qualidade das águas fluviais: aplicado à bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul.

Nesta dissertação foi desenvolvido o sistema SAQUA (Sistema para Análise da Qualidade das Águas Fluviais), que permite o acompanhamento dos dados de séries históricas de parâmetros físico-químicos para análise da qualidade de águas fluviais. A alimentação do sistema SAQUA se dá a partir do arquivo tipo texto gerado no Hidroweb, sistema de banco de dados hidrológicos da ANA (Agência Nacional de Águas), disponibilizado na internet. O SAQUA constitui uma interface que permite a análise espaço-temporal de parâmetros de qualidade da água específicos definidos pelo usuário. A interface foi construída utilizando o servidor de mapas Mapserver, as linguagens HTML e PHP, além de consultas SQL e o uso do servidor Web Apache. A utilização de uma linguagem dinâmica como o PHP permitiu usar recursos internos do Mapserver por meio de funções que interagem de forma mais flexível com códigos presentes e futuros, além de interagir com o código HTML. O Sistema apresenta como resultado a representação gráfica da série histórica por parâmetro e, em mapa, a localização das estações em análise também definidas pelo usuário, geralmente associadas a uma determinada região hidrográfica. Tanto na representação gráfica da série temporal quanto em mapa, são destacados a partir de código de cores a estação de monitoramento e a observação em que os limites estabelecidos na resolução CONAMA 357/05 não foi atendido. A classe de uso da resolução CONAMA que será usada na análise também pode ser definida pelo usuário. Como caso de estudo e demonstração das funções do SAQUA foi escolhida a bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Sul, localizada na região hidrográfica Atlântico Sudeste do Brasil. A aplicação do sistema demonstrou ótimos resultados e o potencial da ferramenta computacional como apoio ao planejamento e à gestão dos recursos hídricos. Ressalta-se ainda, que todo o sistema foi desenvolvido a partir de softwares disponibilizados segundo a licença GPL de software livre, ou seja, sem custo na aquisição de licenças, demonstrando o potencial da aplicação destas ferramentas no campo dos recursos hídricos.

Investigation of strong earthquake ground motion

The pattern of energy release during the Imperial Valley, California, earthquake of 1940 is studied by analysing the El Centro strong motion seismograph record and records from the Tinemaha seismograph station, 546 km from the epicenter. The earthquake was a multiple event sequence with at least 4 events recorded at El Centro in the first 25 seconds, followed by 9 events recorded in the next 5 minutes. Clear P, S and surface waves were observed on the strong motion record. Although the main part of the earthquake energy was released during the first 15 seconds, some of the later events were as large as M = 5.8 and thus are important for earthquake engineering studies. The moment calculated using Fourier analysis of surface waves agrees with the moment estimated from field measurements of fault offset after the earthquake. The earthquake engineering significance of the complex pattern of energy release is discussed. It is concluded that a cumulative increase in amplitudes of building vibration resulting from the present sequence of shocks would be significant only for structures with relatively long natural period of vibration. However, progressive weakening effects may also lead to greater damage for multiple event earthquakes.

The model with surface Love waves propagating through a single layer as a surface wave guide is studied. It is expected that the derived properties for this simple model illustrate well several phenomena associated with strong earthquake ground motion. First, it is shown that a surface layer, or several layers, will cause the main part of the high frequency energy, radiated from the nearby earthquake, to be confined to the layer as a wave guide. The existence of the surface layer will thus increase the rate of the energy transfer into the man-made structures on or near the surface of the layer. Secondly, the surface amplitude of the guided SH waves will decrease if the energy of the wave is essentially confined to the layer and if the wave propagates towards an increasing layer thickness. It is also shown that the constructive interference of SH waves will cause the zeroes and the peaks in the Fourier amplitude spectrum of the surface ground motion to be continuously displaced towards the longer periods as the distance from the source of the energy release increases.

Survival and Growth of American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) hatchlings after artificial incubation and repatriation

Hatchling American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) produced from artificially incubated wild eggs were returned to their natal areas (repatriated). We compared artificially incubated and repatriated hatchlings released within and outside the maternal alligator’s home range with naturally incubated hatchlings captured and released within the maternal alligator’s home range on Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, and Orange Lake in Florida. We used probability of recapture and total length at approximately nine months after hatching as indices of survival and growth rates. Artificially incubated hatchlings released outside of the maternal alligator’s home range had lower recapture probabilities than either naturally incubated hatchlings or artificially incubated hatchlings released near the original nest site. Recapture probabilities of other treatments did not differ significantly. Artificially incubated hatchlings were approximately 6% shorter than naturally incubated hatchlings at approximately nine months after hatching. We concluded that repatriation of hatchlings probably would not have long-term effects on populations because of the resiliency of alligator populations to alterations of early age-class survival and growth rates of the magnitude that we observed. Repatriation of hatchlings may be an economical alternative to repatriation of older juveniles for population restoration. However, the location of release may affect subsequent survival and growth.

Biomolecule storage on non-modified thermoplastic microfluidic chip by ink-jet printing of ionogels

[EN] This paper reports an innovative technique for reagents storage in microfluidic devices by means of a one-step UV-photoprintable ionogel-based microarray on non-modified polymeric substrates. Although the ionogel and the ink-jet printing technology are well published, this is the first study where both are used for long-term reagent storage in lab-on-a-chip devices. This technology for reagent storage is perfectly compatible with mass production fabrication processes since pre-treatment of the device substrate is not necessary and inkjet printing allows for an efficient reagent deposition process. The functionality of this microarray is demonstrated by testing the release of biotin-647 after being stored for 1 month at room temperature. Analysis of the fluorescence of the ionogel-based microarray that contains biotin-647 demonstrated that 90% of the biotin-647 present was released from the ionogel-based microarray after pumping PBS 0.1% Tween at 37 °C. Moreover, the activity of biotin-647 after being released from the ionogel-based microarray was investigated trough the binding capability of this biotin to a microcontact printed chip surface with avidin. These findings pave the way for a novel, one-step, cheap and mass production on-chip reagents storage method applicable to other reagents such as antibodies and proteins and enzymes.

Avaliação da defesa química e da influência dos corais invasores Tubastraea coccinea e Tubastraea tagusensis na estruturação das comunidades bentônicas da Baía da Ilha Grande RJ

A introdução de espécies invasoras marinhas tem causado danos econômicos e ecológicos consideráveis em todo o mundo. Algumas destas espécies incluindo corais escleractíneos possuem adaptações, tais como metabólitos secundários utilizados para evitar a predação e competição por espaço por outros organismos. Este arsenal químico e as interações entre espécies invasoras e nativas podem causar alterações na distribuição das espécies e na estrutura das comunidades de costões rochosos tropicais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram (1) caracterizar os metabólitos secundários produzidos pelos corais invasores Tubastraea tagusensis e T. coccinea na Baía da Ilha Grande, Brasil, (2) detectar os compostos químicos liberados pelos tecidos de Tubastraea tagusensis in situ utilizando um aparelho submersível; (3) testar no campo os extratos metanólicos produzidos por ambas as espécies de Tubastraea contra a predação por peixes generalistas e assentamento de outros organismos, (4) testar no campo se os compostos químicos produzidos por ambos os corais invasores variaram na concentração ou tipo quando os corais foram colocados próximos de competidores nativos e (5) determinar como as comunidades de costões rochosos da Baía da Ilha Grande foram afetadas pela expansão de Tubastraea coccinea e T. tagusensis em 8 locais estudados durante 2 anos. As principais classes de substâncias encontradas nos extratos metanólicos de Tubastraea foram identificados como esteróis, ácidos graxos, hidrocarbonetos, alcalóides, ésteres e alcoóis, entretanto, o aparelho submersível identificou somente hidrocarbonetos liberados por Tubastraea na água do mar. O extrato metanólico de T. tagusensis reduziu a predação por peixes generalistas e já os extratos de ambas as espécies mostraram efeitos espécie-específicos sobre organismos incrustantes no campo. No experimento de interação competitiva foi detectada a presença de necrose nos tecidos do coral endêmico Mussismilia hispida e isso provocou variação nas concentrações de esteróis, alcalóides e ácidos graxos nos tecidos de Tubastraea. Em contraste, a esponja Desmapsamma anchorata cresceu sobre os tecidos das colônias de ambos os corais invasores. A presença de Tubastraea nas comunidades bentônicas causou uma dissimilaridade média de 4,8% nas comunidades invadidas. Uma forte relação positiva foi encontrada entre a cobertura de Tubastraea e a mudança na estrutura da comunidade da Baía da Ilha Grande. Portanto, os efeitos negativos de ambos os corais invasores são suficientes para acarretar mudanças na estrutura das comunidades bentônicas tropicais.