Aprendizaje basado en proyectos aplicado a la asignatura Ingeniería del software : guía del docente y guía del estudiante

Este informe recoge las guías del docente y del estudiante para la puesta en marcha, seguimiento continuo y evaluación de la asignatura Ingeniería del Software del segundo curso del Grado en Ingeniería Informática. Todo ello basado en metodologías activas, concretamente la metodología de Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP, o PBL de Project Based Learning). El trabajo publicado en este informe es el resultado obtenido por los autores dentro del programa de formación del profesorado en metodologías activas (ERAGIN), auspiciado por el Vicerrectorado de Calidad e Innovación Docente de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU).

Guía para el estudio de macroinvertebrados. I.- Métodos de colecta y técnicas de fijación.

El motivador de este trabajo ha sido generar estrategias de enseñanza tendientes a comprender a la diversidad biológica que nos rodea (haciendo hincapié en los macroinvertebrados), desde los distintos niveles de la enseñanza de las ciencias biológicas. Asimismo, sobre la base de nuestra experiencia en investigación en biología y en los distintos niveles de educación, podemos señalar que no son frecuentes de las actividades prácticas de campo y laboratorio en las clases de ciencia. Las mismas, constutyen recursos útiles para la enseñanza y aprendizaje de diferentes técnicas de muestreo específicas para cada grupo de organismos y para cada tipo de ecosistema: también para diseñar la forma de analizar los diferentes tipos de datos obtenidos e identificar las diferentes relaciones entre los grupos de macroinvertebrados con el ambiente en que viven. En esta contribución y a modo de una primera etapa, se plantea la forma de colecta y fijación (conservación) de macroinvertebrados, en relación con el ambiente en que se hallan. Los invertebrados, especialmente los artrópodos se pueden encontrar en cualquier época del año y en casi todos los ambientes. No es necesario ir muy lejos para encontrar la fauna buscada, de forma que con tan sólo un poco de capacidad de observación se pueden descubrir en los jardines, en los solares, en las quintas, en las hierbas de los caminos, en la playa, e incluso en el interior de nuestras viviendas. Por estas razones no debería presentar gran dificultad llevar a cabo un trabajo práctico de campo, incluso en los sitios que presentan marcados problemas de conservación. Los mismos deben realizarse teniendo en cuenta las directrices destinadas hacia la no depredación del ambiente y respetando la fauna de lugares protegidos (e.g. reservas y parques naturales), donde las capturas sin la debida autorización están prohibidas. El propósito de esta contribución es ofrecer la información indispensable para la captura y conservación de la fauna de invertebrados, y al mismo tiempo despertar la curiosidad del lector hacia estos grupos de animales. Sobre esta base, y teniendo en cuenta que hay que aclarar los por qué, para qué y el cómo diseñar estrategias y escenarios de intervención educativa para promover el aprendizaje, los objetivos de esta contribución son: 1) Proponer distintos métodos de captura adecuados para los diversos hábitats y formas de vida de los macroinvertebrados. 2) Describir diferentes técnicas de conservación del material colectado. Posteriormente, el objetivo de estudiar las relaciones existentes entre las distintas especies y con el ambiente donde viven, se realiza una contribución (Darrigran, et al., ms.), en la cual se describen los modelos básicos de muestreos necesarios para lograr esos objetivos. A partir de la adquisición de estos conocimientos, el docente estará en condiciones de elaborar recomendaciones didácticas tendientes a la sistematización y optimización del uso de estas herramientas como recurso didáctico para la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la biodiversidad que lo rodea. (Texto en Español. PDF tiene ochenta y seis paginas.

A Finite Element Analysis of a Crack Penetrating or Deflecting into an Interface in a Thin Laminate

The crack tip driving force of a crack growing from a pre-crack that is perpendicular to and terminating at an interface between two materials is investigated using a linear fracture mechanics theory. The analysis is performed both for a crack penetrating the interface, growing straight ahead, and for a crack deflecting into the interface. The results from finite element calculations are compared with asymptotic solutions for infinitesimally small crack extensions. The solution is found to be accurate even for fairly large amounts of crack growth. Further, by comparing the crack tip driving force of the deflected crack with that of the penetrating crack, it is shown how to control the path of the crack by choosing the adhesion of the interface relative to the material toughness.

The Effect of the Thickness of Fe2 Al5 Phase Layer at Fe/Al Interface on the Mechanics Behavior of Hot Dip Aluminizing Coating

Hot Dip Aluminized Coatings with different thickness were prepared on Q235 steel in aluminum solutions with different temperature for certain time. Through tensile tests and in-situ SEM observations, the effect of the coating's microstructure on the tensile strength of the samples was studied. It was disclosed at certain aluminum solution temperature,transaction layers mainly composed of Fe2 Al5 phase got thicker with time prolonging, and this changed initial crack's extending direction from parallel with to vertical with stretching direction. The change in crack direction decreased tensile strength of samples, thus made the coating easy to break. It was concluded that the existence of thick Fe2 Al5 phase layer was the basic reason for the lowering of tensile strength of the coating.

Investigations of cohesive zone properties of the interface between metal film and ceramic substrate at nano- and micro-scales

Cohesive zone characterizations of the interface between metal film and ceramic substrate at micro- and nano-scales are performed in the present research. At the nano-scale, a special potential for special material interface (Ag/MgO) is adopted to investigate the interface separation mechanism by using MD simulation, and stress-separation relationship will be obtained. At the micro-scale, peeling experiment is performed for the Al film/Al2O3 substrate system with an adhesive layer at the interface. Adhesive is a mixture of epoxy and polyimide with mass ratio 1:1, by which a brittle cohesive property is obtained. The relationships between energy release rate, the film thickness and the adhesive layer thickness are measured during the steady-state peeling. The experimental result has a similar trend as modeling result for a weak adhesion interface case.

Subsonic interface crack with crack face contact

A steady-state subsonic interface crack propagating between an elastic solid and a rigid substrate with crack face contact is studied. Two cases with respective to the contact length are considered, i.e., semi-infinite and finite crack face contact. Different from a stationary or an open subsonic interface crack, stress singularity at the crack tip in the present paper is found to be non-oscillatory. Furthermore, in the semi-infinite contact case, the singularity of the stress field near the crack tip is less than 1/2. In the finite contact case, no singularity exists near the crack tip, but less than 1/2 singularity does at the end of the contact zone. In both cases, the singularity depends on the linear contact coefficient and the crack speed. Asymptotic solutions near the crack tip are given and analyzed. In order to satisfy the contact conditions, reasonable region of the linear contact coefficient is found. In addition, the solution predicts a non-zero-energy dissipation rate due to crack face contact.

Interface cracking and particulate size effect in particle-reinforced metal-matrix composites

The mechanical behaviors of the ceramic particle-reinforced metal matrix composites are modeled based on the conventional theory of mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity presented by Huang et al. Two cases of interface features with and without the effects of interface cracking will be analyzed, respectively. Through comparing the result based on the interface cracking model with experimental result, the effectiveness of the present model can be evaluated. Simultaneously, the length parameters included in the strain gradient plasticity theory can be obtained.

Cruise Report NOAA Ship McARTHUR II Cruise AR-04-04: Leg 2 (June 1-12, 2004): A pilot survey of deepwater coral/sponge assemblages and their susceptibility to fishing/harvest impacts at the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS)

Summary: The offshore shelf and canyon habitats of the OCNMS (Fig. 1) are areas of high primary productivity and biodiversity that support extensive groundfish fisheries. Recent acoustic surveys conducted in these waters have indicated the presence of hard-bottom substrates believed to harbor unique deep-sea coral and sponge assemblages. Such fauna are often associated with shallow tropical waters, however an increasing number of studies around the world have recorded them in deeper, cold-water habitats in both northern and southern latitudes. These habitats are of tremendous value as sites of recruitment for commercially important fishes. Yet, ironically, studies have shown how the gear used in offshore demersal fishing, as well as other commercial operations on the seafloor, can cause severe physical disturbances to resident benthic fauna. Due to their exposed structure, slow growth and recruitment rates, and long life spans, deep-sea corals and sponges may be especially vulnerable to such disturbances, requiring very long periods to recover. Potential effects of fishing and other commercial operations in such critical habitats, and the need to define appropriate strategies for the protection of these resources, have been identified as a high-priority management issue for the sanctuary. To begin addressing this issue, an initial pilot survey was conducted June 1-12, 2004 at six sites in offshore waters of the OCNMS (Fig. 2, average depths of 147-265 m) to explore for the presence of deep-sea coral/sponge assemblages and to look for evidence of potential anthropogenic impacts in these critical habitats. The survey was conducted on the NOAA Ship McARTHUR-II using the Navy’s Phantom DHD2+2 remotely operated vehicle (ROV), which was equipped with a video camera, lasers, and a manipulator arm for the collection of voucher specimens. At each site, a 0.1-m2 grab sampler also was used to collect samples of sediments for the analysis of macroinfauna (> 1.0 mm), total organic carbon (TOC), grain size, and chemical contaminants. Vertical profiles of salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and pressure were recorded at each site with a small SeaCat conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiler. Niskin bottles attached to the CTD also obtained near-bottom water samples in support of a companion study of microbial indicators of coral health and general ecological condition across these sites. All samples except the sediment-contaminant samples are being analyzed with present project funds. Original cruise plans included a total of 12 candidate stations to investigate (Fig. 3). However, inclement weather and equipment failures restricted the sampling to half of these sites. In spite of the limited sampling, the work completed was sufficient to address key project objectives and included several significant scientific observations. Foremost, the cruise was successful in demonstrating the presence of target deepwater coral species in these waters. Patches of the rare stony coral Lophelia pertusa, more characteristic of deepwater coral/sponge assemblages in the North Atlantic, were observed for the first time in OCNMS at a site in 271 meters of water. A large proportion of these corals consisted of dead and broken skeletal remains, and a broken gorgonian (soft coral) also was observed nearby. The source of these disturbances is not known. However, observations from several sites included evidence of bottom trawl marks in the sediment and derelict fishing gear (long lines). Preliminary results also support the view that these areas are important reservoirs of marine biodiversity and of value as habitat for demersal fishes. For example, onboard examination of 18 bottom-sediment grabs revealed benthic infaunal species representative of 14 different invertebrate phyla. Twenty-eight species of fishes from 11 families, including 11 (possibly 12) species of ommercially important rockfishes, also were identified from ROV video footage. These initial discoveries have sparked considerable interests in follow-up studies to learn more about the spatial extent of these assemblages and magnitude of potential impacts from commercial-fishing and other anthropogenic activities in the area. It is essential to expand our knowledge of these deep-sea communities and their vulnerability to potential environmental risks in order to determine the most appropriate management strategies. The survey was conducted under a partnership between NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) and National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and included scientists from NCCOS, OCNMS, and several other west-coast State, academic, private, and tribal research institutions (see Section 4 for a complete listing of participating scientists). (PDF contains 20 pages)

Survey report of NOAA Ship McArthur II cruises AR-04-04, AR-05-05 and AR-06-03: Habitat classification of side scan sonar imagery in support of deep-sea coral/sponge explorations at the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary

Habitat mapping and characterization has been defined as a high-priority management issue for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS), especially for poorly known deep-sea habitats that may be sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance. As a result, a team of scientists from OCNMS, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), and other partnering institutions initiated a series of surveys to assess the distribution of deep-sea coral/sponge assemblages within the sanctuary and to look for evidence of potential anthropogenic impacts in these critical habitats. Initial results indicated that remotely delineating areas of hard bottom substrate through acoustic sensing could be a useful tool to increase the efficiency and success of subsequent ROV-based surveys of the associated deep-sea fauna. Accordingly, side scan sonar surveys were conducted in May 2004, June 2005, and April 2006 aboard the NOAA Ship McArthur II to: (1) obtain additional imagery of the seafloor for broader habitat-mapping coverage of sanctuary waters, and (2) help delineate suitable deep-sea coral/sponge habitat, in areas of both high and low commercial-fishing activities, to serve as sites for surveying-in more detail using an ROV on subsequent cruises. Several regions of the sea floor throughout the OCNMS were surveyed and mosaicked at 1-meter pixel resolution. Imagery from the side scan sonar mapping efforts was integrated with other complementary data from a towed camera sled, ROVs, sedimentary samples, and bathymetry records to describe geological and biological (where possible) aspects of habitat. Using a hierarchical deep-water marine benthic classification scheme (Greene et al. 1999), we created a preliminary map of various habitat polygon features for use in a geographical information system (GIS). This report provides a description of the mapping and groundtruthing efforts as well as results of the image classification procedure for each of the areas surveyed. (PDF contains 60 pages.)

Água : o futuro da vida em nossas mãos

Esta cartilha tem como objetivo mostrar a necessidade e a urgência de economizar água com simples práticas no cotidiano. Com estas informações, busca ações concretas para a preservação de um dos recursos naturais mais importantes : a água.