Modeling assembly program with constraints. A contribution to WCET problem

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Lógica Computacional

Phototherapy in Childhood: a 17-Year Retrospective Study Regarding Effectiveness and Safety

Introduction: Skin diseases in paediatric age are often distressing conditions with significant impact in children’s psychosocial development. Additionally, systemic therapeutic options are often limited in childhood, due to its potential toxicity in this vulnerable group. Phototherapy is therefore an endorsed option for photo-responsive dermatological conditions. Objective and Methods:This observational retrospective study aims to access efficacy and safety of Phototherapy in our paediatric population. Relevant clinical data from 1996 to present concerning patients aged 18 years or less was collected. Results: 78 patients were included, of which64,1%was female. Mean age was 12,9 years (range 2-18). Distribution according to diagnosis was:47,4%psoriasis, 34,6% alopecia areata, 9,0% vitiligo, 9,0% other diagnosis. Mean number of cycles was 1,5 (range 1-7), with an average of 16,3 treatments per cycle and mean cumulative dose 134 J/cm2. 70,5% was treated with one single cycle. Topic and systemic PUVA were the first choice in 37,2% and 39,7%, respectively, while UVB TL01 and broadband UVB were used in 11,5% each. On the first cycle 67,5% improved, 14,3% showed no sustained clinical response and 19,5% were lost to follow-up. Psoriasis patients had the best response rates (81,8%), followed by alopecia areata (59,3%). Side effects occurred in 21%, being erythema the most common (12%). None led to therapeutic interruption. Discussion: Phototherapy is a safe and effective option in childhood, yet the withdraw rate might be an important limitation.

Safety and Effectiveness of the Genous™ Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Capture Stent in the First Year Following ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Single Center Experience and Review of the Literature

PURPOSE: The Genous™ stent (GS) is designed to accelerate endothelization, which is potentially useful in the pro-thrombotic environment of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). We aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the GS in the first year following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and to compare our results with the few previously published studies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: All patients admitted to a single center due to STEMI that underwent primary PCI using exclusively GS, between May 2006 and January 2012, were enrolled. The primary study endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), defined as the composite of cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization, at one and 12months. RESULTS: In the cohort of 109 patients (73.4% male, 59 ±12years), 24.8% were diabetic. PCI was performed in 116 lesions with angiographic success in 99.1%, using 148 GS with median diameter of 3.00mm (2.50-4.00) and median length of 15mm (9-33). Cumulative MACEs were 2.8% at one month and 6.4% at 12months. Three stent thromboses (2.8%), all subacute, and one stent restenosis (0.9%) occurred. These accounted for the four target vessel revascularizations (3.7%). At 12months, 33.9% of patients were not on dual antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS: GS was safe and effective in the first year following primary PCI in STEMI, with an apparently safer profile comparing with the previously published data. SUMMARY: We report the safety and effectiveness of the Genous™ stent (GS) in the first year following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. A comprehensive review of the few studies that have been published on this subject was included and some suggest a less safe profile of the GS. Our results and the critical review included may add information and reinforce the safety and effectiveness of the GS in ST-elevation in acute myocardial infarction.

Safety and Effectiveness of the Genous Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Capture Stent: Follow-Up to 5 Years

AIMS: To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with the Genous stent in an unselected population. METHODS: All patients admitted to a single center who underwent PCI using the GS exclusively, between May 2006 and May 2012, were enrolled, and a clinical follow-up of up to 60 months was carried out. The primary endpoint of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rate was defined as the composite of cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR). RESULTS: Of the 450 patients included (75.1% male; 65.5 ± 11.7 years), 28.4% were diabetic and acute coronary syndrome was the reason for PCI in 76.4%. Angioplasty was performed in 524 lesions using 597 Genous stents, with angiographic success in 97.1%. At a median of 36 months of follow-up (range, 1-75 months), MACE, AMI, TLR, stent restenosis (SR), and stent thrombosis (ST) rates were 15.6%, 8.4%, 4.4%, 3.8%, and 2.2%, respectively. Between 12 and 24 months, the TLR, SR, and ST rates practically stabilized, up to 60 months. Bifurcation lesions were independently associated with MACE, TLR, and SR. CONCLUSION: This is the first study reporting clinical results with the Genous stent up to 60 months. The Genous stent was safe and effective in the long-term, in an unselected population.

ROTAVIRUS GENOTYPES CIRCULATING IN BRAZIL, 2007-2012: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE VACCINE PROGRAM

SUMMARY Regarding public health in Brazil, a new scenario emerged with the establishment of universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination programs. Herein, the data from the five years of surveillance (2007-2012) of G- and P-type RV strains isolated from individuals with acute gastroenteritis in Brazil are reported. A total of 6,196 fecal specimens were investigated by ELISA and RT-PCR. RVs were detected in 19.1% (1,181/6,196). The peak of RV incidence moved from June-August to September. RV was detected less frequently (19.5%) among children ≤ 5 years than in older children and adolescents (6-18 years) (40.6%). Genotype distribution showed a different profile for each year: G2P[4] strains were most prevalent during 2007-2010, G9P[8] in 2011, and G12P[8] in 2012. Mixed infections (G1+G2P[4], G2+G3P[4]+P[8], G2+G12P[8]), unusual combinations (G1P[4], G2P[6]), and rare strains (G3P[3]) were also identified throughout the study period. Widespread vaccination may alter the RV seasonal pattern. The finding of RV disease affecting older children and adolescents after vaccine implementation has been reported worldwide. G2P[4] emergence most likely follows a global trend seemingly unrelated to vaccination, and G12, apparently, is emerging in the Brazilian population. The rapidly changing RV genotype patterns detected during this study illustrate a dynamic population of co-circulating wildtype RVs in Brazil.

Tilt Training Increases Vasoconstrictor Reserve in Patients with Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is a common clinical entity resulting from an excessive reflex autonomic response, particularly during orthostatism. Treatment options are controversial and of limited effectiveness. Tilt training (TT) is a promising option to treat these patients. However, its mechanism of action and clinical impact remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To characterize hemodynamic and autonomic responses during a TT program in patients with NCS refractory to conventional measures. METHODS: We studied 28 patients (50% male, mean age 41±14 years) without structural heart disease, with NCS documented by tilt testing. The TT program included 9 tilt sessions (3 times a week, 30 min) (60° - 6 sessions, 70° - 3 sessions), under ECG and blood pressure monitoring combined with home orthostatic self-training and 10° head-up during sleep. Systolic volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability were computed. Patients were reassessed at 1 month and every 6 months for a maximum of 36 months (24±12 months). RESULTS: Over the course of the TT program there was a significant increase in total peripheral resistance (1485±225 vs. 1591±187 dyn·s·cm(-5), p<0.05), with a decrease in standard deviation (206±60 vs. 150±42, p<0.05). During follow-up, syncope recurred in five patients (19%), with a significant reduction in the number of episodes (4.0±3.2/patient in the 12 months before TT vs. 1.4±0.8/patient post-TT, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In refractory NCS, TT may be an effective therapeutic option, with long-term benefits. These results appear to be due to an increase in vasoconstrictor reserve combined with a reduction in its variance.

Application of ionic liquids and enzymes for the removal of proteinaceous layers from polychrome of works of art and evaluation of the cleaning effectiveness

Dissertação Apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Conservação, especialização em Pintura

Efetividade da intervenção conservadora e de um programa de exercício físico no solo na osteoartrose do joelho

RESUMO: Objectivo: O estudo do efeito da fisioterapia e do exercício em diversos indicadores relacionados com a osteoartrose do joelho tem evidenciado efeitos benéficos em utentes com esta condição. Nesta sequência, pretendeu-se avaliar a efetividade da intervenção conservadora em conjunto com um programa de exercícios ao nível da dor, rigidez, amplitude articular, função física e qualidade de vida em utentes com osteoatrose do joelho a curto prazo, quando comparado com a intervenção recomendada. A prática clínica atual em Portugal, sob prescrição, desenvolve-se de acordo com o padrão que se pretende investigar. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo quasi-experimental controlado e sem aleatorização. Os utentes da Clínica FPM (n=20; 35,0% homens, 65,0% mulheres) sujeitos à intervenção conservadora (calor húmido, ultra-som e massagem) em conjunto com um programa de exercício no solo, durante um período de 4 semanas com frequência diária, integram o grupo experimental e os utentes inscritos no programa de exercício a solo do “Viver Activo” no Leirisport (n=21; 23,8% homens, 76,2% mulheres), num período de 8 semanas com frequência bi-semanal são considerados como grupo de controlo. Os instrumentos de medida aplicados foram o Knee Outcome Osteoarthritis Score (KOOS) para os outcomes dor, rigidez, função física e qualidade de vida e a goniometria para a amplitude articular. Resultados: Em ambos os grupos foram observados aumentos significativos em todos os outcomes avaliados pelo KOOS (dor, rigidez, função física e qualidade de vida) e pela goniometria (amplitude articular) num período de 4 e 8 semanas. Quando comparada a evolução do grupo experimental com a do grupo controlo, verifica-se que as diferenças significativas ocorrem na flexão (p <0,05) (maior evolução para o grupo experimental), e na dor (p <0,05) (maior evolução para o grupo controlo). Nos outcomes rigidez, função física e qualidade de vida foi ainda possível identificar resultados positivos que sugerem possíveis benefícios da intervenção em grupo para os sujeitos a ela submetidos. Discussão e Conclusão: Estes resultados sugerem que a intervenção clínica individualizada é mais efectiva do que a intervenção em grupo no aumento da amplitude articular do joelho em utentes com osteoartrose a curto prazo. No entanto, para os outcomes dor, rigidez, função física e qualidade de vida, a intervenção em grupo parece ser clinicamente e estatisticamente melhor. A relevância deste estudo afirma-se ao demonstrar que utentes com osteoartrose do joelho que integrem um programa de exercício em grupo beneficiam de melhorias importantes. Ao adicionar sessões de fisioterapia para realização de intervenção conservadora individualizada e exercícios supervisionados agrega um maior alívio sintomático.-------- ABSTRACT: Study of physical therapy and exercise into several indicators associated to knee osteoarthritis has shown positive effects in subjects within this condition. According to the study it has been evaluated the effectiveness of a conservative intervention along with a exercise program directed to pain, stiffness, range of motion, physical function and quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis in a short term when compared with the recommended intervention. Under prescription the current clinical practice in Portugal is developed according to the pattern to investigate. Methodology: This is a quasi-experimental controlled study without randomization. The subjects of FPM Clinic (n= 20, 35.0% men, 65.0% women) were submitted to the conservative intervention (hot pack, ultrasound and massage) with a land exercise program during a 4 week-period (all-weekly) were assigned in the experimental group. Patients signed in the land exercise program of "Active Living" in Leirisport (n = 21, 23.8% men, 76.2% women) a 8 week-period (bi-weekly) were assigned as control group. Outcomes were measured by the Knee Outcome Osteoarthritis Score (KOOS) for pain, stiffness, physical function and quality of life. Goniometry was used for range of motion. Results: Both treatment groups obtained successful outcomes measured by significant reductions in KOOS scores and improvement in goniometry in a 4 and 8-week period. When compared the evolution of the experimental group with the control group it appears that significant differences occur in the range of motion (p <0.05) (further progress in the experimental group), and pain (p <0.05) (further evolution for the control group). In outcomes stiffness, physical function and quality of life was possible to identify positive results that suggest potential benefits of intervention for the submitted subjects. Discussion and Conclusion: These results suggest that individualized clinical intervention is more effective than group intervention in range of motion improving in patients with knee osteoarthritis in a 4-week period. However outcomes for pain, stiffness, physical function and quality of life appear to be clinically and statistically better for the group intervention. The significance of this study is essencial because it demonstrates that patients with knee osteoarthritis who incorporate an exercise program in group reveal improvements. When adding physical therapy sessions with individual conservative intervention and supervised exercises the result is an improvement of symptomatic relief.

Efectividade de um programa de exercício aquático na osteoartrose do joelho

RESUMO: A osteoartrose do joelho é uma condição clínica cuja prevalência tem aumentado nos últimos anos na população idosa. Trata-se de uma condição que pode ser bastante incapacitante para o idoso, gerando um forte impacto social e económico. O exercício aquático tem sido identificado como um factor de promoção da melhoria do quadro clínico nesta população, mas a sua efectividade não está, ainda, determinada. Objectivo: investigar a efectividade, a curto e médio prazo, de um programa de exercício aquático, realizado em grupo, com a duração de 8 semanas, na amplitude articular, dor e rigidez do joelho, e na função física e qualidade de vida, em idosos com osteoartrose do joelho. Metodologia: Recorreu-se a um estudo quase-experimental, double-blind, controlado, sem aleatorização, cuja amostra, constituída por 43 sujeitos, foi selecionada por conveniência. Os sujeitos do grupo experimental (n=22) foram submetidos ao programa de exercício aquático e os do grupo de controlo (n=21) foram submetidos ao programa de exercício no solo. Ambos os programas foram definidos de acordo com as recomendações internacionais para a prática de exercício físico em idosos com osteoartrose (Arthritis Foundation, 2009a, 2009b). Todo o grupo foi avaliado no início do programa, no final do mesmo (8 semanas) e após 6 semanas de follow-up, nos seguintes indicadores: amplitude articular do joelho (através do goniómetro), dor, rigidez, função e qualidade de vida (através do KOOS). Resultados: A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por sujeitos maioritariamente do género feminino (76,7%), com uma média de 72,7 anos (DP=5,49). O programa de exercício aquático implementado demonstrou um aumento da amplitude articular passiva de flexão (p<0,0001) e extensão (p=0,016) do joelho, uma diminuição da dor e da rigidez articular (p<0,0001), um aumento da função nas AVD’s (p<0,0001) e no desporto/lazer (p=0,031), e ainda, um aumento da qualidade de vida (p<0,0001). Contudo, apenas os níveis de amplitude articular passiva de extensão do joelho (p=0,083) e de função no desporto/lazer (p=0,244) se mantiveram ao longo das seis semanas de follow-up. Conclusões: Apesar de algumas limitações, considera-se que este estudo é de grande importância para a comunidade científica e para os fisioterapeutas preocupados com a crescente prevalência da osteoartrose e dos custos associados. O exercício aquático parece ser uma estratégia importante na melhoria do estado de saúde dos idosos com osteoartrose do joelho.----------------- ABSTRACT: The osteoarthritis of the knee is a clinical condition that has been increasing among the elderly population over the past few years. It’s a condition that can be fairly disabling to the elderly individual, and which generates a strong social and economic impact. Aquatic exercise has been named as a promotional factor in the improvement of the clinical picture in this population, but its effectiveness is yet to be determined. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness, in a short and medium term, of an aquatic exercise program undertaken by a group over eight weeks, in the joint amplitude, pain and stiffness of the knee, and in the physical function and quality of life in elderly people who suffer from knee osteoarthritis. Methodology: was used a double-blind, quasi-experimental study with no randomization and its 43 subjects were selected as a matter of convenience. The subjects of the experimental group (n=22) were subjected to an aquatic exercise program and those of the control group (n=21) were subjected to a land-based exercise program. Both programs have followed international recommendations on the practice of physical exercise in elderly people who suffer from osteoarthritis (Arthritis Foundation, 2009a, 2009b). The entire group was evaluated in the beginning and at the end of the program (8 weeks later), and after a 6 week follow-up, in these parameters: knee range of motion (through a goniometer), pain, stiffness, function and quality of life (through KOOS). Results: This sample was predominantly female (76,7%) with a mean age of 72,7 years (SD=5,49). Aquatic exercise resulted in increase of passive joint flexion (p<0,0001) and knee extension (p=0,016), in the decline of pain and stiffness (p<0,0001), in the increase of function in the ADLs (p<0,0001). However, only the knee extension amplitude (p=0,083) and the function in sports/leisure (p=0,244) were kept through the six-week follow-up. Conclusions: Despite some limitations, this study is of great importance to the community and to the physiotherapists concerned with the growing prevalence of osteoarthritis and the associated costs. Aquatic exercise appears to be an important strategy in the improvement of the health condition of patients who suffer from knee osteoarthritis.

Five-Year Review of an International Clinical Research-Training Program

The exponential increase in clinical research has profoundly changed medical sciences. Evidence that has accumulated in the past three decades from clinical trials has led to the proposal that clinical care should not be based solely on clinical expertise and patient values, and should integrate robust data from systematic research. As a consequence, clinical research has become more complex and methods have become more rigorous, and evidence is usually not easily translated into clinical practice. Therefore, the instruction of clinical research methods for scientists and clinicians must adapt to this new reality. To address this challenge, a global distance-learning clinical research-training program was developed, based on collaborative learning, the pedagogical goal of which was to develop critical thinking skills in clinical research. We describe and analyze the challenges and possible solutions of this course after 5 years of experience (2008-2012) with this program. Through evaluation by students and faculty, we identified and reviewed the following challenges of our program: 1) student engagement and motivation, 2) impact of heterogeneous audience on learning, 3) learning in large groups, 4) enhancing group learning, 5) enhancing social presence, 6) dropouts, 7) quality control, and 8) course management. We discuss these issues and potential alternatives with regard to our research and background.

Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device Effectiveness in Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Treatment in Obese Women

Objective:We aimed to identify if there was any difference in Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) efficacy or weight gain when used in heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) treatment, between obese and non-obese women. Population and methods: This was a case-controlled retrospective study undertaken between 2002-2007. 194 women with HMB were treated with LNG-IUS and stratified into two groups accordingly with body mass index (BMI): Obese Group – BMI ≥ 30 (n=53) and Non-obese Group – BMI < 30 (n=141). Age, weight, days of spotting and days of menses were analyzed at 1, 3 and 6 months after insertion and then annually until 2 years. Analytic parameters of anemia (hemoglobin, serum ferritin, mean corpuscular volume) were reviewed at pre-insertion, at 6 months and then annually until 2 years. Results: During the 2-year follow-up there was a similar improvement in two groups regarding duration of menses, spotting and in analytic parameters of anemia. A statistically significant improvement was observed in obese group after 2 years of treatment regarding analytic parameters of anemia and menstrual characteristics, without weight gain. Conclusion: In obese women, the LNG-IUS is an effective treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding, without being associated to weight gain.

How effective are brief interventions in smoking cessation: project of a cohort study in a family health care unit

ABSTRACT: Tobacco use remains the most significant modifiable cause of disability, death and illness1. In Portugal, 19,6% of the population aged ten years or more smoke3. A Cochrane review of 20087 concluded that a brief advice intervention (compared to usual care) can increase the likelihood of a smoker to quit and remain nonsmoker 12 months later by a further 1 to 3 %. Several studies have shown that Primary Care Physicians can play a key role in these interventions8,9,10. However we did not find studies about the effectiveness of brief interventions in routine consultations of Family Doctors in Portugal. For this reason we designed a Cohort Study to make an exploratory study about the effectiveness of brief interventions of less than three minutes in comparison with usual care in routine consultations. The study will be implemented in a Family Healthcare Unit in Beja, during six months. Family Doctors of the intervention group should be submitted for an educational and training program before the study begin. Quit smoking sustained rates will be estimated one year after the first intervention in each smoker. If, as we expect, quit smoking rates will be higher in the intervention group than in the control group, this may change Portuguese Family Doctors attitudes and increase the provision of brief interventions in routine consultations in Primary Healthcare Centers.

Custos diretos do tratamento do cancro do cólon no Algarve

RESUMO - O cancro colorretal é um dos tumores mais comuns nos países desenvolvidos e um grave problema de saúde pública. Em Portugal constitui a terceira causa de morte por cancro em ambos os sexos e a segunda para cada sexo separadamente. A sua importância tem vindo a aumentar devido aos custos pessoais e sociais, surgindo internacionalmente como a segunda doença oncológica com os custos económicos mais elevados. No contexto atual, onde os gastos continuam a aumentar e os recursos são limitados, é importante tornar acessível aos decisores políticos o valor dos custos do cancro do cólon, para comparar opções para a prevenção e tratamento desta doença, no momento de afetar os recursos e financiamento do cancro. O objetivo do estudo é medir os custos diretos do tratamento do cancro do cólon na região do Algarve no ano de 2007. Para além da caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica dos doentes, pretende-se relacionar os custos das diferentes tipologias de diagnóstico e tratamento com os estádios da doença, com a idade e com o sexo. Propõe-se um estudo retrospetivo, analítico, transversal, que segue a abordagem custos da doença baseada na prevalência, adotando a perspetiva dos serviços de saúde. A principal fonte dos dados é a plataforma do ROR-Sul, extraindo-se a população constituída por todos os doentes com diagnóstico de cancro do cólon entre 1 de janeiro de 2007 e 31 de dezembro de 2007, residentes no distrito de Faro (n=170). Para a valorização dos custos recorre-se às Portarias que regulam as tabelas de preços dos serviços do Sistema Nacional de Saúde, à contabilidade analítica dos hospitais e ao Infarmed. Os resultados serão analisados através do Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 20. De forma a verificar a existência de diferenças estatísticas, em termos de médias e da existência de relações, entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas utilizaram-se vários testes. Consideramos que este estudo será um importante ponto de partida para posteriores análises económicas completas, em termos dos seus custos e suas consequências, nomeadamente a realização da análise custo-efetividade de programas de prevenção primária e secundária do cancro do cólon.