Investigation of bulk indium antimonide as heterodyne detector for the submillimeter wavelength region

Bulk n-lnSb is investigated at a heterodyne detector for the submillimeter wavelength region. Two modes or operation are investigated: (1) the Rollin or hot electron bolometer mode (zero magnetic field), and (2) the Putley mode (quantizing magnetic field). The highlight of the thesis work is the pioneering demonstration or the Putley mode mixer at several frequencies. For example, a double-sideband system noise temperature of about 510K was obtained using a 812 GHz methanol laser for the local oscillator. This performance is at least a factor or 10 more sensitive than any other performance reported to date at the same frequency. In addition, the Putley mode mixer achieved system noise temperatures of 250K at 492 GHz and 350K at 625 GHz. The 492 GHz performance is about 50% better and the 625 GHz is about 100% better than previous best performances established by the Rollin-mode mixer. To achieve these results, it was necessary to design a totally new ultra-low noise, room-temperature preamp to handle the higher source impedance imposed by the Putley mode operation. This preamp has considerably less input capacitance than comparably noisy, ambient designs.

In addition to advancing receiver technology, this thesis also presents several novel results regarding the physics of n-lnSb at low temperatures. A Fourier transform spectrometer was constructed and used to measure the submillimeter wave absorption coefficient of relatively pure material at liquid helium temperatures and in zero magnetic field. Below 4.2K, the absorption coefficient was found to decrease with frequency much faster than predicted by Drudian theory. Much better agreement with experiment was obtained using a quantum theory based on inverse-Bremmstrahlung in a solid. Also the noise of the Rollin-mode detector at 4.2K was accurately measured and compared with theory. The power spectrum is found to be well fit by a recent theory of non- equilibrium noise due to Mather. Surprisingly, when biased for optimum detector performance, high purity lnSb cooled to liquid helium temperatures generates less noise than that predicted by simple non-equilibrium Johnson noise theory alone. This explains in part the excellent performance of the Rollin-mode detector in the millimeter wavelength region.

Again using the Fourier transform spectrometer, spectra are obtained of the responsivity and direct detection NEP as a function of magnetic field in the range 20-110 cm^-1. The results show a discernable peak in the detector response at the conduction electron cyclotron resonance frequency tor magnetic fields as low as 3 KG at bath temperatures of 2.0K. The spectra also display the well-known peak due to the cyclotron resonance of electrons bound to impurity states. The magnitude of responsivity at both peaks is roughly constant with magnet1c field and is comparable to the low frequency Rollin-mode response. The NEP at the peaks is found to be much better than previous values at the same frequency and comparable to the best long wavelength results previously reported. For example, a value NEP=4.5x10^-13/Hz^1/2 is measured at 4.2K, 6 KG and 40 cm^-1. Study of the responsivity under conditions of impact ionization showed a dramatic disappearance of the impurity electron resonance while the conduction electron resonance remained constant. This observation offers the first concrete evidence that the mobility of an electron in the N=0 and N=1 Landau levels is different. Finally, these direct detection experiments indicate that the excellent heterodyne performance achieved at 812 GHz should be attainable up to frequencies of at least 1200 GHz.

Influence of composition on the structure, electric and magnetic properties of Pd-Mn-P and Pd-Co-P amorphous alloys

The influence of composition on the structure and on the electric and magnetic properties of amorphous Pd-Mn-P and Pd-Co-P prepared by rapid quenching techniques were investigated in terms of (1) the 3d band filling of the first transition metal group, (2) the phosphorus concentration effect which acts as an electron donor and (3) the transition metal concentration.

The structure is essentially characterized by a set of polyhedra subunits essentially inverse to the packing of hard spheres in real space. Examination of computer generated distribution functions using Monte Carlo random statistical distribution of these polyhedra entities demonstrated tile reproducibility of the experimentally calculated atomic distribution function. As a result, several possible "structural parameters" are proposed such as: the number of nearest neighbors, the metal-to-metal distance, the degree of short-range order and the affinity between metal-metal and metal-metalloid. It is shown that the degree of disorder increases from Ni to Mn. Similar behavior is observed with increase in the phosphorus concentration.

The magnetic properties of Pd-Co-P alloys show that they are ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature between 272 and 399°K as the cobalt concentration increases from 15 to 50 at.%. Below 20 at.% Co the short-range exchange interactions which produce the ferromagnetism are unable to establish a long-range magnetic order and a peak in the magnetization shows up at the lowest temperature range . The electric resistivity measurements were performed from liquid helium temperatures up to the vicinity of the melting point (900°K). The thermomagnetic analysis was carried out under an applied field of 6.0 kOe. The electrical resistivity of Pd-Co-P shows the coexistence of a Kondo-like minimum with ferromagnetism. The minimum becomes less important as the transition metal concentration increases and the coefficients of ℓn T and T^2 become smaller and strongly temperature dependent. The negative magnetoresistivity is a strong indication of the existence of localized moment.

The temperature coefficient of resistivity which is positive for Pd- Fe-P, Pd-Ni-P, and Pd-Co-P becomes negative for Pd-Mn-P. It is possible to account for the negative temperature dependence by the localized spin fluctuation model and the high density of states at the Fermi energy which becomes maximum between Mn and Cr. The magnetization curves for Pd-Mn-P are typical of those resulting from the interplay of different exchange forces. The established relationship between susceptibility and resistivity confirms the localized spin fluctuation model. The magnetoresistivity of Pd-Mn-P could be interpreted in tenns of a short-range magnetic ordering that could arise from the Rudennan-Kittel type interactions.

Structure and properties of an amorphous ferromagnetic alloy

The structure and the electrical and magnetic properties of an amorphous alloy containing approximately 80 at .% iron, 13 at.% phos phorus and 7 at.% carbon (Fe_(80)Fe_(13)C_7) obtained by rapid quenching from the liquid state have been studied. Transmission electron diffraction data confirm the amorphous nature of this alloy. An analysis of the radial distribution function obtained from X-ray diffraction data indicates that the number of nearest neighbors is approximately seven, at a distance of 2.6A. The structure of the alloy can be related to that of silicate glasses and is based on a random arrangement of trigonal prisms of Fe_2P and Fe_3C types in which the iron atoms have an average ligancy of seven. Electrical resistance measurements show that the alloys are metallic. A minimum in the electrical resistivity vs. temperature curve is observed between 10° K to 50° K depending on the specimen, and the temperature at which the minimum occurs is related to the degree of local ordering. The Fe-P-C amorphous alloys are ferromagnetic. The Curie temperature measured by the induction method and by Mossbauer spectroscopy is 315° C. The field dependence of the magneto-resistance at temperatures from liquid helium to room temperature is similar to that found in crystalline iron. The ordinary Hall coefficient is approximately 10^(-11) volt-cm/amp-G. The spontaneous Hall coefficient is about 0.6 x 10^(-9) volt-cm/amp-G and is practically independent of temperature from liquid helium temperature up to 300° c.

Observations of 1-6 MeV Jovian electrons at 1 AU and a study of their propagation

The 1-6 MeV electron flux at 1 AU has been measured for the time period October 1972 to December 1977 by the Caltech Electron/Isotope Spectrometers on the IMP-7 and IMP-8 satellites. The non-solar interplanetary electron flux reported here covered parts of five synodic periods. The 88 Jovian increases identified in these five synodic periods were classified by their time profiles. The fall time profiles were consistent with an exponential fall with τ ≈ 4-9 days. The rise time profiles displayed a systematic variation over the synodic period. Exponential rise time profiles with τ ≈ 1-3 days tended to occur in the time period before nominal connection, diffusive profiles predicted by the convection-diffusion model around nominal connection, and abrupt profiles after nominal connection.

The times of enhancements in the magnetic field, │B│, at 1 AU showed a better correlation than corotating interaction regions (CIR's) with Jovian increases and other changes in the electron flux at 1 AU, suggesting that │B│ enhancements indicate the times that barriers to electron propagation pass Earth. Time sequences of the increases and decreases in the electron flux at 1 AU were qualitatively modeled by using the times that CIR's passed Jupiter and the times that │B│ enhancements passed Earth.

The electron data observed at 1 AU were modeled by using a convection-diffusion model of Jovian electron propagation. The synodic envelope formed by the maxima of the Jovian increases was modeled by the envelope formed by the predicted intensities at a time less than that needed to reach equilibrium. Even though the envelope shape calculated in this way was similar to the observed envelope, the required diffusion coefficients were not consistent with a diffusive process.

Three Jovian electron increases at 1 AU for the 1974 synodic period were fit with rise time profiles calculated from the convection-diffusion model. For the fits without an ambient electron background flux, the values for the diffusion coefficients that were consistent with the data were k_x = 1.0 - 2.5 x 10²¹ cm²/sec and k_y = 1.6 - 2.0 x 10²² cm²/sec. For the fits that included the ambient electron background flux, the values for the diffusion coefficients that were consistent with the data were k_x = 0.4 - 1.0 x 10²¹ cm²/sec and k_y = 0.8 - 1.3 x 10²² cm²/sec.

Stopping power of gases for heavy ions

Pulse-height and time-of-flight methods have been used to measure the electronic stopping cross sections for projectiles of ¹²C, ¹⁶O, ¹⁹F, ²³Na, ²⁴Mg, and ²⁷Al, slowing in helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. The ion energies were in the range 185 keV ≤ E ≤ 2560 keV.

A semiempirical calculation of the electronic stopping cross section for projectiles with atomic numbers between 6 and 13 passing through the inert gases has been performed using a modification of the Firsov model. Using Hartree-Slater-Fock orbitals, and summing over the losses for the individual charge states of the projectiles, good agreement has been obtained with the experimental data. The main features of the stopping cross section seen in the data, such as the Z₁ oscillation and the variation of the velocity dependence on Z₁ and Z₂, are present in the calculation. The inclusion of a modified form of the Bethe-Bloch formula as an additional term allows the increase of the velocity dependence for projectile velocities above v_o to be reproduced in the calculation.

On the nutrition of the predatory cladocerans Leptodora and Bythotrephes. [Translation of: Byulleten' Institute Biologii Vodokhranilishch 6, pp. 21-22, 1960]

Results of the investigation on certain problems of the nutrition of Leptodora and Bythotrephes in Rybinsk Reservoir (Russia) are reviewed. To clarify the composition of the food of Leptodora and Bythotrephes in this period, experiments were provided on their nutrition by cyclopids and rotifers.

On the structure of the seminal receptacle in cyclopids (Copepoda, Cyclopoida). [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod (6) 26-31, 1970.]

The seminal bag, or seminal receptacle, forms a characteristic organ of cyclopids, serving for retention of the sperms discharged from the spermatophores. The structure of the seminal receptacle, more precisely its form, is fairly widely used in diagnosis and undoubtedly can be more widely applied in the systematics of the group. Within the limits of the family Cyclopidae it is possible to distinguish crustaceans with three basic types of seminal bag. The differences consist of the position which this organ occupies in the genital segment. of one species, we carried out a series of observations on its formation in ontogenesis and during the life of the adult stage. As material for observation the study used laboratory cultures of three species; Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) from the plankton of the Moscow River, Cyclops vicinus Uljan and Mesocyclops leuckarti Glaus from the plankton of the channel section of the upper part of the Gorkovsk reservoir. The author concluded that the irreversibility of the changes in the seminal receptacle presents the possibility of utilising this structure as one of the indicators of the growth of the individual.

Activity of perch, Perca fluviatilis L. in relation to water temperature [Translation from: Kalamies 1973(6) 4.]

Catchability and activity of Perca fluviatilis in relation to temperature is examined. The number of fish caught and water temperature during the 3 summer months was used the assess the numbers of hours of activity of perch. Parallel to the research on activity, large-scale marking was carried out to establish the periods of growth during the year.

Reaction of fish to light (”Conclusions” only). [Translation from: Voprosy Ikhtiologii 6 17-20, 1956]

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the reaction of certain fish to light were tested and reasons for the attraction of certain fish to light are discussed.

Efeitos da associação da ovariectomia com uma dieta hiperlipídica sobre alterações no metabolismo lipídico, remodelamento e redistribuição do tecido adiposo e sobre os marcadores inflamatórios em camundongas C57BL/6

A menopausa está associada a algumas alterações metabólicas como a obesidade, dislipidemia e inflamação, entre outras anomalias presentes na síndrome metabólica humana. Uma dieta hiperlipídica ou high-fat (HF) associada à menopausa piora tais alterações, aumentando ainda mais o risco de doença cardiovascular. A hipótese de que uma dieta HF agrava as complicações relacionadas à ovariectomia foi testada. Foram avaliadas fêmeas C57BL/6 ovariectomizadas (OVX) ou com operação SHAM e alimentados com ração padrão ou Standard Chow (SC, 10% de gordura) ou uma dieta HF (60% de gordura) por 18 semanas. A eficiência alimentar (EA), massa corporal (MC), distribuição regional das massas de gordura e a morfometria dos adipócitos foram estudados. As análises de sangue (colesterol total, CT, triglicerídeos, TG, citocinas e adipocinas) foram realizadas. Camundongas OVX-HF apresentaram maior EA e maior MC do que os demais grupos (P<0,05). A gordura visceral (ovariana e retroperitoneal) e a gordura subcutânea (gordura inguinal) tiveram o mesmo padrão de distribuição entre os grupos SHAM-SC, SHAM-HF e OVX-SC, mas o grupo OVX-HF apresentou um padrão diferente de acúmulo de gordura - muito maior do que no rupo SHAM-SC. A associação da ovariectomia com a dieta HF aumentou significativamente o diâmetro dos adipócitos dos animais OVX-HF em comparação aos SHAM-HF (P<0,0001) e também agravou a elevação dos níveis de CT, TG e de leptina nas camundongas OVX-HF, em relação aos OVX-SC (P<0,0001). Os níveis de adiponectina foram maiores nas camundongas OVX-SC comparados com as das camundongas SHAM-SC e OVX-HF (P<0,001). A associação da ovariectomia com a dieta HF agravou o aumento dos níveis séricos de leptina em camundongas OVX-HF, em relação aos OVX-SC (P<0,005). TNF-alfa não foi diferente entre os grupos, mas a IL-6 foi significativamente maior nas camundongas OVX-HF comparados a ambos os grupos SHAM-HF e OVX-SC (P<0,0001). Concluindo, a ingestão de uma dieta hiperlipídica por camundongas ovariectomizadas, leva ao aumento do acúmulo e redistribuição inadequada de gordura, à piora dos níveis de citocinas e adipocinas, assim como à desordem metabólica, o que aumenta os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares.

Neutron-neutron scattering parameters from the ^3He(d,t)2p and ^3H(d,^3He)2n reactions

The energy spectra of tritons and Helium-3 nuclei from the reactions ³He(d,t)2p, ³H(d,³He)2n, ³He(d,³He)pn, and ³H(d,t)pn were measured between 6° and 20° at a bombarding energy of 10.9 MeV. An upper limit of 5 μb/sr. was obtained for producing a bound di-neutron at 6° and 7.5°. The ³He(d,t)2p and ³H(d,³He)2n data, together with previous measurements at higher energies, have been used to investigate whether one can unambiguously extract information on the two-nucleon system from these three-body final state reactions. As an aid to these theoretical investigations, Born approximation calculations were made employing realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials and an antisymmetrized final state wave function for the five-particle system. These calculations reproduce many of the features observed in the experimental data and indicate that the role of exchange processes cannot be ignored. The results show that previous attempts to obtain information on the neutron-neutron scattering length from the ³H(d,³He)2n reaction may have seriously overestimated the precision that could be attained.

Tenacificação em Nanocompósitos de Poliamida 6 e Argila

Nanocompósitos de poliamida 6 (PA6) e montmorilonita modificada com sal de amônio quaternário têm sido estudados, visando melhorar as propriedades térmicas e mecânicas. De fato os efeitos da nano-escala e da interação carga-matriz resultam em maior módulo de elasticidade e resistência à tração, porém a deformação é reduzida. Assim, nesse trabalho, optou-se por adicionar elastômeros, terpolímero de etileno-propileno-dieno (EPDM) e terpolímero de etileno-propileno-dieno modificado com anidrido maleico (EPDM-MA), ao sistema PA 6/argila organofílica para recuperar os valores de deformação. Foi utilizada montmorilonita modificada com cloreto de dimetildioctadecil amônio. A intercalação por fusão foi realizada em câmara interna de mistura. Além das propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e reológicas, foram investigadas as modificações na cristalinidade da fase PA-6 em função da adição da argila modificada, EPDM e EPDM-MA, detectando-se as variações no grau de cristalinidade e nas temperaturas de fusão e cristalização. Os difratogramas de raios-x revelaram ocorrência de intercalação/esfoliação e também modificação da forma cristalina da PA 6, indicando a formação do cristal gama

Agonistas PPAR (Rosiglitazona, Bezafibrato e Fenofibrato) e alterações bioquímicas e estruturais em órgãos-alvo de camundongos C57BL/6 alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica rica em sacarose

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar o efeito de medicamentos com diferentes ações agonista PPAR (rosiglitazona, fenofibrato e bezafibrato) sobre o perfil lipídico, glicídico e alterações na massa corporal e morfologia do tecido adiposo e pancreático em modelo de diabetes e sobrepeso induzido por dieta. Camundongos C57BL/6 (2 meses de idade) foram alimentados com dieta padrão (SC, n=10) ou dieta hiperlipídica rica em sacarose (HFHS, n=40) por 6 semanas. Logo após, os animais HFHS foram subdividos em: HFHS não tratado e HFHS tratado com rosiglitazona (HFHS-Ro), fenofibrato (HFHS-Fe) ou bezafibrato (HFHS-Bz) (5 semanas). Os camundongos alimentados com dieta HFHS apresentaram maior glicemia e insulina de jejum (+33% e +138%, respectivamente), intolerância à glicose, resistência à insulina, aumento da massa corporal (MC) (+20%) e adiposidade, hipertrofia de adipócitos e redução da imunocoloração para adiponectina no tecido adiposo. No pâncreas houve aumento da massa (+28%), acúmulo de gordura (+700%), hipertrofia da ilhota (+38%) e redução da imunocoloração para GLUT-2 (-60%). A rosiglitazona diminuiu a glicemia e insulina de jejum, porém induziu o ganho de MC e hipertrofia cardíaca. O fenofibrato estabilizou a MC, enquanto o bezafibrato levou a perda de MC. Apenas o bezafibrato impediu a hipertrofia da ilhota. A imunocoloração para GLUT-2 foi aumentada por todos os medicamentos, e não houve alterações na imunocoloração para o PPARα. Sinais morfológicos de pancreatite foram vistos no grupo HFHS-Fe, apesar dos níveis normais de amilase e lipase séricos. A rosiglitazona exacerbou a infiltração intrapancreática de gordura (+75% vs. HFHS), e o bezafibrato aumento a imunocoloração para o PPAR^6;/δ nas ilhotas pancreáticas. Em conclusão, o bezafibrato apresentou um efeito mais amplo sobre as alterações metabólicas, morfológicas e biométricas decorrentes da dieta HFHS, sugerindo que a inibição das três isoformas do PPAR seria melhor do que a inibição de apenas uma isoforma. A rosiglitazona exacerbou o ganho de MC, a infiltração de gordura no pâncreas e induziu hipertrofia cardíaca, assim, é necessário cautela ao prescrever este medicamento a um paciente obeso.

The reduced-alpha-width of the lowest 1¯ state of ^(16)O

Cross sections for the reaction ¹²C(α,γ)¹⁶O have been measured for a range of center-of-mass alpha particle energies extending from 1.72 MeV to 2.94 MeV. Two 8"x5" NaI (Tℓ) crystals were used to detect gamma rays; time-of-flight technique was employed to suppress cosmic ray background and background due to neutrons arising mainly from the ¹³C(α,n)¹⁶O reaction. Angular distributions were measured at center-of-mass alpha energies of 2.18, 2.42, 2.56 and 2.83 MeV. Upper limits were placed on the amount of radiation cascading through the 6.92 or 7.12-MeV states in ¹⁶O. By means of theoretical fits to the measured electric dipole component of the total cross section, in which interference between the 1¯ states in ¹⁶O at 7.12 MeV and at 9.60 MeV is taken into account, it is possible to extract the dimensionless, reduced-alpha-width of the 7.12-MeV state in ¹⁶O. A three-level R-matrix parameterization of the data yields the width Θ_α,F² = 0.14^+0.10_-0.08. A "hybrid" R-matrix-optical-model parameterization yields Θ_α,F² = 0.11^+0.11_-0.07. This quantity is of crucial importance in determining the abundances of ¹²C and ¹⁶O at the end of helium burning in stars.