Risk perception and stages of smoking acquisition = Percepción de riesgo y etapas de iniciación en el consumo de tabaco

The purpose of this descriptive survey was to investigate the risk perceptions of smoking in a sample of 1,510 Spanish adolescents(49.1% males; mean age = 14.03; SD = 1.28). In addition, the present research categorised adolescents into one of the fourstages of smoking acquisition, as described by the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TMC): Precontemplation (notthinking about trying smoking in the next 6 months), Contemplation (thinking about trying smoking in the next 6 months), Preparation (thinking about starting smoking in the next 30 days) and Action (smokers), by gender and age. The results showed that age and risk perceptions are important variables in the progression through the stages of change towards regular tobacco consumption (Action stage). These results clearly demonstrate the importance of starting antismoking campaigns at an early age to prevent smoking acquisition or the thought of starting in the near future. These findings also highlight the need to continuously remind adolescents about the negative consequences of smoking

O impacto industrial na composição química das águas subterrâneas com enfoque de consumo humano (Rio Grande, RS)

The alteration in the quality of groundwater in the industrial zone of Brazil's southernmost state was assessed by a hydrogeochemical study. In 70-85% of the studied area, fluoride, nitrate and phosphate in groundwater surpass the maximum limits for human consumption according to Brazilian environmental legislation. The chemical spectrum of contaminants and their spatial distribution show that fertilizer production processes are responsible for groundwater pollution. The natural conditions of the region are not favorable for minimal protection against infiltration of pollutants into the aquifer.

Desenvolvimento de colunas cromatográficas de meios de acesso restrito proteína-imobilizada e suas avaliações para análise de fármacos com injeção direta de plasma humano

A series of bovine serum albumin-immobilized supports have been prepared and used as restricted access media (RAM) columns. Restricted-access supports combine size-exclusion of proteins and other high-molar-mass matrix components with the simultaneous enrichment of low-molar mass analytes. These characteristics were chromatographically evaluated for the columns. The RAM-BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) columns showed excellent performance for exclusion of human plasma protein with good retention capacity for a series of acidic, basic, and neutral drugs.

La forma del crédito al consumo y las sanciones para el caso de contravención

En este artículo se analizará la forma de los contratos de crédito al consumo, con especial atención a la manera en que debe exteriorizarse la declaración de voluntad (por escrito, en otro soporte duradero) y al contenido del contrato (menciones que forman parte de la información contractual). Lo primero es la forma "externa" y lo segundo es la forma "interna" del contrato. La diferenciación entre forma interna y forma externa también sirve para analizar el deber de información precontractual. Los efectos civiles previstos en la ley para el caso de contravención debe tener en cuenta esa distinción. El análisis se centra en la ley española de crédito al consumo, pero otros ordenamientos jurídicos se tomarán igualmente en consideración.

Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) para el estudio del consumo de cacao en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud

Tot i que el cacau i la xocolata són una gran font de polifenols, aquests aliments no es troben entre les fonts alimentàries de polifenols més consumides. Algunes dades suggereixen un aport inferior al 10% de polifenols a través d’aquests. Aquest fet podria ser causa de les diferents metodologies i l'enfocament dels qüestionaris de freqüència de consum d'aliments (FFQ) utilitzats en aquests estudis. La majoria de FFQ validats utilitzen una extensa llista d'aliments per a les fruites i verdures, però no distingeixen adequadament les diverses fonts de xocolata i cacau. Aquests fets recolzen la necessitat d'una avaluació del consum de productes de cacau per tal de poder conèixer la ingesta real de cacau, especialment en la població jove, on la xocolata és un aliment consumit freqüentment.

FFQ para el estudio del consumo de cacao (portugués)

Cocoa has been highlighted as a food with potential benefits to human health due to it being animportant source of polyphenols. However, few studies show the contribution of cocoa andchocolate products in polyphenol intake. The aim of this work was to develop and validate afood frequency questionnaire (FFQ) evaluating the intake of food products containing cocoa (CFFQ).A sample of university students was recruited to complete the 90-item questionnaire inSpain and therefore in Spanish (http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/60475) and in Portugalin a Portuguese version, which is the present document. The developed FFQ questionnaire canbe considered as a valid option for assessing the consumption frequency of cocoa- andchocolate-derived products, thereby allowing the evaluation of cocoa polyphenol intake infurther studies.

Consumo y convergencia mediática de la prensa local en Cataluña

Los nuevos hábitos de consumo de medios en el marco de la convergencia digital están propiciando un cambio en las estrategias de los medios de comunicación. Mientras unos usuarios siguen prefiriendo la radio, la televisión y la prensa tradicional para informarse otros participan de la experiencia digital en internet (blogs, redes sociales...) y dispositivos móviles, etc. En este panorama es complicado precisar dónde nace y termina el contenido o hasta qué punto es la participación del usuario quien (re) construye la información; así los contenidos mutan y se diluyen en varios soportes. En este contexto, la prensa local también vive las consecuencias del nuevo paradigma y asume los retos del reacomodo del sector ante la nueva realidad. Esta comunicación presenta las conclusiones del estudio cualitativo con entrevistas en profundidad a los responsables de medios locales en Cataluña sobre sus usuarios, contenidos y soportes en el marco de la convergencia digital.

Estudo de coprólito da bacia sedimentar do Araripe por meios de espectroscopia FT-IR e difração de Raios-X

Coprolites are fossilized faeces that constitute an important source of palaeobiological informations. This paper describes the characterization of some coprolite materials originated from the Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation (Araripe Basin, south of Ceará State in Brazil) by means of two techniques: X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). This characterization allowed us to determine the main composition of the coprolites, of the nodulus (where the coprolites were extracted) and of the sediment (where the nodulus was found) suggesting that the material was produced by a carnivorous fish of the Lower Cretaceous.

La desigualdad en el consumo familiar. Diferencias de género en la España contemporánea (1850-1930)

In the last few years, Economic Theory has revised two basic ideas around the economics of the household: that family income is the result of the individual income of each of its members (income pooling), and that all family members living in the household have equal access to its resources. Unequal access to family resources (among women and men, on the one hand, and among the elderly, adults and children, on the other), is now understood as an input (for instance, that women eat less food and of worst quality than men), and as an output (for instance that women have poorer health, higher epidemic mortality, or are less tall than men as a result, among other things, of having received less food and poorer medical care, and/or of a heavier workload). Despite the fact that inequality in intra‐family consumption has become the center of attention in academic and international agencies, it can still not be found in the agenda of Economic History. In this paper we look at some of the resources consumed by Spanish families in the 19th century: food, alcoholic beverages, clothes and shoes. Medical topographies, our main source, suggest that unequal access to family resources among household members had a strong impact on their health and wellbeing.

Determinação da densidade de corrente de corrosão em meios de baixa condutividade: uso de microeletrodos para minimizar a queda ôhmica

The gravimetric and electrochemical tests are the most common techniques used in determining the corrosion rate. However, the use of electrochemical polarization is limited to electrolytes with sufficient conductivity for which Tafel curves are linear. In this study, we investigated a technique in which working microelectrodes of AISI 1020 steel were used to obtain the Tafel curves in diesel oil. The strategy was to reduce the electrode area and hence the ohmic drop. The diameter of the microelectrode was reduced to a value where the compensation of the Tafel curves became unnecessary. The results showed that for electrodes with diameters below 50 μm, the ohmic drop tends to a minimum and independent of the microelectrode diameter.

Atividade discursiva na formação de professores de química: a construção do diálogo coletivo

This research was conducted in a research network in teaching science/chemistry, as an alternative for initial and continuing teacher formation. The network is composed by teachers in initial formation, teacher trainers and teachers of basic education of the various areas of science. Assuming the socio-historical perspective, the discourse coming from the social interaction between the collective of teachers, was the object of study. We present an analysis of the interactions of the speech and reflections about the appropriation of scientific/chemical as a social practice mediated by language supplement our results.

Processamento de cartuchos de impressoras de jato de tinta: um exemplo de gestão de produto pós-consumo

This work presents a route for processing spent ink-jet cartridges in an experimental course. The disassembly of the cartridges requires several steps and the recognition of their different components is essential to define the best final destination (recycling, co-processing). The plastic strips were chemically processed so as to recover gold and copper. The students recognized the difficulty of processing multicomponent wastes and the importance of the chemical work under the best safety conditions; they also experienced many laboratory techniques and recognized the value of the selective collection and the reverse logistics to reach a viable commercial scale recycling.

Esporulação de Mycosphaerella fijiensis em diferentes meios de cultura

Avaliou-se a esporulação de conídios de Mycosphaerella fijiensis (isolado LPM472) em sete meios de cultura (batata dextrose ágar, V8 ágar, V8 CaCO3 ágar, água de coco ágar, batata cenoura ágar, folha de banana ágar e micophil) sob quatro regimes de luminosidade (escuro contínuo, fotoperíodo de 12 h, luz contínua e seqüencial - dez dias no escuro e cinco dias sob luz contínua). O ensaio foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. A esporulação foi determinada em erlenmeyer de 125 ml, contendo 20 ml de seu respectivo meio de cultura e 0,5 ml de suspensão com 5 x 10(4) conídios de M. fijiensis/ml, mantidos a 25 ºC + 2 ºC, durante 15 dias. Não ocorreu esporulação em todos os meios de cultura sob regime de escuro contínuo, assim como no meio de folha de banana ágar, sob todos os regimes de luminosidade. No regime de fotoperíodo, ocorreu esporulação apenas nos meios V8 CaCO3 ágar e michophil, e no regime de luz contínua, apenas no micophil. No regime seqüencial, os meios de batata dextrose ágar e V8 CaCO3 ágar propiciaram as maiores produções de conídios.

Produção de micélio de Crinipellis perniciosa em quatro meios de cultura, visando extração de DNA

A produção de massa micelial é o primeiro passo para obter amostras de DNA de qualidade e quantidade suficiente para análises moleculares. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar a quantidade e a qualidade do DNA de Crinipellis perniciosa extraído a partir de massa micelial obtida em quatro meios de cultura. Foi avaliado o peso de micélio liofilizado produzido nos seguintes meios de cultura: 1. extrato de levedura (2,5%); 2. extrato de malte (2,5%); 3. BD (batata 20% e dextrose 2%) e 4. extrato de malte + BD (50% de cada meio). O crescimento micelial foi iniciado a partir de um disco de micélio colocado no centro de placas de Petri de 90 mm contendo o meio testado e mantidas a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 h, por dez dias. Foi utilizado o DIC com dez repetições. O micélio produzido foi liofilizado e o DNA extraído utilizando-se o método do SDS com a desproteinização feita com ou sem fenol. A pureza do DNA baseada na relação A260/A280 e a integridade em gel de agarose 0,8% foram analisadas. A quantidade de micélio produzida nos meios de cultura 1 e 4 foi maior do que nos meios 2 e 3. O DNA extraído a partir de micélio produzido nos meios 2 e 3 apresentou maior integridade, obtendo-se produtos de amplificação mais nítidos. A desproteinização com fenol possibilitou a extração de DNA mais puro. Porém, DNA de ótima qualidade e em quantidade suficiente pode ser extraído a partir de micélio produzido em meios baratos como o BD, sem a necessidade da desproteinização com fenol.