Viabilidade da cultura do morangueiro no Paraná - BR

Avaliou-se a viabilidade da exploração do morangueiro, no Paraná, em duas áreas, 0,3 ha (área média cultivada pela agricultura familiar) e 1 ha, por um ano. Elaborou-se uma planilha de fluxo de caixa a partir da qual se calcularam: Período de Recuperação do Capital (PRC), Retorno sobre Investimento (RI), Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Todos para Custo Operacional Efetivo (COE), Custo Operacional Total (COT) e Custo Total de Produção (CTP). Para uma situação considerada normal, os indicadores de rentabilidade calculados foram (Tipo de custo: VPL área-padrão (TIR área- padrão) / VPL área efetiva (TIR área efetiva)) COE: US$ 17.856,55 (42%) / US$ 4.795,85 (39%); COT: US$ 5.182,40 (11%) / - US$ 1.691,97 (-13%); CPT: US$ 4.846,26 (10%) / -US$ 1.792,80 (-14%). Fez-se a análise de cenários para os fatores produtividade, preço de venda e mão de obra, analisando o VPL e a TIR. Verificou-se que o tamanho da área influenciou na viabilidade econômica, mostrando a importância de se determinar anualmente a área mínima viável para a agricultura familiar. Os resultados indicaram que a cultura é viável em curto prazo, quando considerado o COE como parâmetro de análise, mas pode não se sustentar em prazos maiores quando se consideram o COT, o CTP e a variação de alguns fatores de produção. Pela análise de cenários definidos pelos fatores de produção analisados, o VPL e a TIR alteram-se para níveis que oferecem risco à exploração.

Biozonación del Paleógeno continental de la zona oriental de la Cuenca del Ebro mediante carófitas: implicaciones en la biozonación general de carófitas de Europa Occidental

Se propone una biozonación mediante carófitas de las sucesiones paleógenas (Thanetiense- Oligoceno superior) de la Cuenca del Ebro, basada en las peculiaridades de sus asociaciones paleoflorísticas. Una de las novedades más interesantes en esta biozonación es la caracterización del Ilerdiense continental en la Cuenca del Ebro por la biozona de Maedleriella lavocati. Las disiribuciones cronoestratigráficas previamente conocidas de algunas de las especies índice del Paleógeno han sido notablemente ampliadas a partir de los nuevos datos sobre su distribución en la Cuenca del Ebro. Este hecho modifica el rango de distribución cronológica y la atribución cronoestratigráfica de algunas de las biozonas europeas de carófitas hoy en uso. Estos cambios implican la modificación de la biozonación del Paleógeno de Europa Occidental mediante carofitas (Riveline, 1986) del modo siguiente:l) La biozona de N. (T. ) thaleri se inicia en el Ilerdiense y no en el Cuisiense. 2) Se define una nueva biozona en el Priaboniense (biozona de S. labellata ) y otra en el Chattiense (biozona de H. lagenalis). 3) La prolongación del rango de varias especies zonales ha inducido a la supresión de la biozona de Chara notata y la redefinición de las de Chara microcera, Srephanocharapinguis, Stephanochara vectensis y Stephanochara berdotensis. Desde un punto de vista paleogeográfico los porcentajes estimados de especies pluricontinentales, europeas e ibéricas sugieren un cierto grado de aislamiento (durante el Bartoniense y el tránsito Priaboniense- Estampiense) de las poblaciones de carófitas paleógenas de la zona NE de Iberia.

El margen continental catalán (II): Evolución tectonosedimentaria y registro paleobiológico

Los presentes segundo a cuarto números junto con el primero del volumen 29 de Acta Geologica Hispanica, forman parte de un conjunto temático centrado en 'El margen continental catalán'. Estos números especiales tienen por objeto recoger algunas de las contribuciones realizadas sobre esta unidad estructural por varios equipos de trabajo de distintas disciplinas y especialidades, cuya actividad se ha venido desarrollando en el marco de numerosos proyectos de investigación nacionales e internacionales o bien dentro del desempeño de su actividad profesional. La investigación geológica y geofísica en la cuenca Catalano-Balear, con el margen continental catalán formando parte de su margen nordoccidental, ha sido muy intensa debido al interés petrolífero de esta zona...

Zoneamento agroclimático para a cultura do abacateiro no Estado do Paraná

O abacateiro apresenta grande diversidade de tolerância a baixas temperaturas devido às suas regiões de origem. As raças mexicanas são mais tolerantes, as raças antilhanas são mais sensíveis e as guatemalenses têm comportamento intermediário. Neste trabalho o zoneamento de riscos climáticos fundamentou-se na severidade das geadas, por meio da análise de séries históricas de temperaturas mínimas em um ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica. Foram identificadas quatro zonas distintas de risco, caracterizando geadas muito fortes e frequentes, onde não se recomenda o cultivo; geadas fortes, onde somente a cultivar Fuerte é recomendada; geadas moderadas, onde somente as cultivares Primavera e Margarida não são recomendadas, e uma zona de baixo risco, no norte e oeste do Paraná, onde todas as cultivares são indicadas. As diversidades de climas no Paraná e as exigências térmicas das cultivares possibilitam a colheita em grande parte do ano por meio da combinação de diferentes cultivares e regiões de plantio.

PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DE FRUTOS HÍBRIDOS DE MARACUJAZEIRO-AMARELO NO NORTE DO PARANÁ

RESUMOAtualmente, encontram-se quatorze cultivares de maracujazeiro-amarelo no Registro Nacional de Cultivares do Ministério da Agricultura. É de grande importância o aprimoramento de trabalhos de melhoramento genético nessa cultura, para favorecer a disponibilização de novas cultivares adaptadas às regiões produtoras. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e as características qualitativas dos frutos de treze híbridos de maracujazeiro-amarelo cultivados no norte do Paraná. As avaliações foram realizadas durante dois ciclos de produção da cultura, de abril a julho de 2009 e de janeiro a julho de 2010, com coletas semanais dos frutos maduros. A produção foi determinada por meio da pesagem dos frutos colhidos e do número de frutos por planta. Para as características qualitativas, foram avaliados: massa, comprimento, diâmetro, relação entre comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, espessura da casca, rendimento de polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT ) e relação SST/ATT . Os híbridos ‘66’ e ‘65’ apresentaram, respectivamente, maior produção e maior número de frutos no acumulado das duas safras. Os frutos do híbrido ‘72’ destacaram-se no atendimento das características desejáveis de qualidade para o consumo in natura, enquanto o híbrido ‘69’ apresentou caracteristicas importantes para a indústria de suco.

Approximate Bayesian Computation Reveals the Crucial Role of Oceanic Islands for the Assembly of Continental Biodiversity.

The perceived low levels of genetic diversity, poor interspecific competitive and defensive ability, and loss of dispersal capacities of insular lineages have driven the view that oceanic islands are evolutionary dead ends. Focusing on the Atlantic bryophyte flora distributed across the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Western Europe, and northwestern Africa, we used an integrative approach with species distribution modeling and population genetic analyses based on approximate Bayesian computation to determine whether this view applies to organisms with inherent high dispersal capacities. Genetic diversity was found to be higher in island than in continental populations, contributing to mounting evidence that, contrary to theoretical expectations, island populations are not necessarily genetically depauperate. Patterns of genetic variation among island and continental populations consistently fitted those simulated under a scenario of de novo foundation of continental populations from insular ancestors better than those expected if islands would represent a sink or a refugium of continental biodiversity. We, suggest that the northeastern Atlantic archipelagos have played a key role as a stepping stone for transoceanic migrants. Our results challenge the traditional notion that oceanic islands are the end of the colonization road and illustrate the significant role of oceanic islands as reservoirs of novel biodiversity for the assembly of continental floras.

Influencia de la tectónica en la sedimentación continental de la cuenca del Vallés-Penedés (Prov.Barcelona, España) durante el Mioceno inferior.

A very important alluvial fan clastic sedimentation, took place in the NNESSW trending Valles-Penedes graben (northeastem Spain) during Miocene time. Shallow lacustrine and paludine areas developed in distal zones of these alluvial fan complexes during Burdigalian (Early Miocene). At that time both facies development and their distribution were closely controlled by tectonic activity. Fault scarp retreat and back-faulting processes in the southeastem edge of the basin (observed in westem Valles afea), originated an expansive advance of distal alluvial-fan facies in that direction. The decreasing or cessation of the activity of the southeastern margin fault ca~sedi,n Late Burdigalian time (while faults in the northwestern margin were still active) facies redistribution, and gave way to the assymetry of the basin. Finally lacustrine, marine and transitional deposits of late burdigalian and langhian age, were laid down overlapping the southeastem inactive margins.

Approach to the Lower Pliocene marine-continental correlation from southern Spain. The micrommamal site of Alhaurín el Grande-1 (Málaga Basin, Betic Cordillera, Spain)

A new micromammal site at Alhaurín el Grande (Málaga, southern Spain) located above early Pliocene marine deposits allows an approach to the marine-continental correlation for this age. The early Pliocene marine filling throughout the Málaga Basin is developed in three transgressive-regressive sequences (Pl-1, Pl-2, and Pl-3 units) bounded by discontinuities. At the top of the intermediate sequence Pl-2, peaty sediments have yielded fossils of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Insectivora, and Crocodylia. The presence of Cricetus barrieri Mein & Michaux, 1970 in combination with murids, both of primitive morphology, such as Apodemus gudrunae Van de Weerd, 1976, and more advanced forms (i.e. Occitanomys brailloni Michaux, 1969 and Stephanomys donnezani cordii Ruiz Bustos, 1986), points to an early Ruscinian age (MN 14 biozone). Based on the planktonic foraminifers, the biostratigraphic data indicate that marine sediments just below the micromammal beds belong to the MPl-2 biozone of the early Zanclean. Available paleomagnetic data from the marine sediments show that the micromammal bed must be located between the normal geomagnetic subchron C3n3n (4.89-4.80 Ma) and the subchron C3n2n (4.63-4.49 Ma), limiting the age of this site to the late part of the early Zanclean.

El margen continental catalan (I): el marco de la cuenca Catalano-Balear

El presente primer número y los dos siguientes del volumen 29 de Acta Geologica Hispanica, forman parte de un conjunto temático dedicado a los avances en el estudio del margen continental catalán (NE de Iberia). Estos números especiales tienen por objeto recoger algunas de las contribuciones generales o regionales realizadas sobre este tema por varios equipos de trabajo de distintas disciplinas y especialidades, cuya actividad se ha venido desarrollando en el marco de numerosos proyectos de investigación nacionales e internacionales o bien dentro del desempeño de su actividad profesional. La investigación geológica y geofísica en la cuenca Catalano-Balear, con el margen continental catalán formando parte de su borde nordoccidental, ha sido muy intensa debido al interés petrolífero de esta zona...

Estratigrafia del Cretacico inferior continental de la Cordillera Iberica Central

El Cretácico inferior continental de la Cordillera Ibérica Central está representado en dos subcuencas de sedimentación: las Cubetas de Aguilón y Oliete. Los estudios realizados sobre estos materiales han permitido definir nuevas unidades litoestratigráficas, cuya caracterización bioestratigráfica se realiza a partir de su contenido en carofitas. La identificación de discontinuidades significativas permiten definir tres secuencias de depósito que abarca en el intervalo temporal Valanguniense y/o Hauteriviense-Barremiense inferior y que son correlacionables con las S.D.K1.2 y/o K1.3, K1.4 YK1.5 y/o K1.6 definidas en Salas et al. (1991) y Salas y Casas (1993) para la Cuenca del Maestrazgo. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto que el registro estratigráfico de la zona central de la Cordillera Ibérica tiene una entidad similar al de los márgenes de las Cuencas del Maestrazgo, Aliaga- Peñagolosa y Cameros.

Continental faunal exchange and the asymmetrical radiation of carnivores.

Lineages arriving on islands may undergo explosive evolutionary radiations owing to the wealth of ecological opportunities. Although studies on insular taxa have improved our understanding of macroevolutionary phenomena, we know little about the macroevolutionary dynamics of continental exchanges. Here we study the evolution of eight Carnivora families that have migrated across the Northern Hemisphere to investigate if continental invasions also result in explosive diversification dynamics. We used a Bayesian approach to estimate speciation and extinction rates from a substantial dataset of fossil occurrences while accounting for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Our analyses revealed a strongly asymmetrical pattern in which North American lineages invading Eurasia underwent explosive radiations, whereas lineages invading North America maintained uniform diversification dynamics. These invasions into Eurasia were characterized by high rates of speciation and extinction. The radiation of the arriving lineages in Eurasia coincide with the decline of established lineages or phases of climate change, suggesting differences in the ecological settings between the continents may be responsible for the disparity in diversification dynamics. These results reveal long-term outcomes of biological invasions and show that the importance of explosive radiations in shaping diversity extends beyond insular systems and have significant impact at continental scales.

GENETIC ARCHITECTURE, EVOLUTION AND MAINTENANCE OF A COLOR CLINE AT A CONTINENTAL SCALE

On a geological time scale the conditions on earth are very variable and biological patterns (for example the distributions of species) are very dynamic. Understanding large scale patterns of variation observed today thus requires a deep understanding of the historical factors that drove their evolution. In this thesis, we reevaluated the evolution and maintenance of a continental color cline observed in the European barn owl (Tyto alba) using population genetic tools. The colour cline spans from south-est Europe where most individual have pure white underparts to north and east Europe where most individuals have rufous-brown underparts. Our results globally showed that the old scenario, stipulating that the color cline evolved by secondary contact of two color morphs (white and rufous) that evolved in allopatry during the last ice age has to be revised. We collected samples of about 700 barn owls from the Western Palearctic to establish the first population genetic data set for this species. Individuals were genotyped at 22 microsatellites markers, at one mitochondrial gene, and at a candidate color gene. The color of each individuals was assessed and their sex determined by molecular methods. We first showed that the genetic variation in Western Europe is very limited compared to the heritable color variation. We found no evidences of different glacial lineages, and showed that selection must be involved in the maintenance of the color cline (chapter 1). Using computer simulations, we demonstrated that the post-glacial colonization of Europe occurred from the Iberian Peninsula and that the color cline could not have evolved by neutral demographic processes during this colonization (chapter 2). Finally we reevaluated the whole history of the establishment of the Western Palearctic variation of the barn owl (chapter 3): This study showed that all Western European barn owls descend from white barn owls phenotypes from the Middle East that colonized the Iberian Peninsula via North-Africa. Following the end of the last ice age (20'000 years ago), these white barn owls colonized Western Europe and under selection a novel rufous phenotype evolved (during or after the colonization). An important part of the color variation could be explained by a single mutation in the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene that appeared during or after the colonization. The colonization of Europe reached until Greece, where the rufous birds encountered white ones (which reached Greece from the Middle East over the Bosporus) in a secondary contact zone. Our analyses show that white and rufous barn owls in Greece interbreed only to a limited extent. This suggests that barn owls are at the verge of becoming two species in Greece and demonstrates that European barn owls represent an incipient ring species around the Mediterranean. The revisited history of the establishment of the European barn owl color cline makes this model system remarkable for several aspects. It is a very clear example of strong local adaptation that can be achieved despite high gene flow (strong color and MC1R differentiation despite almost no neutral genetic differentiation). It also offers a wonderful model system to study the interactions between colonization processes and selection processes which have, for now, been remarkably understudied despite their potentially ubiquitous importance. Finally it represents a very interesting case in the speciation continuum and appeals for further studying the amount of gene flow that occurs between the color morphs in Greece. -- Sur l'échelle des temps géologiques, les conditions sur terre sont très variables et les patrons biologiques (telle que la distribution des espèces) sont très dynamiques. Si l'on veut comprendre des patrons que l'on peut observer à large échelle aujourd'hui, il est nécessaire de d'abord comprendre les facteurs historiques qui ont gouverné leur établissement. Dans cette thèse, nous allons réévaluer, grâce à des outils modernes de génétique des populations, l'évolution et la maintenance d'un cline de couleur continental observé chez l'effraie des clochers européenne (Tyto alba). Globalement, nos résultats montrent que le scenario accepté jusqu'à maintenant, qui stipule que le cline de couleur a évolué à partir du contact secondaire de deux morphes de couleur (blanches et rousses) ayant évolué en allopatrie durant les dernières glaciations, est à revoir. Afin de constituer le premier jeu de données de génétique des populations pour cette espèce, nous avons récolté des échantillons d'environ 700 effraies de l'ouest Paléarctique. Nous avons génotypé tous les individus à 22 loci microsatellites, sur un gène mitochondrial et sur un autre gène participant au déterminisme de la couleur. Nous avons aussi mesuré la couleur de tous les individus et déterminé leur sexe génétiquement. Nous avons tout d'abord pu montrer que la variation génétique neutre est négligeable en comparaison avec la variation héritable de couleur, qu'il n'existe qu'une seule lignée européenne et que de la sélection doit être impliquée dans le maintien du cline de couleur (chapitre 1). Grâce à des simulations informatiques, nous avons démontré que l'ensemble de l'Europe de l'ouest a été recolonisé depuis la Péninsule Ibérique après les dernières glaciations et que le cline de couleur ne peut pas avoir évolué par des processus neutre durant cette colonisation (chapitre 2). Finalement, nous avons réévalué l'ensemble de l'histoire postglaciaire de l'espèce dans l'ouest Paléarctique (chapitre 3): l'ensemble des effraies du Paléarctique descendent d'effraie claire du Moyen-Orient qui ont colonisé la péninsule ibérique en passant par l'Afrique du nord. Après la fin de la dernière glaciation (il y a 20'000 ans), ces effraies claires ont colonisé l'Europe de l'ouest et ont évolués par sélection le phénotype roux (durant ou après la colonisation). Une part importante de la variation de couleur peut être expliquée par une mutation sur le gène MC1R qui est apparue durant ou juste après la colonisation. Cette vague de colonisation s'est poursuivie jusqu'en Grèce où ces effraies rousses ont rencontré dans une zone de contact secondaire des effraies claires (qui sont remontées en Grèce depuis le Moyen-Orient via le Bosphore). Nos analyses montrent que le flux de gènes entre effraies blanches et rousses est limité en Grèce, ce qui suggère qu'elles sont en passe de former deux espèces et ce qui montre que les effraies constituent un exemple naissant de spéciation en anneaux autour de la Méditerranée. L'histoire revisitée des effraies des clochers de l'ouest Paléarctique en fait un système modèle remarquable pour plusieurs aspects. C'est un exemple très claire de forte adaptation locale maintenue malgré un fort flux de gènes (différenciation forte de couleur et sur le gène MC1R malgré presque aucune structure neutre). Il offre également un très bon système pour étudier l'interaction entre colonisation et sélection, un thème ayant été remarquablement peu étudié malgré son importance. Et il offre finalement un cas très intéressant dans le « continuum de spéciation » et il serait très intéressant d'étudier plus en détail l'importance du flux de gènes entre les morphes de couleur en Grèce.

Flash flood evolution in North-Western Mediterranean

The present paper shows an in-depth analysis of the evolution of floods and precipitation in Catalonia for the period 1981-2010. In order to have homogeneous information, and having in mind that not gauge data was available for all the events, neither for all the rivers and stream flows, daily press from a specific newspaper has been systematically analysed for this period. Furthermore a comparison with a longer period starting in 1900 has been done. 219 flood events (mainly flash flood events) have been identified for the period of 30 years (375 starting in 1900), 79 of them were ordinary, 117 of them were extraordinary and 23 of them were catastrophic, being autumn and summer the seasons with the maxima values. 19% of the events caused a total of 110 casualties. 60% of them died when they tried to cross the street or the stream. Factors like the evolution of precipitation, population density and other socio-economical aspects have been considered. The trend analysis shows an increase of 1 flood/decade that probably has been mainly due to inter-annual and intra-annual changes in population density and in land-use and land-cover.