Towards a resolution of conflicting models of illusory contour processing in humans.

Despite myriad studies, neurophysiologic mechanisms mediating illusory contour (IC) sensitivity remain controversial. Among the competing models one favors feed-forward effects within lower-tier cortices (V1/V2). Another situates IC sensitivity first within higher-tier cortices, principally lateral-occipital cortices (LOC), with later feedback effects in V1/V2. Still others postulate that LOC are sensitive to salient regions demarcated by the inducing stimuli, whereas V1/V2 effects specifically support IC sensitivity. We resolved these discordances by using misaligned line gratings, oriented either horizontally or vertically, to induce ICs. Line orientation provides an established assay of V1/V2 modulations independently of IC presence, and gratings lack salient regions. Electrical neuroimaging analyses of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) disambiguated the relative timing and localization of IC sensitivity with respect to that for grating orientation. Millisecond-by-millisecond analyses of VEPs and distributed source estimations revealed a main effect of grating orientation beginning at 65 ms post-stimulus onset within the calcarine sulcus that was followed by a main effect of IC presence beginning at 85 ms post-stimulus onset within the LOC. There was no evidence for differential processing of ICs as a function of the orientation of the grating. These results support models wherein IC sensitivity occurs first within the LOC.

Impacto do manejo da água na toxidez por ferro no arroz irrigado por alagamento

A toxidez por ferro é o distúrbio nutricional de maior ocorrência em arroz (Oryza sativa L.) cultivado em sistemas alagados, derivada da quantidade excessiva de íons ferrosos (Fe2+) gerados pela redução de óxidos de ferro em solos alagados. Em experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação, foram avaliados os efeitos de manejos da água de irrigação na dinâmica de redução de um Planossolo e na manifestação da toxidez por ferro em arroz. Os tratamentos dispostos em blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repetições constaram de cinco manejos da água: T1- início do alagamento no estádio V2-V3 do arroz; T2- início do alagamento no estádio V6-V7; T3- T1 e drenagem no estádio V10-V11; T4- T2 e drenagem no estádio V10-V11; e T5- T1 e drenagens nos estádios V7-V8 e V10-V11. O atraso do início do alagamento para o estádio V6-V7 do arroz manteve os valores do Eh da solução do solo mais elevados, promovendo menor disponibilidade de Fe2+ na solução do solo e deslocando a máxima liberação de Fe2+ na solução do solo para estádios fenológicos mais avançados do arroz. A realização de drenagens ao longo do ciclo vegetativo do arroz promoveu a reoxidação do solo, que ocasionou o aumento dos valores de Eh e redução da concentração de Fe2+ na solução do solo. O uso de drenagens durante o período vegetativo do arroz foi eficiente no controle da toxidez por excesso de ferro, em arroz cultivado em solo alagado.

Comparação do uso de modelos digitais de elevação em mapeamento digital de solos em Dois Irmãos, RS, Brasil

Os modelos digitais de elevação (MDEs) são fontes fundamentais para correlacionar a ocorrência e distribuição de solos com a paisagem pelo mapeamento digital de solos (MDS). A influência dos tipos e das resoluções dos MDEs na capacidade de predição dos modelos preditores de classes de solo ainda é pouco estudada. Neste estudo, foram avaliados e comparados os efeitos de diferentes MDEs na predição de ocorrência de unidades de mapeamento de solo (UM). Foram correlacionados 12 atributos do terreno derivados de diferentes MDEs com a ocorrência de UM. Os MDEs utilizados foram os oriundos dos projetos SRTM v4.1, ASTER GDEM v2, TOPODATA e Brasil em Relevo, e os MDEs gerados a partir de curvas de nível na escala de 1:50.000, com resoluções de 30 e 90 m. Os modelos preditores foram treinados por árvore de decisão (Simple Cart) com dados amostrados em 4.280 pontos aleatórios contendo informações dos solos extraídos de um mapa convencional de solos na escala 1:20.000 e 12 atributos do terreno derivados de seis MDEs com tamanhos de pixel de 30 e 90 m. A validação dos modelos preditores de UM foi realizada com a totalidade dos dados da área. Os atributos do terreno que melhor explicaram a ocorrência das UM foram elevação, declividade, comprimento de fluxo e orientação das vertentes. Os MDEs com tamanho de pixel de 30 m geraram correlações solo-paisagem menos acuradas. Os modelos preditores mais acurados e com maior número de UM estimadas foram os gerados a partir dos MDEs com resolução espacial de 90 m (SRTM v4.1 e CN90), sendo esses os MDEs mais indicados para o MDS, quando predominarem relevos plano e suave ondulado.

Mudança estrutural no fluxo do conhecimento: a comunicação eletrônica

A estrutura da relação entre o fluxo de informação e o público a quem o conhecimento é dirigido vem se modificando com o tempo, como uma função das diferentes técnicas que operam na transferência da informação, do gerador ao receptor. O fluxo em si, uma sucessão de eventos, de um processo de mediação, entre a geração da informação por uma fonte emissora, e a aceitação da informação pela entidade receptora, realiza uma das bases conceituais que se acredita ser o cerne da ciência da informação: a geração de conhecimento no indivíduo e no seu espaço de convivência. Assim, o propósito deste artigo é mostrar que o fluxo da informação que interliga gerador e receptor vem agregando competência na transmissão, em uma relação direta com as fases por que passou o desenvolvimento do processo de transferência da informação até chegar ao tempo da comunicação eletrônica que viabiliza com maior intensidade a relação de interação que nos interessa observar.

Vascular Effects of RWJ-676070, a Selective Combined V-1a/V-2 Vasopressin Receptor Antagonist

In recent years, several vasopressin antagonists have been developed that block V-1 receptors either selectively or nonselectively.(1,2) To date, one combined V-1/V-2 antagonist (primarily a V-2 antagonist, as determined on the basis of human receptor binding data), conivaptan, has been approved for the treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia.(3,4) We have previously shown that the vascular properties of a vasopressin V-1 antagonist can be investigated safely and reliably in healthy subjects. We used the measurement of skin blood flow after intradermic injection of exogenous arginine vasopressin on a skin area prevasodilated with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).(3,5) This technique enables the documentation of the dose-dependent effects of vasopressin or vasopressin antagonists. In this study, we have characterized the V-1a pharmacodynamic profile of increasing doses of RWJ-676070, a new orally active dual V-1a/V-2 receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects.(5)

Molecular clock is involved in predictive circadian adjustment of renal function.

Renal excretion of water and major electrolytes exhibits a significant circadian rhythm. This functional periodicity is believed to result, at least in part, from circadian changes in secretion/reabsorption capacities of the distal nephron and collecting ducts. Here, we studied the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms in the distal nephron segments, i.e., distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and connecting tubule (CNT) and the cortical collecting duct (CCD). Temporal expression analysis performed on microdissected mouse DCT/CNT or CCD revealed a marked circadian rhythmicity in the expression of a large number of genes crucially involved in various homeostatic functions of the kidney. This analysis also revealed that both DCT/CNT and CCD possess an intrinsic circadian timing system characterized by robust oscillations in the expression of circadian core clock genes (clock, bma11, npas2, per, cry, nr1d1) and clock-controlled Par bZip transcriptional factors dbp, hlf, and tef. The clock knockout mice or mice devoid of dbp/hlf/tef (triple knockout) exhibit significant changes in renal expression of several key regulators of water or sodium balance (vasopressin V2 receptor, aquaporin-2, aquaporin-4, alphaENaC). Functionally, the loss of clock leads to a complex phenotype characterized by partial diabetes insipidus, dysregulation of sodium excretion rhythms, and a significant decrease in blood pressure. Collectively, this study uncovers a major role of molecular clock in renal function.

Effect of soil interacting herbicides on soybean nodulation in Balcarce, Argentina

Two trials were performed in Balcarce, Argentina (37° 45' LS; 58° 18' LW) during 1993-94, to assess the effect of eight herbicides applied individually or in tank mixtures, on nodule number, nodule dry weight, seed yield and N percent in seed in soybean Asgrow 3205, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB 1809. Individual herbicides and doses in kg ha-1 of a.i. were metribuzin (0.48), acetochlor (0.90), metolachlor (1), flumioxazin (0.075), trifluralin (0.96), imazaquin (0.20), imazethapyr (0.10) and chlorimuron ethyl (0.0125). The mixtures were metribuzin+acetochlor (0.48+0.9), flumioxazin+acetochlor (0.075+0.9), imazaquin+acetochlor (0.2+0.9), metribuzin+metolachlor (0.48+1.92), and flumioxazin+ metolachlor (0.075+1.92). A control treatment without herbicides was included. Both trials were laid out as randomized complete blocks with four replicates, on a loam illitic thermic petrocalcic Paleudoll, 5.7% organic matter (OM), 25% clay, 30.4 cmol kg-1 CEC. Nodules were sampled at V2 (second node), V6 (sixth node) and R5 (beginning seed) growth stages. Herbicides did not significantly affect the beginning of nodulation or nodule number and mass at R5, not either grain yield or N accumulation. This indicates lack of interference between soil interacting herbicides and N fixation in the high organic matter, loam soils of SE Buenos Aires province, even though a tendency in less number and dry weight of nodules was evident at the two latter growth stages.

Association between nonmedical prescription drug use and health status among young swiss men.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between the nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) of six drug classes and health. METHODS: Data on young adults males (mean age, 19.96 years) from the baseline and follow-up of the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF) were used (n = 4,958). Two sets of logistic regression models were fitted to examine the associations between NMPDU of opioid analgesics, sedatives or sleeping pills, anxiolytics, antidepressants, beta blockers and stimulants, and health status (assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short Form Survey Instrument [SF-12 v2]). We first computed odds ratios between NMPDU at baseline and poor mental and physical health at follow-up, adjusting for poor mental or physical health at baseline. We then computed odds ratios between poor mental and physical health at baseline and NMPDU at follow-up, adjusting for NMPDU at baseline. RESULTS: Three key findings regarding mental health were (1) there was a reciprocal risk between poor mental health and sedatives and anxiolytics; (2) poor mental health increased NMPDU of opioid analgesics and antidepressants but not vice versa; and (3) there were no associations with stimulants. Three key findings regarding physical health were (1) poor physical health increased the risk of NMPDU of anxiolytics; (2) the only reciprocal risk was between physical health and NMPDU of opioid analgesics; and (3) there were no associations with stimulants. CONCLUSION: These results, among the first ever on reciprocal effects between NMPDU and mental and physical health status, give unique information concerning the adverse effects of NMPDU on health and vice versa. The study shows that NMPDU is not only a sign of self-medication but may induce health problems.

Adaptações morfofisiológicas da soja em solo inundado

Há restrições ao crescimento de plantas em condições de inundação do solo, o que limita a sua exploração agrícola a poucas espécies. A soja pode ser uma alternativa, pela alta capacidade adaptativa a estas condições. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as formas de adaptação da soja à inundação do solo, e estabelecer a melhor estratégia para fornecimento de N em solos inundados. Foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), de setembro a novembro de 1998. Foram testadas duas cultivares de soja (FT-Abyara e BR 4) cultivadas sob dois regimes hídricos (inundação e capacidade de campo) e duas estratégias de fornecimento de N (inoculação e N mineral). Manteve-se a soja sob inundação do estádio V2 até V5 (21 dias). A soja apresentou mecanismos que permitem sua adaptação a condições de hipoxia geradas pela inundação do solo. Houve redução nos teores de N, K, Mg e Mn, e aumento nos teores de Fe nas folhas, quando da inundação. Existiram diferenças entre cultivares em solo inundado, destacando-se a cultivar FT-Abyara, pela maior adaptação. O diâmetro do caule sob a lâmina de água foi a característica mais importante na diferenciação de cultivares com vistas a tolerância à inundação. A melhor estratégia para fornecimento de N em condições de solo inundado foi a aplicação de N mineral em cobertura. Porém, mesmo em solo inundado ocorreu nodulação em soja.

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in colorectal cancer.

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a transcription factor of the nuclear receptor superfamily plays a significant role in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. In most experimental systems PPARγ activation has tumor suppressing effects in the colon. PPARγ is regulated at multiple levels by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). At a first level, UPS regulates PPARγ transcription. This regulation involves both PPARγ transcription specific factors and the general transcription machinery. At a second level UPS regulates PPARγ and its co-factors themselves, as PPARγ and many co-factors are proteasome substrates. At a third level of regulation, transduction pathways working in parallel but also having interrelations with PPARγ are regulated by the UPS, creating a network of regulation in the colorectal carcinogenesis-related pathways that are under UPS control. Activation of PPARγ transcription by direct pharmacologic activators and by stabilization of its molecule by proteasome inhibitors could be strategies to be exploited in colorectal cancer treatment.

Caracterização bioquímica e cinética de lipoxigenases de plantas de soja submetidas à aplicação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade da planta de soja em responder à aplicação de ácidos graxos, substratos das lipoxigenases, pela "via das lipoxigenases" por meio da caracterização bioquímica e cinética do "pool" das lipoxigenases foliares. Dois genótipos de soja foram usados: um normal (variedade IAC-100) e outro desprovido das três lipoxigenases nas sementes (genótipo IAC-100 TN). As plantas foram tratadas com os ácidos araquidônico, linoléico e linolênico, no início do estádio V2 de desenvolvimento, até atingirem o estádio V3. Em seguida, os trifolíolos foram coletados 0, 24 e 48 horas após a última aplicação dos ácidos graxos. Os resultados mostraram um pico de atividade das lipoxigenases a pH 6,0 e 25°C de temperatura. Os valores de atividade das lipoxigenases nos dois genótipos foram maiores nos tratamentos que nos respectivos controles, e os valores de K M app diminuíram 48 horas após a última aplicação dos ácidos linoléico e linolênico no tratamento em relação ao controle. Estes resultados sugerem que a planta de soja responde à aplicação de ácidos graxos nas folhas, com o aumento na atividade das lipoxigenases, e que a remoção das lipoxigenases da semente não afetou a resposta da planta a esse tipo de tratamento, uma vez que IAC-100 e IAC-100 TN apresentaram comportamentos bioquímico e cinético semelhantes.

Neuronal expression of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 in rat dorsal root ganglia: modulation in the SNI model of neuropathic pain

La douleur neuropathique est une forme de douleur chronique apparaissant suite à des lésions du système nerveux somato-sensoriel. Caractérisée par une plasticité neuronale inadapté, elle est très souvent intense, invalidante, associe des symptômes comme l'allodynie ou l' hyperalgésie et reste difficile à traiter avec les agents thérapeutiques actuels. Le thème de mon travail de thèse se concentre sur des mécanismes moléculaires de modulation des canaux sodiques voltage-dépendants suite à une lésion du nerf périphérique. Dans l'article présenté en annexe, j'ai focalisé mon travail sur une protéine, Nedd4-2, qui est une ligase ubiquitine. Elle a pour rôle de réguler et d'internaliser dans la cellule des protéines membranaires dont les canaux sodiques. Suite aux lésions du système nerveux périphérique, il existe une hyperexcitabilité neuronale engendrée notamment par un surplus et une dysrégulation des canaux sodiques à la membrane cellulaire. Dans 1 'hypothèse que l'ubiquitine ligase Nedd4-2 soit présente dans les neurones sensitifs primaires et ait un rôle dans la régulation des canaux sodiques, nous avons identifié cette protéine dans les neurones nociceptifs primaires du rat. En utilisant des techniques de Western Blot et d'immunohistochimie, j'ai trouvé que Nedd4-2 est présente dans presque 50% des neurones du ganglion spinal et ces neurones sont principalement des neurones nociceptifs. Dans un modèle expérimental de douleur neuropathique (SN I, pour spared nerve injury), Nedd4-2 se retrouve significativement diminuée dans le tissu du ganglion spinal. J'ai également investigué 1' expression de 2 isoformes des canaux sodiques connues pour leur implication dans la douleur, Navl.7 et Navl.8, et ces 2 isoformes se retrouvent dans les mêmes neurones que Nedd4-2. La caractérisation détaillée est décrite dans le manuscrit: «Neuronal expression of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 in rat dorsal root ganglia: modulation in the SNI model of neuropathic pain; Cachemaille M, Laedermann CJ, Pertin M, Abriel H, Gasselin RD, Decosterd 1.» Les résultats obtenus indiquent que Nedd4-2, en étant downrégulé après une lésion nerveuse, pourrait ainsi contribuer à une augmentation des canaux sodiques fonctionnels à la membrane. Ainsi Nedd4-2 pourrait être proposée comme cible thérapeutique de manière alternative aux bloqueurs de canaux sodiques. Ce travail a permis l'initiation d'autres expériences. J'ai contribué activement à la construction de vecteurs viraux type adéno-associé recombinant (rAA V2/6) et surexprimé la protéine in vivo dans les ganglions spinaux. Cette partie de mon travail se trouve intégrée dans d'autres travaux de mon laboratoire d'accueil qui a pu démontrer les effets fonctionnels de cette approche sur les courants sodiques enregistrés par électrophysiologie et une diminution de la douleur neuropathique chez la souris. - Abstract-Neuronal hyperexcitability following peripheral nerve lesions may stem from altered activity of voltagegated sodium channels (VGSCs), which gives rise toallodynia or hyperalgesia. In vitro, the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 is a negative regulator of VGSC a-subunits (Nav), in particular Nav1.7, a key actor in nociceptor excitability. We therefore studied Nedd4-2 in rat nociceptors, its co-expression with Nav1.7 and Nav1.8, and its regulation in pathology. Adult rats were submitted to the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain or injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), a model of inflammatory pain. L4 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were analyzed in shamoperated animals, seven days after SNI and 48 h after CFA with immunofluorescence and Western blot. We observed Nedd4-2 expression in almost 50% of DRG neurons, mostly small and medium-sized. A preponderant localization is found in the non-peptidergic sub-population. Additionally, 55.7± 2.7% and 55.0 ±3.6% of Nedd4-2-positive cells are co-labeled with Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 respectively. SNI significantly decreases the proportion of Nedd4-2-positive neurons from 45.9± 1.9% to 33.5± 0.7% (p < 0.01) and the total Nedd4-2 protein to 44%± 0.13% of its basal level (p <0.01, n = 4 animals in each group, mean± SEM). In contrast, no change in Nedd4-2 was found after peripheral inflammation induced by CFA. These results indicate that Nedd4-2 is present in nociceptive neurons, is downregulated after peripheral nerve injury, and might therefore contribute to the dysregulation of Navs involved in the hyperexcitability associated with peripheral nerve injuries.

Acute toxicity of curative radiotherapy for intermediate- and high-risk localised prostate cancer in the EORTC trial 22991.

INTRODUCTION: This trial randomly assessed short-term adjuvant hormonal therapy added to radiotherapy (RT) for intermediate- and high-risk (UICC 1997 cT2a or cT1b-c with high PSA or Gleason score) localised prostate cancer. We report acute toxicity (CTCAE v2) assessed weekly during RT in relation to radiation parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Centres selected the RT dose (70, 74 or 78Gy) and RT technique. Statistical significance is at 0.05. RESULTS: Of 791 patients, 652 received 3D-CRT (70Gy: 195, 74Gy: 376, 78Gy: 81) and 139 received IMRT (74Gy: 28, 78Gy: 111). During RT, grade 3 gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities were reported by 7 (0.8%) and 50 (6.3%) patients, respectively. No grade 4 was reported. The risk of grade 2 GI toxicity increased significantly with increasing D50%-rectum (p=0.004) and that of grade 2 GU toxicity correlated only to Dmax-bladder (p=0.051). 3D-RT technique, increasing total dose and V95% &gt;400 cc increased D50% and Dmax. One month after RT, only 14 patients (1.8%) reported grade 3 toxicity. AST did not seem to influence the risk of GU or GI acute toxicity. CONCLUSION: RT up to 78Gy was well tolerated. Dmax-bladder and D50%-rectum influenced the risk of grade 2 GU toxicity and GI toxicity, respectively. Both were lower with IMRT but remained high for an irradiated RT volume&gt;400 cc for 3D-RT and for a dose of 78Gy. Hormonal treatment did not influence acute toxicity.

Multicenter study of a new fully automated HBsAg screening assay with enhanced sensitivity for the detection of HBV mutants.

In a multicenter study a new, fully automated Roche Diagnostics Elecsys HBsAg II screening assay with improved sensitivity to HBsAg mutant detection was compared to well-established HBsAg tests: AxSYM HBsAg V2 (Abbott), Architect HBsAg (Abbott), Advia Centaur HBsAg (Bayer) Enzygnost HBsAg 5.0 (Dade-Behring), and Vitros Eci HBsAg (Ortho). A total of 16 seroconversion panels, samples of 60 HBsAg native mutants, and 31 HBsAg recombinant mutants, dilution series of NIBSC and PEI standards, 156 HBV positive samples comprising genotypes A to G, 686 preselected HBsAg positive samples from different stages of infection, 3,593 samples from daily routine, and 6,360 unselected blood donations were tested to evaluate the analytical and clinical sensitivity, the detection of mutants, and the specificity of the new assay. Elecsys HBsAg II showed a statistically significant better sensitivity in seroconversion panels to the compared tests. Fifty-seven out of 60 native mutants and all recombinant mutants were found positive. Among 156 HBV samples with different genotypes and 696 preselected HBsAg positive samples Elecsys HBsAg II achieved a sensitivity of 100%. The lower detection limit for NIBSC standard was calculated to be 0.025 IU/ml and for the PEI standards ad and ay it was <0.001 and <0.005 U/ml, respectively. Within 2,724 daily routine specimens and 6.360 unselected blood donations Elecsys HBsAg II showed a specificity of 99.97 and 99.88%, respectively. In conclusion the new Elecsys HBsAg II shows a high sensitivity for the detection of all stages of HBV infection and HBsAg mutants paired together with a high specificity in blood donors, daily routine samples, and potentially interfering sera.

Anatomical landmarks for transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery

La résection par voie endoscopique transnasale de tumeurs envahissant la base du crâne antérieure a été récemment décrite. Cette chirurgie requiert une connaissance précise des repères anatomiques endoscopiques afin réduire le risque de complications vasculaires et neurologiques.¦Nous avons réalisé une étude anatomique endoscopique sur 6 têtes dont 3 injectées avec du silicone coloré. Les repères anatomiques pour les abords de 3 régions d'importance clinique ont été étudiés. Les repères pour l'abord de l'apex orbitaire sont le recessus carotidien latéral, l'empreinte du nerf optique, « l'optic strut » et le V2. Leurs rapports avec le canal optique, l'artère carotide interne et les fentes orbitaires supérieures et inférieures sont décrits. Les repères pour l'abord de l'apex pétreux sont le V2 et le nerf vidien qui permettent repérer la portion intrapétreuse de l'artère carotide interne. Les repères pour l'abord de la fosse ptérygomaxillaire sont le V2 et le foramen rotundum, l'artère et le trou sphénopalatins et l'artère maxillaire interne.¦Cette nouvelle approche permettant d'aborder des lésions médianes et paramédianes ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour des équipes de neurochirurgiens et d'ORL. Ces voies d'abords s'appliquent aussi bien à des résections décompressives à but palliatif qu'à l'exérèse de tumeurs benignes et malignes, bien que les résultats à long terme doivent encore être validés pour cette dernière indication.