Surface Expression and Subunit Specific Control of Steady Protein Levels by the Kv7.2 Helix A-B Linker

12 p.

Homestead fish pond and the environment in Nigeria

Homestead fish culture is a recent innovation for mass production of fish at backyard in Nigeria. The processes of pond construction often have resulted in soil disturbances, vegetation losses, and creation of new aquatic environment. The paper discusses homestead ponds in Nigeria, their potential impact on the environment which includes erosion, over flooding, pest and disease, accident risk, undesired fossil fuel production, vegetation destruction and fish genetic conservation, strategies for environmental management in relation to pond construction are suggested

Integrating fish and azolla into rice-duck farming in Asia

Several countries in Asia practice integrated rice-duck farming. On-farm resources such as duck manure and feed waste are not adequately used and recycled in the system. This indicates the potential for research to increase the productivity of the rice-duck system. The integration of fish and the nitrogen-fixing aquatic fern azolla show promise for increasing the production potential of the system. Fish, azolla and ducks integrated with rice farming can result in nutrient enhancement, pest control, feed supplementation and biological control. Some of the results of a case study on integrated rice-fish-azolla-duck farming systems conducted in the Philippines are presented in this paper.

水稻RAD21/REC8家族基因的分离与功能分析

染色体黏着是有丝分裂和减数分裂的关键事件，是保证姊妹（或同源）染色体正确分离并分配到子细胞中的关键调控环节之一，它建立于细胞分裂前的S期将新复制的姊妹染色体紧密联系在一起。来自酵母的研究结果已经证明姊妹染色体之间的黏着是由多亚基的蛋白质复合体－黏着素所介导的。在芽殖酵母有丝分裂中，黏着素由Scc1，Scc3，Smc1和Smc3四个亚基组成。减数分裂黏着素的组成与有丝分裂中的相似，只是Scc1被其减数分裂特异的Rec8变体所替换。目前，已经从高等真核生物线虫，果蝇，人，鼠以及拟南芥中分离到了黏着素相关的基因，但是对于这些基因在高等真核生物特别是植物细胞分裂中的功能还知之甚少。即使在酵母中人们对于减数分裂和有丝分裂过程中有关染色体黏着与分离的许多基本问题仍然不清楚，而且许多现象表明减数分裂的详细机制在各种生物中存在重大差异。 我们通过同源克隆的方法证明水稻（和拟南芥）基因组编码4个RAD21/REC8-like基因。这4个基因均以单拷贝存在，在核苷酸水平上没有相似性。它们所编码的蛋白质的相似性主要局限于其N-末端结构域和C-末端结构域。这4个蛋白质的中间区域没有（或者仅有极低的）相似性，但是中间区域都含有潜在的核定位信号，PEST序列，分离酶的识别序列以及多个磷酸化位点。 半定量RT-PCR，原位杂交以及Western杂交结果显示这4个基因都在生殖器官中优势表达，但是它们在花发育过程中的表达动态是不同的。OsRAD21-1和OsRAD21-3都在减数分裂时期的颖花中表达量最高，但是OsRAD21-3还在成熟花粉中高表达;OsRAD21-4在减数分裂前的颖花中表达量最高;OsRAD21-2则在雌雄蕊形成时期表达最强，之后逐渐降低。这些结果暗示这4个基因的功能可能是不同的。 免疫荧光定位分析表明，OsRad21-1和OsRad21-3 特异地定位于有丝分裂的染色体上，其分布动态表明这两个蛋白可能都参与了有丝分裂姊妹染色体之间的黏着。由于水稻四个RAD21/REC8类基因中，只有OsRAD21-3在花粉发育过程中表达，同时水稻花粉的发育成熟要经过两次有丝分裂，推测OsRad21-3蛋白可能参与这两次有丝分裂过程姊妹染色体之间的黏着。OsRad21-4则特异地定位于减数分裂前间期到中期Ⅰ的染色体上，说明它可能特异地介导减数分裂过程姊妹染色体之间的黏着。与其它已知的Rad21/Rec8-like蛋白不同，不论在有丝分裂还是在减数分裂过程中，OsRad21-2蛋白都不定位于染色体上而是特异地定位在核仁中，并且它的动态变化与核仁重建和解体的动态规律在时间上也是相一致的，这说明OsRad21-2是一种新的核仁蛋白质而与染色体的黏着无关。 OsRAD21-4 RNAi转基因水稻植株的花粉活性受到严重影响，种子结实率降低。雄性减数分裂过程中染色体出现多种异常行为：前期Ⅰ染色体异常凝集;同源染色体提早分离;染色体出现片断化。进一步的FISH实验结果证明RNAi株系中同源染色体配对和姊妹染色体臂的黏着均发生异常。因此，OsRad21-4是酵母Rec8的同源蛋白，是正确的减数分裂所必需的。 与表达分析和功能分析所得的结果相一致，进化树分析可以将Rad21/Rec8-like蛋白质分为三个亚家族：（1）Rad21亚家族，参与有丝分裂姊妹染色体黏着;（2）Rec8亚家族，参与减数分裂染色体黏着;（3）Rno亚家族，目前仅发现于高等植物中，是一种核仁蛋白质而与其它的Rad21/Rec8-like蛋白的功能不同，可能不参与染色体之间的黏着。

A record production from an integrated farming system utilising sewage enriched water

The results of experiments conducted on a pond dyke (655m²) in the Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, during 1992-93 for maximising production through optimum utilisation of resources are communicated. Round the year intensive cultivation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus and A. viridus), water-bind weed (Ipomea aquatica), Indian spinach (Basella rubra), radish (Raphanus sativum), amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis), cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitota) and papaya (Carica papaya) was undertaken using the treated sewage water from fish ponds for irrigation. The pond dyke yielded 5,626.5 kg vegetable which worked out to 85.9 tons per ha per year. Multiple cropping with these vegetables excluding papaya on a 460 m² dyke recorded a production of 4,926.5 kg at the rate of 107.1t per ha/yr. An improved yearly net return of about 35% over investment could be achieved through the selection of highly productive and pest resistant vegetable crops of longer duration for integration into the system. Introduction of this type of integrated farming would enhance the overall productivity and returns from farming.

Studies on paddy-cum-fish culture under different land situations

Paddy fields can be broadly classified on the basis of land situations viz. Upland - Shallow water (10-30 cm), Medium land-medium deepwater (30-100 cm) and Low land-deepwater (above 100 cm). Three major systems of paddy-cum-fish culture, viz. (A) high yielding paddy varieties (H.Y.V) and air-breathing fish under Upland, (B) H.Y.V./local paddy and Tilapia/common carp under Medium land and (C) deepwater paddy and major Indian carps under Low land situations have been successfully investigated in the farmers' fields and at the Research Stations (1982-92). Effects of low-cost artificial feeding on growth, yield and management practices of different types of fish showed a considerable increase of rice and fish yields and a decrease in insect-pest incidence. Under Upland situation, short duration H.Y.V. in combination with fast-growing air breathing fish was studied thrice a year (summer, winter & autumn seasons). Combined rice and fish culture produced highest yields in all the seasons than in the control.

贵州福泉市草坪害虫区系调查

2005年7～8月以贵州省福泉市草坪与农田、灌草丛为2个调查样地,对采集的大量昆虫标本进行检索、分类、统计处理、区系分析.采集到昆虫标本50 320只,分隶于8目、29科、67属、70种,其中,草坪害虫有8目、19科、29属、32种;农田、灌草丛有8目、28科、56属、61种.研究发现,2个样地中害虫群落种类组成和结构基本相似;鳞翅目害虫(除地老虎等个别种外)是地面害虫的优势类群;鞘翅目害虫是地下害虫的优势类群;草坪害虫区系主要由周边农田,园林和其他天然植被中害虫的迁入形成.

Liriomyza huidobrensis in Yunnan, China: current distribution and genetic structure of a recently established population

Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a very serious and economically important pest around the world. Liriomyza huidobrensis in China was first reported from Kunming of Yunnan province in 1993. We report here that this pest has recen

Prevention of infestation by Dermestes maculatus Degeer in east African dried fish by solar treatment

East African sun-dried fish infested by Dermestes maculatus were exposed to tropical sunlight at ambient temperature and analysed for insect mortality and weight losses. Solar treatment for 6 to 8 lo was highly effective for one layer of split sun-dried fish and 100% insect mortality was toted, while pest species were still present in the four layer batch. Weight losses between 1.2% and 10.2% were recorded, the top layer suffering the highest loss. The high surface temperature of 60°C caused fish to become brittle and quality losses occurred. A reduction in length of exposure/temperature is probably a presupposition for application of the method to local conditions.

Large Gene Family Expansions and Adaptive Evolution for Odorant and Gustatory Receptors in the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Gaining insight into the mechanisms of chemoreception in aphids is of primary importance for both integrative studies on the evolution of host plant specialization and applied research in pest control management because aphids rely on their sense of smell

昆明地区花卉害虫及天敌

1997 年5～ 8 月至1998 年4～ 8 月, 对昆明地区的花卉害虫及天敌进行了考 察和标本采集, 共采到花卉害虫及天敌标本4500 多号, 经鉴定分14 目, 65 科, 158 属, 205 种。标本保存在中国科学院昆明动物研究所。

Endosulfan: a hidden menace

A clean and healthy environment is paramount to human existence. While pesticide use has successfully sustained agricultural and food production in our lifetime as well as safeguarded human health by controlling insect pests, it has also caused many tragedies including population declines in our wildlife, fatalities in workers exposed to pesticides in its manufacture and use, and the increasing incidence of dreaded human illnesses such as cancer. A delicate balance should be achieved to mitigate the adverse impact of pesticide use to the environment and at the same time ensuring short- and long-term agricultural productivity. Endosulfan has been effectively used as a pesticide, but much evidence on its chronic and sub-lethal effects on humans and wildlife have been gathered in recent years. More research still needs to be done to determine its effects from long-term exposure at very low levels. Endosulfan is highly toxic to fish and other aquatic animals and, thus, not recommended for use in aquatic ecosystems. However, in some countries, it has been incorrectly used as a molluscicide in rice paddies, which could have an adverse impact on the rice-fish farming systems and on other surrounding aquatic ecosystems. It is clear that such practices should be stopped and users must strictly observe the recommended application methods. Agricultural productivity should be achieved with less pesticide by using integrated pest management programs which make use of biological, cultural, and physical control agents and lower doses of safer pesticide on a need only basis. The benefits of biotechnology should also be used to develop more effective and safer products and techniques. This is a valid approach and one that will require a unified and concerted effort among suppliers and users of pesticides in order to ensure that resources are used to our best advantage with minimal risk.

AQD recommends semi-intensive milkfish culture

Details are given of a system for semi-intensive milkfish (Chanos chanos) vulture recommended by the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, under the following headings: 1) Pond preparation; 2) Pest (snails) control; 3) Pest (tilapia and other fish) control; 4) Fertilizer application; 5) Stocking density in nursery ponds; 6) Stocking density in grow-out ponds; and, 7) Water management.

Murine MyaK, a member of a family of yeast YAK1-related genes, is highly expressed in hormonally modulated epithelia in the reproductive system and in the embryonic central nervous system

We have cloned a mouse homologue (designated Myak) of the yeast protein kinase YAK1. The 1210 aa open reading frame contains a putative protein kinase domain, nuclear localization sequences and PEST sequences. Myak appears to be a member of a growing family of YAK1-related genes that include Drosophila and human Minibrain as well as a recently identified rat gene ANPK that encode a steroid hormone receptor interacting protein. RNA blot analysis revealed that Myak is expressed at low levels ubiquitously but at high levels in reproductive tissues, including testis, epididymis, ovary, uterus, and mammary gland, as well as in brain and kidney. In situ hybridization analysis on selected tissues revealed that Myak is particularly abundant in the hormonally modulated epithelia of the epididymis, mammary gland, and uterus, in round spermatids in the testis, and in the corpora lutea in the ovary, Myak is also highly expressed in the aqueduct of the adult brain and in the brain and spinal cord of day 12.5 embryos, Mol. Reprod. Dev. 55:372-378, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.