Some benefits of cyclical monetary policy

In this paper, we present a simple random-matching model of seasons, where di§erent seasons translate into di§erent propensities to consume and produce. We Önd that the cyclical creation and destruction of money is beneÖcial for welfare under a wide variety of circumstances. Our model of seasons can be interpreted as providing support for the creation of the Federal Reserve System, with its mandate of supplying an elastic currency for the nation.

The contagion effect of public debt on monetary policy: the brazilian experience

This paper attempts to explain why the Brazilian inter-bank interest rate is so high compared with rates practiced by other emerging economies. The interplay between the markets for bank reserves and government securities feeds into the inter-bank rate the risk premium of the Brazilian public debt.

Debt ceiling and fiscal sustainability in Brazil: a quantile autoregression approach

In this paper we investigate fiscal sustainability by using a quantile autoregression (QAR) model. We propose a novel methodology to separate periods of nonstationarity from stationary ones, which allows us to identify various trajectories of public debt that are compatible with fiscal sustainability. We use such trajectories to construct a debt ceiling, that is, the largest value of public debt that does not jeopardize long-run fiscal sustainability. We make out-of-sample forecast of such a ceiling and show how it could be used by Policy makers interested in keeping the public debt on a sustainable path. We illustrate the applicability of our results using Brazilian data.

New models of old(?) payment questions

Is private money feasible and desirable? In its absence, is there a central bank policy that partially or fully substitutes for private money? In this paper, some recent modeling ideas about how to address these questioned are reviewed and applied. The main ideas are that people cannot commit to future actions and that their histories are to some extent unknown - are not common knowledge. Under the additional assumption that the private monies issued by diferent people are distinct, a strong recognizability assumption, it is shown that there is a role for private money.

What happens after the central bank of Brazil increases the target interbank rate by 1%?

I start presenting an explicit solution to Taylorís (2001) model, in order to illustrate the link between the target interest rate and the overnight interest rate prevailing in the economy. Next, I use Vector Auto Regressions to shed some light on the evolution of key macroeconomic variables after the Central Bank of Brazil increases the target interest rate by 1%. Point estimates show a four-year accumulated output loss ranging from 0:04% (whole sample, 1980 : 1-2004 : 2; quarterly data) to 0:25% (Post-Real data only) with a Örst-year peak output response between 0:04% and 1:0%; respectively. Prices decline between 2% and 4% in a 4-year horizon. The accumulated output response is found to be between 3:5 and 6 times higher after the Real Plan than when the whole sample is considered. The 95% confidence bands obtained using bias-corrected bootstrap always include the null output response when the whole sample is used, but not when the data is restricted to the Post-Real period. Innovations to interest rates explain between 4:9% (whole sample) and 9:2% (post-Real sample) of the forecast error of GDP.

Endogenous time-dependent rules and the costs of disinflation with imperfect credibility

This paper examines the output effects of monetary disinflation in a model with endogenous time-dependent pricing rules and imperfect credibility of the disinflation policy. We find that these features interact to generate an additional effect on top f the ones obtained with either endogenous time-dependent rules (Bonomo and Carvalho, 2003) or imperfect credibility (Ball, 1995) in isolation. This results in higher output costs of monetary disinflation.

Depósitos do Tesouro: no Banco Central ou nos bancos comerciais?

Este trabalho inicia-se explicitando o canal pelo qual a elevada liquidez e movimentação dos Depósitos do Tesouro no Banco Central implica num aumento das dificuldades operacionais do Banco Central no balizamento das variações de curto prazo das taxas de juros. Em seguida, discutem-se as alternativas ao problema, levantando-se algumas questões a serem objeto de outros estudos, relativas à transferência total ou parcial) da função de caixa de Tesouro do Banco Central para os bancos comerciais. Por ultimo algumas particularidades do caso brasileiro, que dificultam a aplicação dos mecanismos c1assicos de condução de política monetária, são discutidos na ultima seção. Em particular, destaca-se, na breve formalização efetuada, a importância da sensibilidade juros das reservas totais dos bancos comerciais na determinação das oscilações de curto prazo da taxa de juros. Quanto maior este coeficiente, menores as oscilações dos juros decorrentes das variações da oferta de liquidez primária.

Impactos da Nova Lei de Pisos Salariais Estaduais

Em 2000, o governo federal fixou uma lei que permitia as Unidades Federativas fixarem pisos salariais acima do salário mínimo, representando uma oportunidade privilegiada de avaliação dos seus impactos. A nova lei oferece uma fonte de variabilidade potencialmente exógena além de isolar os efeitos de mudanças do salário mínimo sobre a demanda de trabalho dos impactos fiscais exercidos no contexto brasileiro. Inicialmente, testamos a efetividade da lei, utilizando logits multinomiais aplicados a PNAD/IBGE a fim de calcular a probabilidade de acumulação de massa de salários abaixo, igual e acima dos pisos estaduais. Posteriormente, aplicamos regressões quantílicas para diferenças de salários e de ocupação antes e depois da aplicação da lei comparando grupos de tratamento e controle através de dados longitudinais da PME/IBGE. Os resultados demonstram uma baixa efetividade e um alto descumprimento da lei nos estados aonde foi aplicada.

Essays on the monetary aspects of the term structure of nominal interest rates

Interest rates are key economic variables to much of finance and macroeconomics, and an enormous amount of work is found in both fields about the topic. Curiously, in spite of their common interest, finance and macro research on the topic have seldom interacted, using different approaches to address its main issues with almost no intersection. Concerned with interest rate contingent claims, finance term structure models relate interest rates to lagged interest rates; concerned with economic relations and macro dynamics, macro models regress a few interest rates on a wide variety of economic variables. If models are true though simplified descriptions of reality, the relevant factors should be captured by both the set of bond yields and that of economic variables. Each approach should be able to address the other field concerns with equal emciency, since the economic variables are revealed by the bond yields and these by the economic variables.

Essays on competition and returns of inside money

In an early paper, Cavalcanti and Wallace (2001) showed, using a computable version of Cavalcanti-Wallace model (CW-1999), that optimal regulation induces banks to pay interests, instead of contracting the money supply in an inside money allocation. Here, we generalize CW in two fashions, assuming inside money allocations, so that banks are supposed to issue money as they find a potential producer wishing to produce. The first generalization allows for seasonality due to real shocks on preferences with persistence and for monetary policy improvement. We found an asymmetric path for interest rates when constraints matter, even when shocks are independent. The second generalization allows for bank competition, in the sense that banks can choose between two different banking nets. We proof the existence of simple stable and unstable equilibria and also verify the existence of multiple equilibria.