Basic steps in the production of the African catfish seed

A typical production cycle for African catfish farming begins with a selection of fingerlings or juvenile fish of good quality for brood stock development. Fish are selected from a family or grow out stock basing on records of the origin,age, strain and performance history of the parents or from the wild in this brochure, we explain the basic steps and requirements a farmer needs in order to achieve good results in the hatchery.

Donor-donor binding in In2O3: Engineering shallow donor levels

Using first-principles band structure methods, we investigate the interactions between different donors in In2O3. Through the formation energy and transition energy level calculations, we find that an oxygen-vacancy creates a deep donor level, while an indium-interstitial or a tin-dopant induces a shallow donor level. The coupling between these donor levels gives rise to even shallower donor levels and leads to a significant reduction in their formation energies. Based on the analysis of the PBE0-corrected band structure and the molecular-orbital bonding diagram, we demonstrate these effects of donor-donor binding. In addition, total energy calculations show that these defect pairs tend to be more stable with respect to the isolated defects due to their negative binding energies. Thus, we may design shallow donor levels to enhance the electrical conductivity via the donor donor binding.

Transparent and Light-Emitting Epoxy Super-Nanocomposites Containing ZnO-QDs/SiO2 Nanocomposite Particles as Encapsulating Materials for Solid-State Lighting

In this article, the ZnO quantum dots-SiO2 (Z-S) nanocomposite particles were first synthesized. Transparent Z-S/epoxy super-nanocomposites were then prepared by introducing calcined Z-S nanocomposite particles with a proper ratio of ZnO to SiO2 into a transparent epoxy matrix in terms of the filler-matrix refractive index matching principle. It was shown that the epoxy super-nanocomposites displayed intense luminescence with broad emission spectra. Moreover, the epoxy super-nanocomposites showed the interesting afterglow phenomenon with a long phosphorescence lifetime that was not observed for ZnO-QDs/epoxy nanocomposites. Finally, the transparent and light-emitting Z-S/epoxy super-nanocomposites were successfully employed as encapsulating materials for synthesis of highly bright LED lamps.

Fabry-Perot microcavity modes observed in the micro-photoluminescence spectra of the single nanowire with InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure

We report on the fabrication of the nanowires with InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures on the GaAs(111) B substrate using selective-area metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Fabry-Perot microcavity modes were observed in the nanowires with perfect end facets dispersed onto the silicon substrate and not observed in the free-standing nanowires. We find that the calculated group refractive indices only considering the material dispersion do not agree with the experimentally determined values although this method was used by some researchers. The calculated group refractive indices considering both the material dispersion and the waveguide dispersion agree with the experimentally determined values well. We also find that Fabry-Perot microcavity modes are not observable in the nanowires with the width less than about 180 nm, which is mainly caused by their poor reflectivity at the end facets due to their weak confinement to the optical field. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

A high-efficiency high-power evanescently coupled UTC-photodiode

The effects of the multimode diluted waveguide on quantum efficiency and saturation behavior of the evanescently coupled uni-traveling carrier(UTC)photodiode structures are reported. Two kinds of evanescently coupled uni-traveling carrier photodiodes(EC-UTC-PD)were designed and characterized: one is a conventional EC-UTC-PD structure with a multimode diluted waveguide integrated with a UTC-PD; and the other is a compact EC-UTC-PD structure which fused the multimode diluted waveguide and the UTC-PD structure together. The effect of the absorption behavior of the photodiodes on the efficiency and saturation characteristics of the EC-UTC-PDs is analyzed using 3-D beam propagation method, and the results indicate that both the responsivity and saturation power of the compact EC-UTC-PD structures can be further improved by incorporating an optimized compact multimode diluted waveguide.

Application of step-scan FTIR to the research of quantum cascade lasers

The principle of step-scan Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy is introduced. Double modulation step-scan FTIR technique is used to obtain the quantum cascade laser＇s stacked emission spectra in the time domain. Optical property and thermal accumulation of devices due to large drive current are analyzed.

末次盛冰期以来中国陆地生态系统碳储量变化研究

Carbon is an essential element for life, food and energy. It is also a key element in the greenhouse gases and therefore plays a vital role in climatic changes. The rapid increase in atmospheric concentration of CO_2 over the past 150 years, reaching current concentrations of about 370 ppmv, corresponds with combustion of fossii fuels since the beginning of the industrial age. Conversion of forested land to agricultural use has also redistributed carbon from plants and soils to the atmosphere. These human activities have significantly altered the global carbon cycle. Understanding the consequences of these activities in the coming decades is critical for formulating economic, energy, technology, trade, and security policies that will affect civilization for generations. Under the auspices of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), several large international scientific efforts are focused on elucidating the various aspects of the global carbon cycle of the past decade. It is only possible to balance the global carbon cycle for the 1990s if there is net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems of around 2 Pg C/a. There are now some independent, direct evidences for the existence of such a sink. Policymarkers involved in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN-FCCC) are striving to reach consensuses on a 'safe path' for future emissions, the credible predictions on where and how long the terrestrial sink will either persist at its current level, or grow/decline in the future, are important to advice the policy process. The changes of terrestrial carbon storage depend not only on human activities, but also on biogeochemical and climatological processes and their interaction with the carbon cycles. In this thesis, the climate-induced changes and human-induced changes of carbon storage in China since the past 20,000 years are examined. Based on the data of the soil profiles investigated during China's Second National Soil Survey (1979-1989), the forest biomass measured during China's Fourth National Forest Resource Inventory (1989-1993), the grass biomass investigated during the First National Grassland Resource Survey (1980-1991), and the data collected from a collection of published literatures, the current terrestrial carbon storage in China is estimated to -144.1 Pg C, including -136.8 Pg C in soil and -7.3 Pg C in vegetation. The soil organic (SOC) and inorganic carbon (SIC) storage are -78.2 Pg C and -58.6 Pg C, respectively. In the vegetation reservoir, the forest carbon storage is -5.3 Pg C, and the other of-1.4 Pg C is in the grassland. Under the natural conditions, the SOC, SIC, forest and grassland carbon storage are -85.3 Pg C, -62.6 Pg C, -24.5 Pg C and -5.3 Pg C, respectively. Thus, -29.6 Pg C organic carbon has been lost due to land use with a decrease of -20.6%. At the same time, the SIC storage also has been decreased by -4.0 Pg C (-6.4%). These suggest that human activity has caused significant carbon loss in terrestrial carbon storage of China, especially in the forest ecosystem (-76% loss). Using the Paleocarbon Model (PCM) developed by Wu et al. in this paper, total terrestrial organic carbon storage in China in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was -114.8 Pg C, including -23.1 Pg C in vegetation and -86.7 Pg C in soil. At the Middle Holocene (MH), the vegetation, soil and total carbon were -37.3 Pg C, -93.9 Pg C and -136.0 Pg C, respectively. This implies a gain of-21.2 Pg C in the terrestrial carbon storage from LGM to HM mainly due to the temperature increase. However, a loss of-14.4 Pg C of terrestrial organic carbon occurred in China under the current condition (before 1850) compared with the MH time, mainly due to the precipitation decrease associated with the weakening of the Asian summer monsoon. These results also suggest that the terrestrial ecosystem in China has a substantial potential in the restoration of carbon storage. This might be expected to provide an efficient way to mitigate the greenhouse warming through land management practices. Assuming that half of the carbon loss in the degraded terrestrial ecosystem in current forest and grass areas are restored during the next 50 years or so, the terrestrial ecosystem in China may sequestrate -12.0 Pg of organic carbon from the atmosphere, which represents a considerable offset to the industry's CO2 emission. If the ' Anthropocene' Era will be another climate optimum like MH due to the greenhouse effect, the sequestration would be increased again by -4.3 - 9.0 Pg C in China.

Qualitative modelling of unknown interface behaviour

M. H. Lee, and S. M. Garrett, Qualitative modelling of unknown interface behaviour, International Journal of Human Computer Studies, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 493-515, 2000

Rapid detection method for microbial spoilage using FT-IR and machine learning

Ellis, D.I., Broadhurst, D., Rowland, J.J. and Goodacre, R. (2005) Rapid detection method for microbial spoilage using FT-IR and machine learning. In: Rapid Methods for Food and Feed Quality Determination, (Eds) van Amerongen, A., Barug, D and Lauwaars, M., Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands, in press.

On the use of qualitative reasoning to simulate and identify metabolic pathways

King, R.D., Garrett, S.M., Coghill, G.M. (2005). On the use of qualitative reasoning to simulate and identify metabolic pathways. Bioinformatics 21(9):2017-2026 RAE2008

The use of Inductive Logic Programming in drug design

David P. Enot and Ross D. King (2002) The use of Inductive Logic Programming in drug design. Proceedings of the 14th EuroQSAR Symposium (EuroQSAR 2002). Blackwell Publishing, p247-250

Learning Qualitative Models in the Presence of Noise

G. M. Coghill, S. M. Garrett and R. D. King (2002), Learning Qualitative Models in the Presence of Noise, QR'02 Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning

JUSTEIS: JISC Usage Surveys: Trends in Electronic Information Services Final report 2003/2004 Cycle Five

Urquhart, C., Spink, S., Thomas, R., Yeoman, A., Durbin, J., Turner, J., Fenton, R. & Armstrong, C. (2004). JUSTEIS: JISC Usage Surveys: Trends in Electronic Information Services Final report 2003/2004 Cycle Five. Aberystwyth: Department of Information Studies, University of Wales Aberystwyth. Sponsorship: JISC

GC-MS Peak Labeling Under ArMet

Jenkins, H., Beckmann, M., Draper, J., & Hardy, N. (2007). GC-MS Peak Labeling Under ArMet. Nikolau, B. J., & Wurtele, E. S. (Eds.), In: Concepts in Plant Metabolomics. (pp. 19-28). Dordrecht: Springer. Sponsorship: The authors gratefully acknowledge the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency (under the G02006 project) for support of their work in metabolomics.

The Justice Gap in Global Forest Governance

Claims of injustice in global forest governance are prolific: assertions of colonization, marginalization and disenfranchisement of forest-dependent people, and privatization of common resources are some of the most severe allegations of injustice resulting from globally-driven forest conservation initiatives. At its core, the debate over the future of the world's forests is fraught with ethical concerns. Policy makers are not only deciding how forests should be governed, but also who will be winners, losers, and who should have a voice in the decision-making processes. For 30 years, policy makers have sought to redress the concerns of the world's 1.6 billion forest-dependent poor by introducing rights-based and participatory approaches to conservation. Despite these efforts, however, claims of injustice persist. This research examines possible explanations for continued claims of injustice by asking: What are the barriers to delivering justice to forest-dependent communities? Using data collected through surveys, interviews, and collaborative event ethnography in Laos and at the Tenth Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, this dissertation examines the pursuit of justice in global forest governance across multiple scales of governance. The findings reveal that particular conceptualizations of justice have become a central part of the metanormative fabric of global environmental governance, inhibiting institutional evolution and therewith perpetuating the justice gap in global forest governance.