Identification des peptides du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe I par spectrométrie de masse

L’immunité adaptive et la discrimination entre le soi et le non-soi chez les vertébrés à mâchoire reposent sur la présentation de peptides par les récepteurs d’histocompatibilité majeur de classe I. Les peptides antigéniques, présentés par les molécules du complexe d’histocompatibilité (CMH), sont scrutés par les lymphocytes T CD8 pour une réponse immunitaire appropriée. Le répertoire des peptides du CMH de classe I, aussi appelé immunopeptidome, est généré par la dégradation protéosomale des protéines endogènes, et a un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de l’immunité cellulaire. La composition de l’immunopeptidome dépend du type de cellule et peut présenter des caractéristiques liées à des maladies comme le cancer. Les peptides antigéniques peuvent être utilisés à des fins immunothérapeutiques notamment dans le traitement voire la prévention de certains cancers. La spectrométrie de masse est un outil de choix pour l’identification, le séquençage et la caractérisation de ces peptides. Cependant, la composition en acides aminés, la faible abondance et la diversité de ces peptides compliquent leur détection et leur séquençage. Nous avons développé un programme appelé StatPeaks qui permet de calculer un certains nombres de statistiques relatives à la fragmentation des peptides. À l’aide de ce programme, nous montrons sans équivoque que les peptides du CMH classe I, en mode de fragmentation par dissociation induite par collision (CID), fragmentent très différemment des peptides trypsiques communément utilisés en protéomique. Néanmoins, la fragmentation par décomposition induite par collision à plus haute énergie (HCD) proposée par le spectromètre LTQ-Orbitrap Velos améliore la fragmentation et fournit une haute résolution qui permet d’obtenir une meilleure confiance dans l’identification des peptides du CMH de classe I. Cet avantage permet d’effectuer le séquençage de novo pour identifier les variants polymorphes qui ne sont normalement pas identifiés par les recherches utilisant des bases de données. La comparaison des programmes de séquençage Lutefisk, pepNovo, pNovo, Vonode et Peaks met en évidence que le dernier permet d’identifier un plus grand nombre de peptides du CMH de classe I. Ce programme est intégré dans une chaîne de traitement de recherche d’antigènes mineurs d’histocompatibilité. Enfin, une base de données contenant les informations spectrales de plusieurs centaines de peptides du CMH de classe I accessible par Internet a été développée.

The Role of Specific Amino Acids in the Formation of Ternary Complexes in Nitrogenase Regulation in the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus

L'azote est l'un des éléments les plus essentiels dans le monde pour les êtres vivants, car il est essentiel pour la production des éléments de base de la cellule, les acides aminés, les acides nucléiques et les autres constituants cellulaires. L’atmosphère est composé de 78% d'azote gazeux, une source d'azote inutilisable par la plupart des organismes à l'exception de ceux qui possèdent l’enzyme nitrogénase, tels que les bactéries diazotrophique. Ces micro-organismes sont capables de convertir l'azote atmosphérique en ammoniac (NH3), qui est l'une des sources d'azote les plus préférables. Cette réaction exigeant l’ATP, appelée fixation de l'azote, est catalysée par une enzyme, nitrogénase, qui est l'enzyme la plus importante dans le cycle de l'azote. Certaines protéines sont des régulateurs potentiels de la synthèse de la nitrogénase et de son activité; AmtB, DraT, DraG, les protéines PII, etc.. Dans cette thèse, j'ai effectué diverses expériences afin de mieux comprendre leurs rôles détailés dans Rhodobacter capsulatus. La protéine membranaire AmtB, très répandue chez les archaea, les bactéries et les eucaryotes, est un membre de la famille MEP / Amt / Rh. Les protéines AmtB sont des transporteurs d'ammonium, importateurs d'ammonium externe, et ont également été suggéré d’agir comme des senseurs d'ammonium. Il a été montré que l’AmtB de Rhodobacter capsulatus fonctionne comme un capteur pour détecter la présence d'ammonium externe pour réguler la nitrogénase. La nitrogénase est constituée de deux métalloprotéines nommées MoFe-protéine et Fe-protéine. L'addition d'ammoniaque à une culture R. capsulatus conduit à une série de réactions qui mènent à la désactivation de la nitrogénase, appelé "nitrogénase switch-off". Une réaction critique dans ce processus est l’ajout d’un groupe ADP-ribose à la Fe-protéine par DraT. L'entrée de l'ammoniac dans la cellule à travers le pore AmtB est contrôlée par la séquestration de GlnK. GlnK est une protéine PII et les protéines PII sont des protéines centrales dans la régulation du métabolisme de l'azote. Non seulement la séquestration de GlnK par AmtB est importante dans la régulation nitrogénase, mais la liaison de l'ammonium par AmtB ou de son transport partiel est également nécessaire. Les complexes AmtB-GlnK sont supposés de lier DraG, l’enzyme responsable pour enlever l'ADP-ribose ajouté à la nitrogénase par DraT, ainsi formant un complexe ternaire. Dans cette thèse certains détails du mécanisme de transduction du signal et de transport d'ammonium ont été examinés par la génération et la caractérisation d’un mutant dirigé, RCZC, (D335A). La capacité de ce mutant, ainsi que des mutants construits précédemment, RCIA1 (D338A), RCIA2 (G344C), RCIA3 (H193E) et RCIA4 (W237A), d’effectuer le « switch-off » de la nitrogénase a été mesurée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Les résultats ont révélé que tous les résidus d'acides aminés ci-dessus ont un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de la nitrogénase. L’immunobuvardage a également été effectués afin de vérifier la présence de la Fe-protéine l'ADP-ribosylée. D335, D388 et W237 semblent être cruciales pour l’ADP-ribosylation, puisque les mutants RCZC, RCIA1 et RCIA4 n'a pas montré de l’ADP-ribosylation de la Fe-protéine. En outre, même si une légère ADP-ribosylation a été observée pour RCIA2 (G344C), nous le considérons comme un résidu d'acide aminé important dans la régulation de la nitrogénase. D’un autre coté, le mutant RCIA3 (H193E) a montré une ADP-ribosylation de la Fe-protéine après un choc d'ammonium, par conséquent, il ne semble pas jouer un rôle important dans l’ADP-ribosylation. Par ailleurs R. capsulatus possède une deuxième Amt appelé AmtY, qui, contrairement à AmtB, ne semble pas avoir des rôles spécifiques. Afin de découvrir ses fonctionnalités, AmtY a été surexprimée dans une souche d’E. coli manquant l’AmtB (GT1001 pRSG1) (réalisée précédemment par d'autres membres du laboratoire) et la formation des complexes AmtY-GlnK en réponse à l'addition d’ammoniac a été examinée. Il a été montré que même si AmtY est en mesure de transporter l'ammoniac lorsqu'il est exprimé dans E. coli, elle ne peut pass’ associer à GlnK en réponse à NH4 +.

Acid activated montmorillonite: an efficient immobilization support for improving reusability, storage stability and operational stability of enzymes

Three enzymes, α-amylase, glucoamylase and invertase, were immobilized on acid activated montmorillonite K 10 via two independent techniques, adsorption and covalent binding. The immobilized enzymes were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption measurements and 27Al MAS-NMR spectroscopy. The XRD patterns showed that all enzymes were intercalated into the clay inter-layer space. The entire protein backbone was situated at the periphery of the clay matrix. Intercalation occurred through the side chains of the amino acid residues. A decrease in surface area and pore volume upon immobilization supported this observation. The extent of intercalation was greater for the covalently bound systems. NMR data showed that tetrahedral Al species were involved during enzyme adsorption whereas octahedral Al was involved during covalent binding. The immobilized enzymes demonstrated enhanced storage stability. While the free enzymes lost all activity within a period of 10 days, the immobilized forms retained appreciable activity even after 30 days of storage. Reusability also improved upon immobilization. Here again, covalently bound enzymes exhibited better characteristics than their adsorbed counterparts. The immobilized enzymes could be successfully used continuously in the packed bed reactor for about 96 hours without much loss in activity. Immobilized glucoamylase demonstrated the best results.

Characterisation and Distribution of Amino Acids in the Mangrove Sediments of Kochi

Mangrove swamps are unique inter-tidal wetland ecosystems found in sheltered tropical and subtropical shores.Mangrove sediments can be considered as large reservoirs of amino acids,which exist in several different forms,like free amino acids in the sediment micropores,as amino acids,peptides or proteins bound to clay minerals or as amino acids,peptides or proteins bound to humic colloids.Inorder to assess survival conditions of organisms of mangroves,it is important to understand stability of amino acids in the sediments.The amounts of amino acids present in sediment represent a balance between its synthesis and destruction by microorganisms.Thus amino acid analysis offers more insight into the processes of diagenesis,which changes the nature and characteristics of organic matter deposition and decomposition.

Biochemical & Pharmacological evaluation of liver oils of selected deep sea sharks and chimaeras of the Indian EEZ

With a seacoast of 8,1 18 km, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2 million square km, and with an area of about 30,000 square km under aquaculture, lndia produces close to six million tonnes of fish, over 4 per cent of the world fish production. While the marine waters upto 50m depth have been fully exploited, those beyond, remain unexplored. There is an ever increasing demand for fishery resources as food. The coastal fishery resources of the country are dwindling at a rapid pace and it becomes highly imperative that we search for alternate fishery resources for food. The option we have is to hunt for marine fishery resources. Studies pertaining to proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition are essential to understand the nutraceutical values of these deep sea fishery resources. The present study was aimed to carry out proximate composition of deep sea fishery resources obtained during cruises onboard the FORV Sarise Sampada, to identify fishery resources which have appreciable lipid content and thereby analyse the bioactive potentials of marine lipids, to study the amino acid profile of these fishery resources, to understand the contents of SPA, MUFA and PUFA and to calculate the n3/n6 fatty acid contents. Though the presence of nutraceuticals was identified in the marine fishery resources their use as potential food resources deserve further investigation. So the study were carried out to calculate the hepatosomatic indices of sharks & chimaeras and conduct biochemical characterisation of liver oils of Apristurus indicus, Cenlrophorus scalprams, Centroselachus crepidater, Neoharriotta raleighana, and Harriotta pinnata obtained during cruises onboard the FORV Sugar Sampada.Therapeutic use of shark liver oil is evident from its use for centuries as a remedy to heal wounds and fight flu (Neil er al. 2006). Japanese seamen called it 'samedava' or "cure all". Shark liver oil is being promoted worldwide as a dietary supplement to boost the immune system, fight infections, to treat cancer and to lessen the side effects of conventional cancer treatment. These days more emphasis is laid on the nutritive benefits of shark liver oils especially on the omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs) (Anandan er al. 2007) and alkylglycerols (AKGs) (Pugliese er al. I998) contained in them due to the high rise of inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, asthma and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Schizophrenia. So the present study also evaluate the pharmacological properties with respect to analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic and anti-ulcer effects of four different liver oils of sharks belonging to the Indian EEZ and to identify the components of oil responsible for these activities.The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of liver oils from Neoharriotra raleighana (NR), Centrosymnus crepidater (CC), Apristurus indicus (AI), and Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) sharks caught from the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean were compared. The main objectives also include determination of the cholesterol lowering effects of liver oils of Neoharriotra raleighana (NR) and Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) on the high fat diet induced dyslipidemia and to compare the impact of four isolipidemic diets, on levels of serum diagnostic marker enzymes, on lipid profile of blood and liver and antioxidant status of heart in male Albino rats. And also to study the efficacy of Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) liver oil against Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis and to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of this oil with a traditionally used anti-inflammatory substance gingerol (oleoresin extracted from ginger.). The results of the present study indicated that both (Centrophorus sculpratus liver oils as well as gingerol extracts proved to be effective natural remedies against CFA-induced arthritis in Albino rats.

Untersuchung zum Phosphorylierungsstatus der katalytischen Untereinheit der PKA mittels proteomischer Techniken

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Das Phosphorylierungsmuster eines Proteins ist kein statischer Zustand, sondern vielmehr ein dynamischer Status, den es in der modernen funktionellen (Phospho-) Proteomik und Analytik abzubilden gilt. Klassischerweise erfolgt der Nachweis der Proteinphosphorylierung auf Peptid-Ebene mittels MS/MS Sequenzierung. Diese Standardmethode der shotgun Phosphoproteomanalytik vernachlässigt jedoch wegen den in LC MS/MS Analysen oftmals schwer detektierbaren Phosphopeptiden gerade den variablen und oftmals nur geringen Phosphorylierungsgrad vieler Phosphorylierungsstellen (P-Stellen). Mittels phosphospezifischer Anreicherungsstrategien und MS/MS Sequenzierung konnten an der Modellkinase PKA-Cα nach rekombinanter Expression in E. coli insgesamt acht P-Stellen identifiziert werden. Der Phosphorylierungsgrad wurde in Kooperation mit Dr. J. Seidler über quantitative Signalintensitätsmessungen bestimmt und zeigte eine nahezu vollständige Phosphorylierung von pS10, pS139, pT197 und pS338, während der Phosphorylierungsgrad für pS34, pS53, pS65 und pS259 zwischen <5 und 45 % variierte. Neben der Quantifizierung der P-Stellen wurde auch das Auftreten und die Verteilung definierter Phosphoformen der PKA-Cα untersucht und deren Abhängigkeit von der primären Aminosäureabfolge, dem Auftreten von zusätzlichen Modifikationen sowie den gewählten Expressions- und Reinigungsbedingungen aufgezeigt. Endogene, aus Säugergewebe isolierte PKA-Cα wies nur eine einzige Phosphoform mit den P-Stellen pT197 und pS338 auf. Auch in vitro autophosphorylierte rekombinante PKA-Cα, die zuvor dephosphoryliert worden war, wies eine zweifach modifizierte Phosphoform auf. Im Vergleich zum endogenen Protein ließ sich dieses Protein an S10 und S338 exzessiv phosphorylieren, wohingegen an T197 keine Autophosphorylierung nachzuweisen war. Das Ausbleiben weiterer Phosphorylierungen stellt in Frage, ob die Hyperphosphorylierung in E. coli ausschließlich auf Autophosphorylierungsprozessen beruht, was anhand einer nicht phosphorylierten, katalytisch inaktiven Variante von PKA-Cα (PKA-Cα K72H) vermutet wurde. Im Hinblick auf die funktionellen P-Stellen pT197 und pS338 erfordert diese Entdeckung sowie der unabhängige Nachweis, dass zellfrei exprimierte PKA-Cα nur an S338 phosphoryliert ist, eine Modifizierung des sequenziellen Vorhersagemodells, wonach die Phosphorylierung an T197 eine zwingende Voraussetzung für die nachfolgende Phosphorylierung an S338 ist. Ferner konnte über phosphomimetische Mutagenese die Funktionalität der Phosphorylierung an S53 innerhalb der glycinreichen Schleife der PKA-Cα und somit ein potenzieller Weg zur Regulation der enzymatischen Aktivität gezeigt werden. Ein weiterer möglicher upstream Regulator von PKA-Cα ist die Proteinphosphatase 5, die in der Lage war, die bislang als phosphatasestabil beschriebene P Stelle pT197 in vitro zu dephosphorylieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass der Phosphorylierungszustand eines Proteins von zahlreichen internen und externen Faktoren abhängt – eine Tatsache, die gerade für rekombinante Proteine, insbesondere enzymatisch aktive Kinasen, oft vernachlässigt wurde. Daher müssen auch in der shotgun Phosphoproteomanalytik P-Stellen nicht mehr nur identifiziert und quantifiziert werden, sondern die resultierenden Proteinphosphoformen differenziert auch in ihrem physiologischen Kontext beschrieben werden.

"A Sequence in Subdomain 2 of DBL1a of Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 Induces Strain Transcending Antibodies"

Immunity to severe malaria is the first level of immunity acquired to Plasmodium falciparum. Antibodies to the variant antigen PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) present at the surface of the parasitized red blood cell (pRBC) confer protection by blocking microvascular sequestration. Here we have generated antibodies to peptide sequences of subdomain 2 of PfEMP1-DBL1a previously identified to be associated with severe or mild malaria. A set of sera generated to the amino acid sequence KLQTLTLHQVREYWWALNRKEVWKA, containing the motif ALNRKE, stained the live pRBC. 50% of parasites tested (7/14) were positive both in flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays with live pRBCs including both laboratory strains and in vitro adapted clinical isolates. Antibodies that reacted selectively with the sequence REYWWALNRKEVWKA in a 15-mer peptide array of DBL1a-domains were also found to react with the pRBC surface. By utilizing a peptide array to map the binding properties of the elicited anti-DBL1a antibodies, the amino acids WxxNRx were found essential for antibody binding. Complementary experiments using 135 degenerate RDSM peptide sequences obtained from 93 Ugandan patient-isolates showed that antibody binding occurred when the amino acids WxLNRKE/D were present in the peptide. The data suggests that the ALNRKE sequence motif, associated with severe malaria, induces strain-transcending antibodies that react with the pRBC surface

A sequence in subdomain 2 of DBL1 alpha of plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 induces strain transcending antibodies

Immunity to severe malaria is the first level of immunity acquired to Plasmodium falciparum. Antibodies to the variant antigen PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) present at the surface of the parasitized red blood cell (pRBC) confer protection by blocking microvascular sequestration. Here we have generated antibodies to peptide sequences of subdomain 2 of PfEMP1-DBL1 alpha previously identified to be associated with severe or mild malaria. A set of sera generated to the amino acid sequence KLQTLTLHQVREYWWALNRKEVWKA, containing the motif ALNRKE, stained the live pRBC. 50% of parasites tested (7/14) were positive both in flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays with live pRBCs including both laboratory strains and in vitro adapted clinical isolates. Antibodies that reacted selectively with the sequence REYWWALNRKEVWKA in a 15-mer peptide array of DBL1 alpha-domains were also found to react with the pRBC surface. By utilizing a peptide array to map the binding properties of the elicited anti-DBL1 alpha antibodies, the amino acids WxxNRx were found essential for antibody binding. Complementary experiments using 135 degenerate RDSM peptide sequences obtained from 93 Ugandan patient-isolates showed that antibody binding occurred when the amino acids WxLNRKE/D were present in the peptide. The data suggests that the ALNRKE sequence motif, associated with severe malaria, induces strain-transcending antibodies that react with the pRBC surface.

Effect of corn silage from an herbicide-tolerant genetically modified variety on milk production and absence of transgenic DNA in milk

Data from 60 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 12-wk continuous design feeding trial. Cows were allocated to 1 of 4 experimental treatments (T1 to T4). In T1 and T2, the total mixed ration (TMR) contained either corn silage from the genetically modified (GM) variety Chardon Liberty Link, which is tolerant to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium, or its near isogenic nonGM counterpart, whereas the TMR used in T3 and T4 contained corn silage from the commercially available nonGM varieties Fabius and Antares, respectively. The objectives of the study were to determine if the inserted gene produced a marked effect on chemical composition, nutritive value, feed intake, and milk production, and to determine if transgenic DNA and the protein expressed by the inserted gene could be detected in bovine milk. The nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, mineral content, and amino acid composition of all 4 silages were similar. There were no significant treatment effects on milk yield, milk composition, and yield of milk constituents, and the dry matter (DM) intake of the GM variety was not significantly different from the 2 commercial varieties. However, although the DM intake noted for the nonGM near-isogenic variety was similar to the commercial varieties, it was significantly lower when compared with the GM variety. Polymerase chain reaction analyses of milk samples collected at wk 1, 6, and 12 of the study showed that none of the 90 milk samples tested positive, above a detection limit of 2.5 ng of total genomic DNA/mL of milk, for either tDNA (event T25) or the single-copy endogenous Zea mays gene, alcohol dehydrogenase. Using ELISA assays, the protein expressed by the T25 gene was not detected in milk.

Legumes regulate Rhizobium bacteroid development and persistence by the supply of branched-chain amino acids

One of the largest contributions to biologically available nitrogen comes from the reduction of N-2 to ammonia by rhizobia in symbiosis with legumes. Plants supply dicarboxylic acids as a carbon source to bacteroids, and in return they receive ammonia. However, metabolic exchange must be more complex, because effective N-2 fixation by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae bacteroids requires either one of two broad-specificity amino acid ABC transporters (Aap and Bra). It was proposed that amino acids cycle between plant and bacteroids, but the model was unconstrained because of the broad solute specificity of Aap and Bra. Here, we constrain the specificity of Bra and ectopically express heterologous transporters to demonstrate that branched-chain amino acid (LIV) transport is essential for effective N-2 fixation. This dependence of bacteroids on the plant for LIV is not due to their known down-regulation of glutamate synthesis, because ectopic expression of glutamate dehydrogenase did not rescue effective N-2 fixation. Instead, the effect is specific to LIV and is accompanied by a major reduction in transcription and activity of LIV biosynthetic enzymes. Bacteroids become symbiotic auxotrophs for LIV and depend on the plant for their supply. Bacteroids with aap bra null mutations are reduced in number, smaller, and have a lower DNA content than wild type. Plants control LIV supply to bacteroids, regulating their development and persistence. This makes it a critical control point for regulation of symbiosis. MICROBIOLOGY

Characterization of a gamma-aminobutyric acid transport system of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841

Spontaneous mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 were isolated that grow faster than the wild type on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. These strains (RU1736 and RU1816) have frameshift mutations (gtsR101 and gtsR102, respectively) in a GntR-type regulator (GtsR) that result in a high rate of constitutive GABA transport. Tn5 mutagenesis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that GstR regulates expression of a large operon (pRL100242 to pRL100252) on the Sym plasmid that is required for GABA uptake. An ABC transport system, GtsABCD (for GABA transport system) (pRL100248-51), of the spermidine/putrescine family is part of this operon. GtsA is a periplasmic binding protein, GtsB and GtsC are integral membrane proteins, and GtsD is an ATP-binding subunit. Expression of gtsABCD from a lacZ promoter confirmed that it alone is responsible for high rates of GABA transport, enabling rapid growth of strain 3841 on GABA. Gts transports open-chain compounds with four or five carbon atoms with carboxyl and amino groups at, or close to, opposite termini. However, aromatic compounds with similar spacing between carboxyl and amino groups are excellent inhibitors of GABA uptake so they may also be transported. In addition to the ABC transporter, the operon contains two putative mono-oxygenases, a putative hydrolase, a putative aldehyde dehydrogenase, and a succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. This suggests the operon may be involved in the transport and breakdown of a more complex precursor to GABA. Gts is not expressed in pea bacteroids, and gtsB mutants are unaltered in their symbiotic phenotype, suggesting that Bra is the only GABA transport system available for amino acid cycling.

Effect of corn silage from an herbicide-tolerant genetically modified variety on milk production and absence of transgenic DNA in milk

Data from 60 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 12-wk continuous design feeding trial. Cows were allocated to 1 of 4 experimental treatments (T1 to T4). In T1 and T2, the total mixed ration (TMR) contained either corn silage from the genetically modified (GM) variety Chardon Liberty Link, which is tolerant to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium, or its near isogenic nonGM counterpart, whereas the TMR used in T3 and T4 contained corn silage from the commercially available nonGM varieties Fabius and Antares, respectively. The objectives of the study were to determine if the inserted gene produced a marked effect on chemical composition, nutritive value, feed intake, and milk production, and to determine if transgenic DNA and the protein expressed by the inserted gene could be detected in bovine milk. The nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, mineral content, and amino acid composition of all 4 silages were similar. There were no significant treatment effects on milk yield, milk composition, and yield of milk constituents, and the dry matter (DM) intake of the GM variety was not significantly different from the 2 commercial varieties. However, although the DM intake noted for the nonGM near-isogenic variety was similar to the commercial varieties, it was significantly lower when compared with the GM variety. Polymerase chain reaction analyses of milk samples collected at wk 1, 6, and 12 of the study showed that none of the 90 milk samples tested positive, above a detection limit of 2.5 ng of total genomic DNA/mL of milk, for either tDNA (event T25) or the single-copy endogenous Zea mays gene, alcohol dehydrogenase. Using ELISA assays, the protein expressed by the T25 gene was not detected in milk.

1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions to unsymmetrical ketone-derived chiral stabilized azomethine ylides: strategies for the synthesis of highly substituted amino acids

We report herein, the first generation of unsymmetrical ketone-derived chiral stabilized azomethine ylides. Intrairiolecular and intermolecular cycloaddition strategies have been utilized to synthesize both an enantiornerically pure bicyclic proline derivative and an enantionierically pure beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acid.

m-aminobenzoic acid inserted beta-turn in acyclic tripeptides: a peptidomimetic design

X-ray diffraction studies show that peptides Boc-Leu-Aib-m-ABA-OMe (I) (Aib, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; m-ABA, meta-aminobenzoic acid) and Boc-Phe-Aib-m-ABA-OMe, (II) adopt a type-II beta-turn conformation, solely stabilized by co-operative steric interactions amongst the amino acid residues. This type of U-turn without any intramolecular hydrogen bonding is generally referred to as an open turn. Although there are some examples of constrained cyclic peptides in which o-substituted benzenes have been inserted to mimic the turn region of the neurotrophin, a nerve growth factor, peptides I and II present novel two examples where m-aminobenzoic acid has been incorporated in the beta-turn of acyclic tripeptides. The result also demonstrates the first crystallographic evidence of a beta-turn structure containing an inserted m-aminobenzoic acid, which can be considered as a rigid gamma-aminobutyric acid with an all-trans extended configuration. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Investigations on the effect of amino acids on acrylamide, pyrazines, and Michael addition products in model systems

Acrylamide and pyrazine formation, as influenced by the incorporation of different amino acids, was investigated in sealed low-moisture asparagine-glucose model systems. Added amino acids, with the exception of glycine and cysteine and at an equimolar concentration to asparagine, increased the rate of acrylamide formation. The strong correlation between the unsubstituted pyrazine and acrylamide suggests the promotion of the formation of Maillard reaction intermediates, and in particular glyoxal, as the determining mode of-action. At increased amino acid concentrations, diverse effects were observed. The initial rates of acrylamide formation remained high for valine, alanine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, glutamine, and Ieucine, while a significant mitigating effect, as evident from the acrylamide yields after 60 min of heating at 160 degrees C, was observed for proline, tryptophan, glycine, and cysteine. The secondary amine containing amino acids, proline and tryptophan, had the most profound mitigating effect on acrylamide after 60 min of heating. The relative importance of the competing effect of added amino acids for alpha-dicarbonyls and acrylamide-amino, acid alkylation reactions is discussed and accompanied by data on the relative formation rates of selected amino acid-AA adducts.