Effect of different preparation routes on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane-layered silicate nanocomposites

To identify the effect of reactive preparation on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane (PU)layered silicate nanocomposite, a range of nanocomposites were prepared by combining the various precursors in different sequences. The morphology of the samples was characterized by XRD and TEM. Tensile properties and dynamic mechanical thermal properties were measured. The reactions between the layered silicates and PU precursors were monitored via FTIR to gain an understanding of the participation of nanofiller in the polymerization reaction, and the impact of this on system stoichiometry. The XRD and TEM results provided evidence that morphology can differ significantly if different synthesis methods are used. However, the mechanical properties are dominated by the stoichiometry imbalance induced by the addition of the layered silicates. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A study of the flow performance of a sodium silicate furnace

The flow characteristics of neutral sodium silicate glass in an open hearth regenerative furnace have been studied using a one tenth scale physical model. The constraints of similarity have been investigated and discussed, and the use of sodium liquor as a cold modelling solution has been developed. Methylene Blue and Sulphacid Brill Pink are used as delineators, and a technique for analysing the concentration of each even in a mixture has been developed. The residence/time distributions from the model have been simulated using a mixed model computer program which identifies the nature and size of the most significant flow streams within the furnace. The results clearly show that the model gives a true representation of the furnace and illustrates a number of alternatives for operating or design changes which will lead to improved production efficiency.

Characterizing the hierarchical structures of bioactive sol-gel silicate glass and hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration

Bone is the second most widely transplanted tissue after blood. Synthetic alternatives are needed that can reduce the need for transplants and regenerate bone by acting as active temporary templates for bone growth. Bioactive glasses are one of the most promising bone replacement/regeneration materials because they bond to existing bone, are degradable and stimulate new bone growth by the action of their dissolution products on cells. Sol-gel-derived bioactive glasses can be foamed to produce interconnected macropores suitable for tissue ingrowth, particularly cell migration and vascularization and cell penetration. The scaffolds fulfil many of the criteria of an ideal synthetic bone graft, but are not suitable for all bone defect sites because they are brittle. One strategy for improving toughness of the scaffolds without losing their other beneficial properties is to synthesize inorganic/organic hybrids. These hybrids have polymers introduced into the sol-gel process so that the organic and inorganic components interact at the molecular level, providing control over mechanical properties and degradation rates. However, a full understanding of how each feature or property of the glass and hybrid scaffolds affects cellular response is needed to optimize the materials and ensure long-term success and clinical products. This review focuses on the techniques that have been developed for characterizing the hierarchical structures of sol-gel glasses and hybrids, from atomicscale amorphous networks, through the covalent bonding between components in hybrids and nanoporosity, to quantifying open macroporous networks of the scaffolds. Methods for non-destructive in situ monitoring of degradation and bioactivity mechanisms of the materials are also included. © 2012 The Royal Society.

Il trapianto di cuore: metodi e tecnologie per la conservazione ed il trasporto dell’ organo

Nel corso degli ultimi due decenni il trapianto di cuore si è evoluto come il gold standard per il trattamento dell’insufficienza cardiaca allo stadio terminale. Rimane un intervento estremamente complesso; infatti due sono gli aspetti fondamentali per la sua buona riuscita: la corretta conservazione e metodo di trasporto. Esistono due diversi metodi di conservazione e trasporto: il primo si basa sul tradizionale metodo di protezione miocardica e sul trasporto del cuore con utilizzo di contenitori frigoriferi, mentre il secondo, più innovativo, si basa sull’ utilizzo di Organ Care System Heart, un dispositivo appositamente progettato per contenere il cuore e mantenerlo in uno stato fisiologico normotermico attivo simulando le normali condizioni presenti all’interno del corpo umano. La nuova tecnologia di Organ Care System Heart permette un approccio completamente diverso rispetto ai metodi tradizionali, in quanto non solo conserva e trasporta il cuore, ma permette anche il continuo monitoraggio ex-vivo delle sue funzioni, dal momento in cui il cuore viene rimosso dal torace del donatore fino all’ impianto nel ricevente. Il motivo principale che spinge la ricerca ad investire molto per migliorare i metodi di protezione degli organi è legato alla possibilità di ridurre il rischio di ischemia fredda. Questo termine definisce la condizione per cui un organo rimane privo di apporto di sangue, il cui mancato afflusso causa danni via via sempre più gravi ed irreversibili con conseguente compromissione della funzionalità. Nel caso del cuore, il danno da ischemia fredda risulta significativamente ridotto grazie all’utilizzo di Organ Care System Heart con conseguenti benefici in termini di allungamento dei tempi di trasporto, ottimizzazione dell’organo e più in generale migliori risultati sui pazienti.