632 resultados para Hypothalamus latéral
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Human and animal studies suggest that obesity in adulthood may have its origins partly during prenatal development. One of the underlying causes of obesity is the perturbation of hypothalamic mechanisms controlling appetite. We determined mRNA levels of genes that regulate appetite, namely neuropeptide Y (NPY), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and the leptin receptor isoform Ob-Rb, in the hypothalamus of adult mouse offspring from pregnant dams fed a protein-restricted diet, and examined whether mismatched post-weaning high-fat diet altered further expression of these gene transcripts. Pregnant MF1 mice were fed either normal protein (C, 18% casein) or protein-restricted (PR, 9% casein) diet throughout pregnancy. Weaned offspring were fed to adulthood a high-fat (HF; 45% kcal fat) or standard chow (21% kcal fat) diet to generate the C/HF, C/C, PR/HF and PR/C groups. Food intake and body weight were monitored during this period. Hypothalamic tissues were collected at 16 weeks of age for analysis of gene expression by real time RT-PCR. All HF-fed offspring were observed to be heavier vs. C groups regardless of the maternal diet during pregnancy. In the PR/HF males, but not in females, daily energy intake was reduced by 20% vs. the PR/C group (p <0.001). In PR/HF males, hypothalamic mRNA levels were lower vs. the PR/C group for NPY (p <0.001) and Ob-Rb (p <0.05). POMC levels were similar in all groups. In females, mRNA levels for these transcripts were similar in all groups. Our results suggest that adaptive changes during prenatal development in response to maternal dietary manipulation may have long-term sex-specific consequences on the regulation of appetite and metabolism following post-weaning exposure to an energy-rich nutritional environment. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The circadian timing system (CTS), in rodents, consists of interconnected neural structures such as the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, Intergeniculate Leaflet (IGL) of the thalamus, synchronous pathways and behavioral effectors. The SCN has been described as the major circadian pacemaker in several species of mammals, while the IGL appears to be involved in integration of photic and non-photic clues relaying them to SCN. The CTS allows an ordered internal temporal organization to the organism, providing the proper execution of physiological and behavioral mechanisms, which brings homeostasis. However, this stability is disrupted with aging process causing numerous pathological disorders, ranging from simple loss of physiological functions to decreases in cognitive performance. Therefore, is fundamental understanding the effects of senescence in this system. In this context, is proposed in this study to check if there are changes in IGL cytoarchitecture, neurochemical and retinal afferent markers with aging and their possible morpho-functional implications. To achieve this goal wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: young (3 months); Middle Age (13 months); Old (23 months). They were submitted to paraformaldhyde (4%) transcardiac perfusion to tissue fixation. Then, they had their brain removed and sectioned in 30 µm slices, which every sixth section were collected. This sections were processed by nissl method and immunostaining for GFAP, GAD, ENK, NPY and CTb in order to analyze the IGL features. It was observed a cell loss in middle age and old animals at Nissl, NPY and CTb stains. In addition, it was shown a increase in GFAP in middle aged animals compared to young and old ones. No differences were found in other neurochemichal stains. These data suggests IGL loss retinal afferents and neurons, in special the NPY-IR ones, likely having a compensatory gliogenesis. This supports the correlations between the CTS functional deficits and an anatomical deterioration of its components with the aging process.
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Studies using neuronal tract-tracer in rat have shown that the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial division of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and dorsal premammillary nucleus are highly connected. When the rat is exposed to predator or its odor these nuclei have shown a expression of Fos and their lesion reduces defensive behavior against predator. This set of nuclei was named the Hypothalamic Defense System. However, little is known about the response of this system to the odor of different predators or its role in mice. In this work, we exposed Swiss mice to two different predators odor (cat and snake) to verify the Fos expression in the Hypothalamic Defense System, as well as the defensive behaviors displayed. The analysis showed that the mice exposure to cat odor had an increased expression of Fos protein compared to control, while those exposed to snake odor showed no rise in Fos expression, which was corroborated by the behavioral data. Our results indicate that this distinct circuit in mice seems to act differentially to odorous stimuli of different predators, causing distinct behavioral responses of mice and that the odor of snake seems not to be perceived by Swiss mice as a threatening stimulus.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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The lateral septum is associated with the regulation of innate behavior, motivation, and locomotion. Its complex interconnections with cognitive and affective regions such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and medial septum have made it an attractive region for studying how motivation regulates behavior in context-specific settings. This GABAergic brain region’s main output is the lateral hypothalamus, which provides downstream signaling of motor commands. Even though stimulation of lateral septum projections to the hypothalamus have shown to decrease running speed in free behaving mice, characterizing movement kinematics due to LS activation has not been studied. GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the lateral septum were selectively activated through the use of optogenetic techniques in transgenic mice. Photostimulation of the lateral septum at theta frequencies caused a non-significant decrease in head and back speed. 3D motion analysis of body movement under photostimulation was quantified, revealing a slow, linear decrease of body speed as photostimulation progressed. These results support the role of lateral septum activation in movement regulation and shed light on the specific manner in which stimulation of the LS gradually decreases movement speed.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Cette recherche est motivée par un cas d’étude ou on doit déterminer le nombre de pièces à tenir en stock à chaque base (noeud du réseau) pour répondre à la demande au niveau de chaque noeud. Si le niveau du stock par mois est suffisant, la demande est satisfaite directement par son stock local, sinon on fait appel au transfert latéral. D’ailleurs, nos expériences numériques indiquent que l’inclusion des transbordements latéraux dans des décisions d’inventaire est avantageuse. Cet effet est plus grand pour des taux de demandes et des coûts latéraux, élevés. Les résultats d’une étude de cas théorique basée sur les travaux de (Tagaras 1989) confirment nos résultats.
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Les épithéliums recouvrent l’ensemble des surfaces et des cavités internes du corps humain. Le fonctionnement des cellules épithéliales repose sur la répartition des constituants cellulaires au sein de compartiments distincts : un compartiment apical, un compartiment latéral, et un compartiment basal : c’est ce que l’on appelle la polarité apico-basale. Plus de 80 % des cancers proviennent d’un dérèglement des cellules épithéliales. De plus, la polarité épithéliale est perdue lors des stades avancés du cancer, suggérant qu’elle contribue activement à la progression tumorale. C’est pourquoi il apparaît crucial de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui régulent la polarité épithéliale. La polarité est assurée par un ensemble de protéines réparties au sein des différents compartiments et agissant sous forme de modules très dynamiques. Un de ces modules est articulé autour de la protéine CRB3, qui agit comme un déterminant apical essentiel des cellules épithéliales. L’expression de CRB3 est perdue dans de nombreuses lignées cellulaires cancéreuses en culture, suggérant que CRB3 pourrait détenir des fonctions inhibitrices de certains processus liés à l’avancement tumoral. Cependant, l’impact fonctionnel de la perte de CRB3 dans ces lignées cancéreuses reste encore peu connu, tout comme les mécanismes signalétiques agissant en aval de CRB3. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse mettent en lumière de nouvelles évidences concernant le rôle fonctionnel de la perte de CRB3 dans différentes lignées cellulaires cancéreuses. Plus précisément, nous montrons que CRB3 détient un rôle signalétique important lui conférant une fonction à la fois dans la morphogenèse épithéliale, mais également dans le maintien de l’intégrité épithéliale. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que la ré-expression de CRB3 dans des cellules cancéreuses d’origine épithéliale permet le rétablissement d’une morphologie de type épithéliale, en lien avec l’organisation d’un réseau circonférentiel d’acto-myosine. Nous identifions également le sentier signalétique activé en aval de CRB3 et menant à l’activation de la petite GTPase RhoA, nécessaire au remodelage de la morphologie et du réseau d’acto-myosine des cellules cancéreuses. Ce sentier semble notamment jouer un rôle important en aval de CRB3 pour limiter la migration cellulaire. Ensuite, nous montrons que CRB3 contrôle différents sentiers signalétiques, et notamment la voie ERK MAP Kinase, une voie de signalisation fortement dérégulée dans le cancer. Bien que le rôle fonctionnel de cette régulation soit encore inconnu, elle pourrait contribuer à limiter la progression tumorale en aval de CRB3. Enfin, nous montrons que la perte d’expression de Crb3 chez la souris induit une mortalité périnatale associée à des défauts de morphogenèse épithéliale, indiquant que Crb3 est requise pour la viabilité des souris et le développement des structures épithéliales. L’ensemble de ces travaux contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes liant la perte de la polarité épithéliale à l’avancement du processus tumoral, et vise à identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour lutter contre le développement de.cancers.
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Ankle sprains are the most common injuries in sports, usually causing damage to the lateral ligaments. Recurrence has as usual result permanent instability, and thus loss of proprioception. This fact, together with residual symptoms, is what is known as chronic ankle instability, CAI, or FAI, if it is functional. This problem tries to be solved by improving musculoskeletal stability and proprioception by the application of bandages and performing exercises. The aim of this study has been to review articles (meta-analisis, systematic reviews and revisions) published in 2009-2015 in PubMed, Medline, ENFISPO and BUCea, using keywords such as “sprain instability”, “sprain proprioception”, “chronic ankle instability”. Evidence affirms that there does exist decreased proprioception in patients who suffer from CAI. Rehabilitation exercise regimen is indicated as a treatment because it generates a subjective improvement reported by the patient, and the application of bandages works like a sprain prevention method limiting the range of motion, reducing joint instability and increasing confidence during exercise. As podiatrists we should recommend proprioception exercises to all athletes in a preventive way, and those with CAI or FAI, as a rehabilitation programme, together with the application of bandages. However, further studies should be generated focusing on ways of improving proprioception, and on the exercise patterns that provide the maximum benefit.
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Altered tissue fatty acid (FA) composition may affect mechanisms involved in the control of energy homeostasis, including central insulin actions. In rats fed either standard chow or a lard-enriched chow (high in saturated/low in polyunsaturated FA, HS-LP) for eight weeks, we examined the FA composition of blood, hypothalamus, liver, and retroperitoneal, epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissues. Insulin-induced hypophagia and hypothalamic signaling were evaluated after intracerebroventricular insulin injection. HS-LP feeding increased saturated FA content in adipose tissues and serum while it decreased polyunsaturated FA content of adipose tissues, serum, and liver. Hypothalamic C20:5n-3 and C20:3n-6 contents increased while monounsaturated FA content decreased. HS-LP rats showed hyperglycemia, impaired insulin-induced hypophagia and hypothalamic insulin signaling. The results showed that, upon HS-LP feeding, peripheral tissues underwent potentially deleterious alterations in their FA composition, whist the hypothalamus was relatively preserved. However, hypothalamic insulin signaling and hypophagia were drastically impaired. These findings suggest that impairment of hypothalamic insulin actions by HS-LP feeding was not related to tissue FA composition.
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La gestion intégrée de la ressource en eau implique de distinguer les parcours de l’eau qui sont accessibles aux sociétés de ceux qui ne le sont pas. Les cheminements de l’eau sont nombreux et fortement variables d’un lieu à l’autre. Il est possible de simplifier cette question en s’attardant plutôt aux deux destinations de l’eau. L’eau bleue forme les réserves et les flux dans l’hydrosystème : cours d’eau, nappes et écoulements souterrains. L’eau verte est le flux invisible de vapeur d’eau qui rejoint l’atmosphère. Elle inclut l’eau consommée par les plantes et l’eau dans les sols. Or, un grand nombre d’études ne portent que sur un seul type d’eau bleue, en ne s’intéressant généralement qu’au devenir des débits ou, plus rarement, à la recharge des nappes. Le portrait global est alors manquant. Dans un même temps, les changements climatiques viennent impacter ce cheminement de l’eau en faisant varier de manière distincte les différents composants de cycle hydrologique. L’étude réalisée ici utilise l’outil de modélisation SWAT afin de réaliser le suivi de toutes les composantes du cycle hydrologique et de quantifier l’impact des changements climatiques sur l’hydrosystème du bassin versant de la Garonne. Une première partie du travail a permis d’affiner la mise en place du modèle pour répondre au mieux à la problématique posée. Un soin particulier a été apporté à l’utilisation de données météorologiques sur grille (SAFRAN) ainsi qu’à la prise en compte de la neige sur les reliefs. Le calage des paramètres du modèle a été testé dans un contexte differential split sampling, en calant puis validant sur des années contrastées en terme climatique afin d’appréhender la robustesse de la simulation dans un contexte de changements climatiques. Cette étape a permis une amélioration substantielle des performances sur la période de calage (2000-2010) ainsi que la mise en évidence de la stabilité du modèle face aux changements climatiques. Par suite, des simulations sur une période d’un siècle (1960-2050) ont été produites puis analysées en deux phases : i) La période passée (1960-2000), basée sur les observations climatiques, a servi de période de validation à long terme du modèle sur la simulation des débits, avec de très bonnes performances. L’analyse des différents composants hydrologiques met en évidence un impact fort sur les flux et stocks d’eau verte, avec une diminution de la teneur en eau des sols et une augmentation importante de l’évapotranspiration. Les composantes de l’eau bleue sont principalement perturbées au niveau du stock de neige et des débits qui présentent tous les deux une baisse substantielle. ii) Des projections hydrologiques ont été réalisées (2010-2050) en sélectionnant une gamme de scénarios et de modèles climatiques issus d’une mise à l’échelle dynamique. L’analyse de simulation vient en bonne part confirmer les conclusions tirées de la période passée : un impact important sur l’eau verte, avec toujours une baisse de la teneur en eau des sols et une augmentation de l’évapotranspiration potentielle. Les simulations montrent que la teneur en eau des sols pendant la période estivale est telle qu’elle en vient à réduire les flux d’évapotranspiration réelle, mettant en évidence le possible déficit futur des stocks d’eau verte. En outre, si l’analyse des composantes de l’eau bleue montre toujours une diminution significative du stock de neige, les débits semblent cette fois en hausse pendant l’automne et l’hiver. Ces résultats sont un signe de l’«accélération» des composantes d’eau bleue de surface, probablement en relation avec l’augmentation des évènements extrêmes de précipitation. Ce travail a permis de réaliser une analyse des variations de la plupart des composantes du cycle hydrologique à l’échelle d’un bassin versant, confirmant l’importance de prendre en compte toutes ces composantes pour évaluer l’impact des changements climatiques et plus largement des changements environnementaux sur la ressource en eau.
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studies using UV as a source of DNA damage. However, even though unrepaired UV-induced DNA damages are related to mutagenesis, cell death and tumorigenesis, they do not explain phenotypes such as neurodegeneration and internal tumors observed in patients with syndromes like Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne Syndrome (CS) that are associated with NER deficiency. Recent evidences point to a role of NER in the repair of 8-oxodG, a typical substrate of Base Excision Repair (BER). Since deficiencies in BER result in genomic instability, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, it was investigated in this research the impact of XPC deficiency on BER functions in human cells. It was analyzed both the expression and the cellular localization of APE1, OGG1 e PARP-1, the mainly BER enzymes, in different NER-deficient human fibroblasts. The endogenous levels of these enzymes are reduced in XPC deficient cells. Surprisingly, XP-C fibroblasts were more resistant to oxidative agents than the other NER deficient fibroblasts, despite presenting the highest of 8-oxodG. Furthermore, subtle changes in the nuclear and mitochondrial localization of APE1 were detected in XP-C fibroblasts. To confirm the impact of XPC deficiency in the regulation of APE1 and OGG1 expression and activity, we constructed a XPC-complemented cell line. Although the XPC complementation was only partial, we found that XPC-complemented cells presented increased levels of OGG1 than XPC-deficient cells. The extracts from XPC-complemented cells also presented an elevated OGG1 enzimatic activity. However, it was not observed changes in APE1 expression and activity in the XPCcomplemented cells. In addition, we found that full-length APE1 (37 kDa) and OGG1- α are in the mitochondria of XPC-deficient fibroblasts and XPC-complemented fibroblasts before and after induction of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the expression of APE1 and PARP-1 are not altered in brain and liver of XPC knockout mice. However, XPC deficiency changed the APE1 localization in hypoccampus and hypothalamus. We also observed a physical interaction between XPC and APE1 proteins in human cells. In conclusion, the data suggest that XPC protein has a role in the regulation of OGG1 expression and activity in human cells and is involved mainly in the regulation of APE1 localization in mice. Aditionally, the response of NER deficient cells under oxidative stress may not be only associated to the NER deficiency per se, but it may include the new functions of NER enzymes in regulation of expression and cell localization of BER proteins
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Several studies show that morphological changes of microglia over the course of inflammation are tightly coupled to function. However the progressive transformation into activated microglia is poorly characterized. AIMS: This study aimed to establish a spatiotemporal correlation between quantifiable morphological parameters of microglia and the spread of an acute ventricular inflammatory process. METHODS: Inflammation was induced by a single injection of the enzyme neuraminidase within the lateral ventricle of rats. Animals were sacrificed 2, 4 and 12 hours after injection. Coronal slices were immunostained with Iba1 to label microglia and with IL1β to delimit the spread of inflammation. Digital images were obtained by scanning the labelled sections. Single microglia images were randomly selected from periventricular areas of caudate putamen, hippocampus and hypothalamus. FracLac for ImageJ software was used to measure the following morphological parameters: fractal dimension, lacunarity, area, perimeter and density. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in fractal dimension, lacunarity, perimeter and density of microglia cells of neuraminidase injected rats compared to sham animals. However no differences were found in the parameter “area”. In hipoccampus there was a delay in the significant change of the measured parameters. These morphological changes correlated with IL1β-expression in the same areas. CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular inflammation induced by neuraminidase provokes quantifiable morphological changes in microglia restricted to areas labelled with IL1β. Morphological parameters of microglia such as fractal dimension, lacunarity, perimeter and density are sensitive and valuable tools to quantify activation. However, the extensively used parameter “area” did not change upon microglia activation.