Service capacity reserve under uncertainty by hospital's ER's analogies: a practical model for car services

El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en definir un modelo de reserva de capacidad, por analogías con emergencias hospitalarias, que pueda ser implementado en el sector de servicios. Este está específicamente enfocado a su aplicación en talleres de servicio de automóviles. Nuestra investigación incorpora la incertidumbre de la demanda en un modelo singular diseñado en etapas que agrupa técnicas ARIMA, teoría de colas y simulación Monte Carlo para definir los conceptos de capacidad y ocupación de servicio, que serán utilizados para minimizar el coste implícito de la reserva capacidad necesaria para atender a clientes que carecen de cita previa. Habitualmente, las compañías automovilísticas estiman la capacidad de sus instalaciones de servicio empíricamente, pero los clientes pueden llegar bajo condiciones de incertidumbre que no se tienen en cuenta en dichas estimaciones, por lo que existe una diferencia entre lo que el cliente realmente demanda y la capacidad que ofrece el servicio. Nuestro enfoque define una metodología válida para el sector automovilístico que cubre la ausencia genérica de investigaciones recientes y la habitual falta de aplicación de técnicas estadísticas en el sector. La equivalencia con la gestión de urgencias hospitalarias se ha validado a lo largo de la investigación en la se definen nuevos indicadores de proceso (KPIs) Tal y como hacen los hospitales, aplicamos modelos estocásticos para dimensionar las instalaciones de servicio de acuerdo con la distribución demográfica del área de influencia. El modelo final propuesto integra la predicción del coste implícito en la reserva de capacidad para atender la demanda no prevista. Asimismo, se ha desarrollado un código en Matlab que puede integrarse como un módulo adicional a los sistemas de información (DMS) que se usan actualmente en el sector, con el fin de emplear los nuevos indicadores de proceso definidos en el modelo. Los resultados principales del modelo son nuevos indicadores de servicio, tales como la capacidad, ocupación y coste de reserva de capacidad, que nunca antes han sido objeto de estudio en la industria automovilística, y que están orientados a gestionar la operativa del servicio. ABSTRACT Our aim is to define a Capacity Reserve model to be implemented in the service sector by hospital's emergency room (ER) analogies, with a practical approach to passenger car services. A stochastic model has been implemented using R and a Monte Carlo simulation code written in Matlab and has proved a very useful tool for optimal decision making under uncertainty. The research integrates demand uncertainty in a unique model which is built in stages by implementing ARIMA forecasting, Queuing Theory and a Monte Carlo simulation to define the concepts of service capacity and occupancy, minimizing the implicit cost of the capacity that must be reserved to service unexpected customers. Usually, passenger car companies estimate their service facilities capacity using empirical methods, but customers arrive under uncertain conditions not included in the estimations. Thus, there is a gap between customer’s real demand and the dealer’s capacity. This research sets a valid methodology for the passenger car industry to cover the generic absence of recent researches and the generic lack of statistical techniques implementation. The hospital’s emergency room (ER) equalization has been confirmed to be valid for the passenger car industry and new process indicators have been defined to support the study. As hospitals do, we aim to apply stochastic models to dimension installations according to the demographic distribution of the area to be serviced. The proposed model integrates the prediction of the cost implicit in the reserve capacity to serve unexpected demand. The Matlab code could be implemented as part of the existing information technology systems (ITs) to support the existing service management tools, creating a set of new process indicators. Main model outputs are new indicators, such us Capacity, Occupancy and Cost of Capacity Reserve, never studied in the passenger car service industry before, and intended to manage the service operation.

Analysing the complexity of the model-based decision making processes within the industrial management context

PURPOSE The decision-making process plays a key role in organizations. Every decision-making process produces a final choice that may or may not prompt action. Recurrently, decision makers find themselves in the dichotomous question of following a traditional sequence decision-making process where the output of a decision is used as the input of the next stage of the decision, or following a joint decision-making approach where several decisions are taken simultaneously. The implication of the decision-making process will impact different players of the organization. The choice of the decision- making approach becomes difficult to find, even with the current literature and practitioners’ knowledge. The pursuit of better ways for making decisions has been a common goal for academics and practitioners. Management scientists use different techniques and approaches to improve different types of decisions. The purpose of this decision is to use the available resources as well as possible (data and techniques) to achieve the objectives of the organization. The developing and applying of models and concepts may be helpful to solve managerial problems faced every day in different companies. As a result of this research different decision models are presented to contribute to the body of knowledge of management science. The first models are focused on the manufacturing industry and the second part of the models on the health care industry. Despite these models being case specific, they serve the purpose of exemplifying that different approaches to the problems and could provide interesting results. Unfortunately, there is no universal recipe that could be applied to all the problems. Furthermore, the same model could deliver good results with certain data and bad results for other data. A framework to analyse the data before selecting the model to be used is presented and tested in the models developed to exemplify the ideas. METHODOLOGY As the first step of the research a systematic literature review on the joint decision is presented, as are the different opinions and suggestions of different scholars. For the next stage of the thesis, the decision-making process of more than 50 companies was analysed in companies from different sectors in the production planning area at the Job Shop level. The data was obtained using surveys and face-to-face interviews. The following part of the research into the decision-making process was held in two application fields that are highly relevant for our society; manufacturing and health care. The first step was to study the interactions and develop a mathematical model for the replenishment of the car assembly where the problem of “Vehicle routing problem and Inventory” were combined. The next step was to add the scheduling or car production (car sequencing) decision and use some metaheuristics such as ant colony and genetic algorithms to measure if the behaviour is kept up with different case size problems. A similar approach is presented in a production of semiconductors and aviation parts, where a hoist has to change from one station to another to deal with the work, and a jobs schedule has to be done. However, for this problem simulation was used for experimentation. In parallel, the scheduling of operating rooms was studied. Surgeries were allocated to surgeons and the scheduling of operating rooms was analysed. The first part of the research was done in a Teaching hospital, and for the second part the interaction of uncertainty was added. Once the previous problem had been analysed a general framework to characterize the instance was built. In the final chapter a general conclusion is presented. FINDINGS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The first part of the contributions is an update of the decision-making literature review. Also an analysis of the possible savings resulting from a change in the decision process is made. Then, the results of the survey, which present a lack of consistency between what the managers believe and the reality of the integration of their decisions. In the next stage of the thesis, a contribution to the body of knowledge of the operation research, with the joint solution of the replenishment, sequencing and inventory problem in the assembly line is made, together with a parallel work with the operating rooms scheduling where different solutions approaches are presented. In addition to the contribution of the solving methods, with the use of different techniques, the main contribution is the framework that is proposed to pre-evaluate the problem before thinking of the techniques to solve it. However, there is no straightforward answer as to whether it is better to have joint or sequential solutions. Following the proposed framework with the evaluation of factors such as the flexibility of the answer, the number of actors, and the tightness of the data, give us important hints as to the most suitable direction to take to tackle the problem. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND AVENUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH In the first part of the work it was really complicated to calculate the possible savings of different projects, since in many papers these quantities are not reported or the impact is based on non-quantifiable benefits. The other issue is the confidentiality of many projects where the data cannot be presented. For the car assembly line problem more computational power would allow us to solve bigger instances. For the operation research problem there was a lack of historical data to perform a parallel analysis in the teaching hospital. In order to keep testing the decision framework it is necessary to keep applying more case studies in order to generalize the results and make them more evident and less ambiguous. The health care field offers great opportunities since despite the recent awareness of the need to improve the decision-making process there are many opportunities to improve. Another big difference with the automotive industry is that the last improvements are not spread among all the actors. Therefore, in the future this research will focus more on the collaboration between academia and the health care sector.

El cuarto propio de Eileen Gray. "Tempe à pailla" 1932-1934: síntesis Crítica de un Aprendizaje Arquitectónico

En esta tesis se estudia la vivienda “Tempe à pailla” (1932-1934) construida por Eileen Gray para uso propio, en la localidad francesa de Castellar. La expresión “cuarto propio” en el título del trabajo identifica este proyecto con la búsqueda de un lugar para la autoexperimentación. “Tempe à pailla” es el resultado de una enseñanza autodidacta adquirida por Eileen Gray gracias a la convivencia con los protagonistas del movimiento moderno, en el marco de la Francia de entreguerras. Las experiencias artesanales de E. Gray previas a la arquitectura y los instrumentos de aprendizaje permiten comprender el desarrollo de una mente crítica que cuestiona continuamente lo observado. Por ello, para demostrar la influencia de los postulados de los movimientos contemporáneos en la evolución de sus creaciones, y como preámbulo al análisis de “Tempe à pailla” se realiza un recorrido por las técnicas experimentadas y se analizan dos de sus primeros ejercicios de proyecto: “Vivienda de tres plantas” (1923) y “Maison pour un ingénieur” (1926). La enseñanza adquirida en torno a la herramienta del dibujo analítico y técnico, junto a su investigación en el campo de lo pictórico trasladada al mobiliario realizado en laca, o al diseño y tejido de tapices, constituyen un conjunto de prácticas que desembocan, primero en el acondicionamiento de interiores, para ensayar novedosas composiciones espaciales entre sus objetos y, por último, en el proyecto de arquitectura como disciplina capaz de conjugar todo lo experimentado anteriormente. El binomio Intuición más Método, en todos estos itinerarios prácticos de Eileen Gray, combinado con una mirada atenta hacia las obras, exposiciones, lecturas y revistas especializadas de su tiempo, amalgaman una personalidad compleja que investigó progresivamente, primero en el ámbito de la domesticidad, y en su etapa de madurez en torno a los mínimos de habitar y a los espacios colectivos. El propósito de esta tesis es descubrir cómo los aspectos sociales, artísticos y arquitectónicos del contexto, entrelazados con la propia subjetividad crítica de la arquitecto conforman los fundamentos de esta vivienda y condicionan las decisiones de una mente que proyecta copiando, reelaborando y descartando entre lo conocido y lo aprendido. La elección de esta casa como protagonista de la investigación persigue, en primer lugar, descubrir su relación con los discursos del momento, constituyéndose en objeto arquitectónico paradigmático de un diálogo continuado y abierto. Y en segundo lugar, establecer una síntesis valorativa de la coherencia o la falta de ella en las decisiones objetivas del proyecto, confrontándolas con otros ejemplos. Para alcanzar estos dos objetivos se ha diseccionado la casa desde cinco perspectivas: su vínculo con la preexistencia del lugar, su organización en planta alejada de cualquier tipo normalizado, su vocabulario como reflejo de la modernidad, las relaciones espacio-temporales conseguidas y la sinergia establecida entre el equipamiento doméstico y la arquitectura. Este desarrollo ha hecho posible situar “Tempe á pailla” como un punto de inflexión en la arquitectura de Eileen Gray, y un ejemplo donde fue capaz de anticipar las futuras revisiones del movimiento moderno en aspectos como: la adecuación y empatía de lo construido con el lugar de emplazamiento, el rechazo a las connotaciones del concepto de “machine d’habiter” y la búsqueda de un confort enfatizado por la percepción, la experiencia e incluso los efectos psicológicos del interior doméstico. La relectura de esta casa, enmarcada dentro de la trayectoria práctica de su autora, invita a fijar la mirada en un inexcusable aprendizaje, previo a lo arquitectónico, que aúne la TEORÍA y la PLÁSTICA del momento con ensayos materializados en la PRÁCTICA, demostrando que, para madurar el conocimiento y proyectar con criterio crítico, es imprescindible el factor TIEMPO. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the housing “Tempe à pailla” (1932-1934) built by Eileen Gray for her own use, in the French village of Castellar. The expression “own room” in the title of the work identifies this project as the searching for a place for self experimentation. “Tempe à pailla” is the result of a self-directed learning acquired by the authoress due to coexistence with the protagonists of the modern movement, within the framework of the interwar France. Gray’s craft experiences previous to the architecture along the learning tools allow us to understand the development of a critical mind that questions continuously what she observes. Therefore to demonstrate the influence of the postulates of the contemporary movements in the evolution of her creations, and as a preamble to analysis of “Tempe à pailla”, this thesis makes a tour, along the techniques that she experienced, and studies two of her first exercises of project: “Three-storey housing”(1923) and “Maison pour an ingénieur” (1926). Lesson learned around the analytical tool of architectural drawing, together her research in the field of painting transferred to furniture made in lacquer, or to the design and fabric of tapestries, they constitute a set of craft experiences that lead, first in the conditioning of interiors, rehearsing novel spatial compositions among her objects and finally in the architectural project as a discipline capable of combining everything she learnt previously The binomial Intuition plus Method in all of these practicals Eileen Gray’s itineraries, combined with her look toward the works, exhibitions, readings and journals of her time, become together a complex personality that progressively innovates firstly in the context of domesticity and, in her stage of maturity, on the minimum living and collective spaces. The purpose of this thesis is to discover how the social, artistic and architectural aspects of the context, interlaced with the own critical subjectivity of the architect shape the foundations of this housing and determine the decisions of a mind that projects copying, re-elaborating and rejecting among the aspects known and learned. The choice of this house as the protagonist of the thesis aims, first to discover the relationship with the speeches of her time, becoming a paradigmatic architectural object of a continued and open dialogue. And secondly, to establish a evaluative synthesis of the consistency or lack of it in the project decisions, confronting them with others appropriate examples. To achieve these two objectives the house has been dissected from five perspectives: Its link with the preexistence of the place, its organization on floor away any standard type, its vocabulary as a reflection of modernity reached spatial-temporal relations and the synergy established between the domestic equipment and architecture. The development has made possible to place “Tempe à pailla” as a turning point in the architecture of Eileen Gray, and an example where she was able to anticipate future revisions of the modern movement in aspects such as: adaptation and empathy of the architecture with the site, the rejection of the connotations of the concept of “machine d’habiter” and the pursuit of comfort emphasized by the perception, the experience and even the psychological effects of the domestic interior. The re-reading of this singular and reduced House, framed within the practical trajectory of her authoress, invites to gaze inexcusable learning prior to the architecture, which combines the THEORY and the PLASTIC with trials materialized in PRACTICE, demonstrating that the essential factor to mature knowledge and planning with critical criteria, is the TIME.

IDR/UPM facilities for liquid bridge experimentation on earth under microgravity conditions

Besides space laboratories for in-orbit experimentation, Earth based facilities for laboratory experimentation are of paramount importance for the enhancement on liquid bridge knowledge. In spite of the constraints imposed by simulated microgravity (which force to work either with very small size liquid bridges or by using the Plateau tank technique, amongst other techniques), the availability and accessibility of Earth facilities can circumvent in many cases the drawbacks associated with simulated microgravity conditions. To support theoretical and in orbit experimental studies on liquid bridges under reduced gravity conditions, several ground facilities were developed at IDR. In the following these ground facilities are briefly described, and main results obtained by using them are cited.

A Reliable Open-Source System Architecture for the Fast Designing and Prototyping of Autonomous Multi-UAV Systems: Simulation and Experimentation

During the process of design and development of an autonomous Multi-UAV System, two main problems appear. The first one is the difficulty of designing all the modules and behaviors of the aerial multi-robot system. The second one is the difficulty of having an autonomous prototype of the system for the developers that allows to test the performance of each module even in an early stage of the project. These two problems motivate this paper. A multipurpose system architecture for autonomous multi-UAV platforms is presented. This versatile system architecture can be used by the system designers as a template when developing their own systems. The proposed system architecture is general enough to be used in a wide range of applications, as demonstrated in the paper. This system architecture aims to be a reference for all designers. Additionally, to allow for the fast prototyping of autonomous multi-aerial systems, an Open Source framework based on the previously defined system architecture is introduced. It allows developers to have a flight proven multi-aerial system ready to use, so that they can test their algorithms even in an early stage of the project. The implementation of this framework, introduced in the paper with the name of “CVG Quadrotor Swarm”, which has also the advantages of being modular and compatible with different aerial platforms, can be found at https://​github.​com/​Vision4UAV/​cvg_​quadrotor_​swarm with a consistent catalog of available modules. The good performance of this framework is demonstrated in the paper by choosing a basic instance of it and carrying out simulation and experimental tests whose results are summarized and discussed in this paper.

Normative Practical Reasoning via Argumentation and Dialogue

Postprint

From trial data to practical knowledge: qualitative study of how general practitioners have accessed and used evidence about statin drugs in their management of hypercholesterolaemia

Objectives To explore how general practitioners have accessed and evaluated evidence from trials on the use of statin lipid lowering drugs and incorporated this evidence into their practice. To draw out the practical implications of this study for strategies to integrate clinical evidence into general medical practice.

Reversible immortalization of mammalian cells mediated by retroviral transfer and site-specific recombination.

A procedure of reversible immortalization of primary cells was devised by retrovirus-mediated transfer of an oncogene that could be subsequently excised by site-specific recombination. This study focused on the early stages of immortalization: global induction of proliferation and life span extension of cell populations. Comparative analysis of Cre/LoxP and FLP/FRT recombination in this system indicated that only Cre/LoxP operates efficiently in primary cells. Pure populations of cells in which the oncogene is permanently excised were obtained, following differential selection of the cells. Cells reverted to their preimmortalized state, as indicated by changes in growth characteristics and p53 levels, and their fate conformed to the telomere hypothesis of replicative cell senescence. By permitting temporary and controlled expansion of primary cell populations without retaining the transferred oncogene, this strategy may facilitate gene therapy manipulations of cells unresponsive to exogenous growth factors and make practical gene targeting by homologous recombination in somatic cells. The combination of retroviral transfer and site-specific recombination should also extend gene expression studies to situations previously inaccessible to experimentation.

Design of online practical lessons in colorimetry

Applied colorimetry is an important module in the program of the elective subject "Colour Science: industrial applications”. This course is taught in the Optics and Optometry Degree and it has been used as a testing for the application of new teaching and assessment techniques consistent with the new European Higher Education Area. In particular, the main objective was to reduce the attendance to lessons and encourage the individual and collective work of students. The reason for this approach is based on the idea that students are able to work at their own learning pace. Within this dynamic work, we propose online lab practice based on Excel templates that our research group has developed ad-hoc for different aspects of colorimetry, such as conversion to different colour spaces, calculation of perceptual descriptors (hue, saturation, lightness), calculation of colour differences, colour matching dyes, etc. The practice presented in this paper is focused on the learning of colour differences. The session is based on a specific Excel template to compute the colour differences and to plot different graphs with these colour differences defined at different colour spaces: CIE ΔE, CIE ΔE94 and the CIELAB colour space. This template is implemented on a website what works by addressing the student work at a proper and organized way. The aim was to unify all the student work from a website, therefore the student is able to learn in an autonomous and sequential way and in his own pace. To achieve this purpose, all the tools, links and documents are collected for each different proposed activity to achieve guided specific objectives. In the context of educational innovation, this type of website is normally called WebQuest. The design of a WebQuest is established according to the criteria of usability and simplicity. There are great advantages of using WebQuests versus the toolbox “Campus Virtual” available in the University of Alicante. The Campus Virtual is an unfriendly environment for this specific purpose as the activities are organized in different sectors depending on whether the activity is a discussion, an activity, a self-assessment or the download of materials. With this separation, it is more difficult that the student follows an organized sequence. However, our WebQuest provides a more intuitive graphical environment, and besides, all the tasks and resources needed to complete them are grouped and organized according to a linear sequence. In this way, the student guided learning is optimized. Furthermore, with this simplification, the student focuses on learning and not to waste resources. Finally, this tool has a wide set of potential applications: online courses of colorimetry applied for postgraduate students, Open Course Ware, etc.

MDWEnet: a practical approach to achieving interoperability of model-driven web engineering methods

Current model-driven Web Engineering approaches (such as OO-H, UWE or WebML) provide a set of methods and supporting tools for a systematic design and development of Web applications. Each method addresses different concerns using separate models (content, navigation, presentation, business logic, etc.), and provide model compilers that produce most of the logic and Web pages of the application from these models. However, these proposals also have some limitations, especially for exchanging models or representing further modeling concerns, such as architectural styles, technology independence, or distribution. A possible solution to these issues is provided by making model-driven Web Engineering proposals interoperate, being able to complement each other, and to exchange models between the different tools. MDWEnet is a recent initiative started by a small group of researchers working on model-driven Web Engineering (MDWE). Its goal is to improve current practices and tools for the model-driven development of Web applications for better interoperability. The proposal is based on the strengths of current model-driven Web Engineering methods, and the existing experience and knowledge in the field. This paper presents the background, motivation, scope, and objectives of MDWEnet. Furthermore, it reports on the MDWEnet results and achievements so far, and its future plan of actions.

Practical experiences on a real pumping system emulated by a hardware model and used as a remote laboratory

Paper submitted to ACE 2013, 10th IFAC Symposium on Advances in Control Education, University of Sheffield, UK, August 28-30, 2013.