A novel, sensitive potentiometric hydrocarbon sensor for high-vacuum applications.

A potentiometric device based on interfacing a solid electrolyte oxygen ion conductor with a thin platinum film acts as a robust, reproducible sensor for the detection of hydrocarbons in high- or ultrahigh-vacuum environments. Sensitivities in the order of approximately 5 x 10(-10) mbar are achievable under open circuit conditions, with good selectivity for discrimination between n-butane on one hand and toluene, n-octane, n-hexane, and 1-butene on the other hand. The sensor's sensitivity may be tuned by operating under constant current (closed circuit) conditions; injection of anodic current is also a very effective means of restoring a clean sensing surface at any desired point. XPS data and potentiometric measurements confirm the proposed mode of sensing action: the steady-state coverage of Oa, which sets the potential of the Pt sensing electrode, is determined by the partial pressure and dissociative sticking probability of the impinging hydrocarbon. The principles established here provide the basis for a viable, inherently flexible, and promising means for the sensitive and selective detection of hydrocarbons under demanding conditions.

Hydrothermal Wave in a Shallow Liquid Layer

The oscillatory thermocapillary convection and hydrothermal wave in a shallow liquid layer, where a temperature difference is applied between two parallel sidewalls, have been numerically investigated in a two-dimensional model. The oscillatory thermocapillary convection and hydrothermal wave appear if the Marangoni number is larger than a critical value. The critical phase speed and critical wave number of the hydrothermal wave agree with the ones given analytically by Smith and Davis in the microgravity environment, and it travels in the direction opposed to the surface flow. Another wave traveled downstream in addition to the hydrothermal wave traveled upstream was observed in the case of earth gravity condition.

Influence of ion energy and substrate temperature on the optical and electronic properties of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films

The properties of amorphous carbon (a-C) deposited using a filtered cathodic vacuum arc as a function of the ion energy and substrate temperature are reported. The sp3 fraction was found to strongly depend on the ion energy, giving a highly sp3 bonded a-C denoted as tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) at ion energies around 100 eV. The optical band gap was found to follow similar trends to other diamondlike carbon films, varying almost linearly with sp2 fraction. The dependence of the electronic properties are discussed in terms of models of the electronic structure of a-C. The structure of ta-C was also strongly dependent on the deposition temperature, changing sharply to sp2 above a transition temperature, T1, of ���200��C. Furthermore, T1 was found to decrease with increasing ion energy. Most film properties, such as compressive stress and plasmon energy, were correlated to the sp3 fraction. However, the optical and electrical properties were found to undergo a more gradual transition with the deposition temperature which we attribute to the medium range order of sp2 sites. We attribute the variation in film properties with the deposition temperature to diffusion of interstitials to the surface above T1 due to thermal activation, leading to the relaxation of density in context of a growth model. �� 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Cross-sectional structure of tetrahedral amorphous carbon thin films

A cross-sectional transmission electron microscope study of the low density layers at the surface and at the substrate-film interface of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films grown on (001) silicon substrates is presented. Spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy is used to determine the bonding and composition of a tetrahedral amorphous carbon film with nanometre spatial resolution. For a ta-C film grown with a substrate bias of -300 V, an interfacial region approximately 5 nm wide is present in which the carbon is sp2 bonded and is mixed with silicon and oxygen from the substrate. An sp2 bonded layer observed at the surface of the film is 1.3 �� 0.3 nm thick and contains no detectable impurities. It is argued that the sp2 bonded surface layer is intrinsic to the growth process, but that the sp2 bonding in the interfacial layer at the substrate may be related to the presence of oxygen from the substrate.

Identificaci��n y validaci��n de indicadores t��cnicos y locales de calidad de suelos en el Municipio de Nandaime

En vista de la escasez creciente de tierras, se vuelve impos - tergable la necesidad de conocer mejor los procesos de de - gradaci��n y mejoramiento de suelos. Pese a que en el ��mbito cient��fico ��� t��cnico, se cuenta con par��metros para evaluar la condici��n f��sica, qu��mica y biol��gica de los suelos, es nece - sario contar con indicadores locales para que sean los mis - mos agricultores quienes eval��en la calidad de los mismos. El objetivo de estudio fue evaluar el estado de los suelos de la planicie y laderas de Nandaime, mediante el uso de indica - dores t��cnicos y locales de calidad de suelos. La metodolog��a incluy�� la selecci��n de 17 fincas, en cada una las cuales se seleccionaron parcelas con cultivo, pasto y bosque. Se de - finieron los indicadores infiltraci��n, estabilidad estructural, compactabilidad, organismos, profundidad, mediante m��to - dos sencillos; adem��s, se tomaron muestras de suelos para determinar en laboratorio densidad aparente, porosidad, pH, CIC, N, K, P. Se hicieron entrevistas y un taller con los pro - pietarios, para identificar los indicadores utilizados para de - signar la calidad de los suelos. Los resultados indican que los suelos bajo agricultura han perdido el horizonte super - ficial, est��n compactados, tienen baja infiltraci��n, CIC baja y niveles bajos de P y K. Se ha reducido la fertilidad natural y capacidad productiva de los suelos producto de pr��cticas inadecuadas tales como la deforestaci��n, quemas, agricultura migratoria, sobrepastoreo, labranza inadecuada. Entre los in - dicadores usados por los agricultores se encuentran el color, profundidad, rendimiento, soltura, as�� como la presencia y abundancia de ciertas plantas.

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Character of simplified Navier-Stokes (SNS) equations near separation point for two-dimensional laminar flow over a flat plate

It is proved that the simplified Navier-Stokes (SNS) equations presented by Gao Zhi[1], Davis and Golowachof-Kuzbmin-Popof (GKP)[3] are respectively regular and singular near a separation point for a two-dimensional laminar flow over a flat plate. The order of the algebraic singularity of Davis and GKP equation[2,3] near the separation point is indicated. A comparison among the classical boundary layer (CBL) equations, Davis and GKP equations, Gao Zhi equations and the complete Navier-Stokes (NS) equations near the separation point is given.