Microbiological properties and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of an oxisol under coffee with split phosphorus applications and irrigation regimes

Phosphorus fertilization and irrigation increase coffee production, but little is known about the effect of these practices on soil organic matter and soil microbiota in the Cerrado. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of a dystrophic Red Latossol under coffee and split phosphorus (P) applications and different irrigation regimes. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 x 2 factorial design with three split P applications (P1: 300 kg ha-1 P2O5, recommended for the crop year, of which two thirds were applied in September and the third part in December; P2: 600 kg ha-1 P2O5, applied at planting and then every two years, and P3: 1,800 kg ha-1 P2O5, the requirement for six years, applied at once at planting), two irrigation regimes (rainfed and year-round irrigation), with three replications. The layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm were sampled to determine microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), enzyme activity of acid phosphatase, the oxidizable organic carbon fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4), and total organic carbon (TOC). The irrigation regimes increased the levels of MBC, microbial activity and acid phosphatase, TOC and oxidizable fractions of soil organic matter under coffee. In general, the form of dividing P had little influence on the soil microbial properties and OC. Only P3 under irrigation increased the levels of MBC and acid phosphatase activity.

Métodos de controle de plantas daninhas e seus impactos na qualidade microbiana de solo sob cafeeiro

Minas Gerais destaca-se como o Estado que mais produz café no Brasil. Essa cultura é extremamente suscetível à presença de plantas daninhas, que podem ser manejadas por meio de métodos manuais, mecanizados e, ou, químicos, com impacto nos custos da produção e qualidade do solo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito exercido por diferentes métodos de controle de plantas daninhas na linha e entrelinha de cafeeiro, sobre a microbiota do solo e seus processos, que destacadamente têm sido utilizados em virtude de sua extrema sensibilidade e baixo custo. Para isto, amostras de solo foram retiradas em abril de 2010, em Latossolo Roxo distrófico da fazenda experimental da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), em São Sebastião do Paraíso, MG, na profundidade de 0-10 cm, no centro da rua (entrelinha) do café, e a 20 cm do caule da planta do café (linha), para determinar os atributos: densidade de bactérias e fungos totais, solubilizadores de fosfato, celulolíticos, amonificantes, bactérias diazotróficas não simbióticas, carbono da biomassa e atividade microbianas, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e atividade enzimática pela hidrólise de diacetato de fluoresceína. O cafeeiro foi submetido a sete métodos de controle de plantas daninhas: roçadora, grade, enxada rotativa, herbicida pós-emergência, herbicida pré-emergência, capina manual e sem capina. Os resultados evidenciaram a complexidade dos efeitos desses diferentes métodos na microbiota do solo e seus processos, com menores impactos para capina manual e enxada rotativa. Os impactos dos métodos roçadora, grade, sem capina e aplicação de herbicidas de pré-emergência foram considerados intermediários, enquanto a aplicação de herbicidas de pós-emergência, na entrelinha do cafeeiro, promoveu os maiores impactos negativos nos atributos avaliados. Esses impactos devem ser considerados quando houver avaliação e escolha do método a ser empregado para o controle de plantas daninhas em cafeeiro.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation is required for maintenance of innate antimicrobial immunity in the colon.

Crohn's disease (CD), a major form of human inflammatory bowel disease, is characterized by primary immunodeficiencies. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is essential for intestinal homeostasis in response to both dietary- and microbiota-derived signals. Its role in host defense remains unknown, however. We show that PPARgamma functions as an antimicrobial factor by maintaining constitutive epithelial expression of a subset of beta-defensin in the colon, which includes mDefB10 in mice and DEFB1 in humans. Colonic mucosa of Ppargamma mutant animals shows defective killing of several major components of the intestinal microbiota, including Candida albicans, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. Neutralization of the colicidal activity using an anti-mDefB10 blocking antibody was effective in a PPARgamma-dependent manner. A functional promoter variant that is required for DEFB1 expression confers strong protection against Crohn's colitis and ileocolitis (odds ratio, 0.559; P = 0.018). Consistently, colonic involvement in CD is specifically linked to reduced expression of DEFB1 independent of inflammation. These findings support the development of PPARgamma-targeting therapeutic and/or nutritional approaches to prevent colonic inflammation by restoring antimicrobial immunity in CD.

SOIL FUNGISTASIS AGAINST FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM UNDER DIFFERENT CROP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Soil management, in terms of tillage and cropping systems, strongly influences the biological properties of soil involved in the suppression of plant diseases. Fungistasis mediated by soil microbiota is an important component of disease-suppressive soils. We evaluated the influence of different management systems on fungistasis against Fusarium graminearum, the relationship of fungistasis to the bacterial profile of the soil, and the possible mechanisms involved in this process. Samples were taken from a long-term experiment set up in a Paleudult soil under conventional tillage or no-tillage management and three cropping systems: black oat (Avena strigose L.) + vetch (Vicia sativa L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) + cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.), black oat/maize, and vetch/maize. Soil fungistasis was evaluated in terms of reduction of radial growth of F. graminearum, and bacterial diversity was assessed using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). A total of 120 bacterial isolates were obtained and evaluated for antibiosis, and production of volatile compounds and siderophores. No-tillage soil samples showed the highest level of F. graminearum fungistasis by sharply reducing the development of this pathogen. Of the cropping systems tested, the vetch + black oat/maize + cowpea system showed the highest fungistasis and the oat/maize system showed the lowest. The management system also affected the genetic profile of the bacteria isolated, with the systems from fungistatic soils showing greater similarity. Although there was no clear relationship between soil management and the characteristics of the bacterial isolates, we may conclude that antibiosis and the production of siderophores were the main mechanisms accounting for fungistasis.

A Dimerized HMX1 Inhibits EPHA6/epha4b in Mouse and Zebrafish Retinas.

HMX1 is a homeobox-containing transcription factor implicated in eye development and responsible for the oculo-auricular syndrome of Schorderet-Munier-Franceschetti. HMX1 is composed of two exons with three conserved domains in exon 2, a homeobox and two domains called SD1 and SD2. The function of the latter two domains remains unknown. During retinal development, HMX1 is expressed in a polarized manner and thus seems to play a role in the establishment of retinal polarity although its exact role and mode of action in eye development are unknown. Here, we demonstrated that HMX1 dimerized and that the SD1 and homeodomains are required for this function. In addition, we showed that proper nuclear localization requires the presence of the homeodomain. We also identified that EPHA6, a gene implicated in retinal axon guidance, is one of its targets in eye development and showed that a dimerized HMX1 is needed to inhibit EPHA6 expression.

Expériences cliniques avec le facteur natriurétique auriculaire [Clinical experiences with atrial natriuretic factor]

Myocardial cells of mammals release a peptide with diuretic, natriuretic and vasodilating properties into the circulation. This peptide, called atrial natriuretic factor, is also involved in the regulation of plasma volume and, in addition, is instrumental in suppressing the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The renal effects of the atrial natriuretic factor become less pronounced when systemic blood pressure is lowered. The auricular natriuretic factor seems to play an important role in cardiovascular regulation due to both its renal and extrarenal actions.

Interferon-γ Induces Expression of MHC Class II on Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Protects Mice from Colitis

Immune responses against intestinal microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and involve CD4(+) T cells, which are activated by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, it is largely unexplored how inflammation-induced MHCII expression by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) affects CD4(+) T cell-mediated immunity or tolerance induction in vivo. Here, we investigated how epithelial MHCII expression is induced and how a deficiency in inducible epithelial MHCII expression alters susceptibility to colitis and the outcome of colon-specific immune responses. Colitis was induced in mice that lacked inducible expression of MHCII molecules on all nonhematopoietic cells, or specifically on IECs, by continuous infection with Helicobacter hepaticus and administration of interleukin (IL)-10 receptor-blocking antibodies (anti-IL10R mAb). To assess the role of interferon (IFN)-γ in inducing epithelial MHCII expression, the T cell adoptive transfer model of colitis was used. Abrogation of MHCII expression by nonhematopoietic cells or IECs induces colitis associated with increased colonic frequencies of innate immune cells and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. CD4(+) T-helper type (Th)1 cells - but not group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) or Th17 cells - are elevated, resulting in an unfavourably altered ratio between CD4(+) T cells and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. IFN-γ produced mainly by CD4(+) T cells is required to upregulate MHCII expression by IECs. These results suggest that, in addition to its proinflammatory roles, IFN-γ exerts a critical anti-inflammatory function in the intestine which protects against colitis by inducing MHCII expression on IECs. This may explain the failure of anti-IFN-γ treatment to induce remission in IBD patients, despite the association of elevated IFN-γ and IBD.

Etude de Nkx5-3, un facteur de transcription impliqué dans le développement de l'oeil

Résumé :Une famille souffrant d'un nouveau syndrome oculo-auriculaire, appelé syndrome de Schorderet-Munier, a été identifiée. Ce syndrome est caractérisé par une déformation du lobe de l'oreille et des anomalies ophtalmiques, notamment une microphtalmie, une cataracte, un colobome et une dégénérescence rétinienne. Le gène impliqué dans ce syndrome est NKX5-3 codant un facteur de transcription contenant un homéodomaine. Chez les patient atteints, le gène comporte une délétion de 26 nucléotides provoquant probablement l'apparition d'un codon stop précoce. Ce gène n'est exprimé que dans certains organes dont les testicules et les ganglions cervicaux supérieurs, ainsi que dans les organes touchés par ce syndrome, à savoir le pavillon de l'oreille et l'oeil, surtout lors du développement embryonnaire. Au niveau de la rétine, NKX5-3 est présent dans la couche nucléaire interne et dans la couche dè cellules ganglionnaires et est exprimé de manière polarisée selon un axe temporal > nasal et ventral > dorsal. Son expression in vitro est régulée par Spl, un facteur de transcription exprimé durant le développement de l'oeil chez la souris. NKX5-3 semble lui-même provoquer une inhibition de l'expression de SHH et de EPHA6. Ces gènes sont tous les deux impliqués à leur manière dans le guidage des axones des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine. Pris ensemble, ces résultats nous permettent donc d'émettre une hypothèse quant à un rôle potentiel de NKX5-3 dans ce processus.Abstract :A family with a new oculo-auricular syndrome, called syndrome of Schorderet-Munier, was identified. This disease is characterised by a deformation of the ear lobule and by several ophthalmic abnormalities, like microphthalmia, cataract, coloboma and a retinal degeneration. The gene, which causes this syndrome, is NKX5-3 coding for a transcription factor contaning a homeodomain. In the affectd patients, the defect consists of a deletion of 26 nucleotides probably producing a premature stop codon. This gene is only expressed in a few organs like testis and superior cervical ganglions, as well as in organs affected by this syndrome, namely the ear pinna and the eye, mainly during embryonic development. In the retina, NKX5-3 is present in the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cells layer. It is expressed along a gradient ranging from the temporal retina to nasal retina and from the ventral to the dorsal part. Its in vitro expression is regulated by Spl, a transcription factor expressed during the murine eye development. NKX5-3 seems to inhibit the expression of SHH and EPHA6. These genes are both implicated, in their own way, in the axon guidance of the retinal ganglion cells. Taken together, these results allow us to make an assumption about a potential role of NKX5-3 in this process.

Microbial influences on epithelial integrity and immune function as a basis for inflammatory diseases.

Certain autoimmune diseases as well as asthma have increased in recent decades, particularly in developed countries. The hygiene hypothesis has been the prevailing model to account for this increase; however, epidemiology studies also support the contribution of diet and obesity to inflammatory diseases. Diet affects the composition of the gut microbiota, and recent studies have identified various molecules and mechanisms that connect diet, the gut microbiota, and immune responses. Herein, we discuss the effects of microbial metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids, on epithelial integrity as well as immune cell function. We propose that dysbiosis contributes to compromised epithelial integrity and disrupted immune tolerance. In addition, dietary molecules affect the function of immune cells directly, particularly through lipid G-protein coupled receptors such as GPR43.

N-Glycans on secretory component: mediators of the interaction between secretory IgA and gram-positive commensals sustaining intestinal homeostasis.

Human beings live in symbiosis with billions of microorganisms colonizing mucosal surfaces. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying this fine-tuned intestinal balance has made significant processes during the last decades. We have recently demonstrated that the interaction of SIgA with Gram-positive bacteria is essentially based on Fab-independent, glycan-mediated recognition. Results obtained using mouse hybridoma- and colostrum-derived secretory IgA (SIgA) consistently show that N-glycans present on secretory component (SC) play a crucial role in the process. Natural coating may involve specific Gram-positive cell wall components, which may explain selective recognition at the molecular level. More widely, the existence of these complexes is involved in the modulation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) responses in vitro and the formation of intestinal biofilms. Thus, SIgA may act as one of the pillars in homeostatic maintenance of the microbiota in the gut, adding yet another facet to its multiple roles in the mucosal environment.

Controle químico de fungos associados a sementes de sorgo e proteção contra fungos do solo

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de alguns fungicidas no controle de fungos associados a sementes de sorgo cultivar CMS 182R e na proteção delas contra fungos do solo. A microbiota das sementes de sorgo, composta por Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium spp., Alternaria tenuis, Cladosporium spp. e Phoma sorghina, foi patogênica a essas sementes, e os fungos Pythium aphanidermatum e Sclerotium rolfsii, infectantes do solo de monocultivo de sorgo, também se mostraram patogênicos. Os fungicidas captan, thiram, captan + thiabendazole, thiram + thiabendazole, iprodione + thiram e tolylfluanid foram os mais eficientes no controle não só de toda a microbiota das sementes, como também na proteção das sementes contra Pythium aphanidermatum e Sclerotium rolfsii.

Biomassa e atividade microbianas do solo sob influência de chumbo e da rizosfera da soja micorrizada

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de chumbo (Pb) ao solo na biomassa e atividade microbianas do solo sob influência da rizosfera de soja micorrizada. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado num esquema fatorial 4x2x2 utilizando-se 0, 150, 300 e 600 mg dm-3 de Pb, inoculação ou não do fungo micorrízico arbuscular (FMA), Glomus macrocarpum, e duas épocas de amostragem - florescimento e maturação da soja. Avaliaram-se o C da biomassa microbiana, a liberação de CO2 do solo e a atividade de três enzimas, desidrogenase, fosfatase alcalina e arilssulfatase. O Pb afetou negativamente o C da biomassa e a atividade da microbiota rizosférica, ocorrendo interação entre a presença de propágulos de FMA e o estádio de desenvolvimento da planta. A atividade da fosfatase alcalina foi a mais afetada pelas altas concentrações de Pb adicionadas ao solo, com redução de 60% na sua atividade, mostrando-se um indicador sensível do estresse metabólico da comunidade microbiana do solo causado pelo excesso de chumbo. A micorrização da soja influenciou de forma direta a microbiota rizosférica, resultando em maior atividade e biomassa, principalmente no estádio de maturação da soja. A microbiota do solo apresentou sintomas de estresse decorrentes da adição de chumbo.

Fungos endofíticos isolados de ápices caulinares de pupunheira cultivada in vivo e in vitro

A perda de plantas micropropagadas ocorre, principalmente, pela presença de microrganismos, responsáveis pela morte das plantas no início da cultura ou em seu estabelecimento no campo. O trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação, por taxonomia clássica, e por meio de técnicas moleculares, de fungos presentes nos ápices caulinares de pupunheiras sadias, cultivadas no campo, e a comparação com os fungos isolados, em plantas micropropagadas há dois anos. Os isolados da microbiota fúngica endofítica, das plantas cultivadas in vitro, foram: Fusarium oxysporum, Neotyphodium sp. e Epicoccum nigrum; e das plantas in vivo, foram: Fusarium sp., F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria gaisen, Neotyphodium sp. e Epicoccum nigrum. As sete espécies de fungos foram reintroduzidas in vitro na planta hospedeira, demonstrando diferentes comportamentos. Neotyphodium sp. e E. nigrum estabeleceram uma interação endofítica com a planta, e as demais comportaram-se como patógenos, diminuindo o desenvolvimento das plântulas em relação às plantas sem inoculação. As espécies endofíticas apresentam potencial para o uso no controle biológico de patógenos de pupunha.

Immune responses to Helicobacter pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common infections in human beings worldwide. H. pylori express lipopolysaccharides and flagellin that do not activate efficiently Toll-like receptors and express dedicated effectors, such as γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA), arginase, that actively induce tolerogenic signals. In this perspective, H. pylori can be considered as a commensal bacteria belonging to the stomach microbiota. However, when present in the stomach, H. pylori reduce the overall diversity of the gastric microbiota and promote gastric inflammation by inducing Nod1-dependent pro-inflammatory program and by activating neutrophils through the production of a neutrophil activating protein. The maintenance of a chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa and the direct action of virulence factors (vacA and cytotoxin-associated gene A) confer pro-carcinogenic activities to H. pylori. Hence, H. pylori cannot be considered as symbiotic bacteria but rather as part of the pathobiont. The development of a H. pylori vaccine will bring health benefits for individuals infected with antibiotic resistant H. pylori strains and population of underdeveloped countries.

Mineralização do nitrogênio em solos tratados com lodos de curtume

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em laboratório, a mineralização líquida do N orgânico de dois lodos de curtume em solos. Um Latossolo Vermelho acriférrico e um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico receberam quatro doses de cada lodo (0, 595, 1.190 e 1.785 kg ha-1 de N): do efluente de caleiro (LCL), com concentração baixíssima de crômio e do decantador primário (LCR), com 17 g kg-1 de Cr. As misturas solos+lodos foram lixiviadas após incubação por períodos crescentes até 132 dias em colunas de percolação. Um modelo cinético de primeira ordem descreveu a mineralização líquida do N (R² = 0,967** a 0,998**). Aplicações de LCR, em comparação às de LCL, diminuíram a porcentagem acumulada do N mineralizado proveniente do lodo (médias de 4 e 35,5%), reduziram o valor da taxa constante de mineralização (médias de 0,0048 e 0,028 dia-1) e aumentaram substancialmente o tempo de meia-vida (T1/2) (variação de 100 a 267 e de 19 a 29 dias), o que indica inibição da mineralização do N, possivelmente em decorrência das elevadas concentrações de Cr daquele lodo. Uma análise detalhada das curvas de mineralização com a aplicação de LCR apontou a existência de três fases, que provavelmente representam adaptações sucessivas da microbiota a diferentes frações recalcitrantes do lodo.