978 resultados para H 323 D323d
Resumo:
本文利用同工酶分析技术测定北京市东灵山区两个辽东栎(Quercus Liaotungensis Koidz)群体的遗传结构。共分析统计了13个酶系统的30位点。结果表明:辽东栎群体具有较高的遗传变异水平,两个小群体的平均多态位点百分率达86. 6%,等位基因平均数为2.25,平均期望杂合度为0.311。固定指数为负值(-0.138)表明群体中杂合体过量。小群体间的分化程度不高,两个小群体间的遗传距离为0.037。同工酶测定的总变异中,5.8%来自小群体间,其余(94.2%)来自小群体内。和具有相似生活特征的其它种类乔木相比,每代迁移率估计值(4.20)偏低。
Resumo:
Triennial bottom trawl survey data from 1984 to 1996 were used to evaluate changes in the summer distribution of walleye pollock in the western and central Gulf of Alaska. Differences between several age groups of pollock were evaluated. Distribution was examined in relation to several physical characteristics, including bottom depth and distance from land. Interspecies associations were also analyzed with the Bray-Curtis clustering technique to better understand community structure. Our results indicated that although the population numbers decreased, high concentrations of pollock remained in the same areas during 1984–96. However, there was an increase in the number of stations where low-density pollock concentrations of all ages were observed, which resulted in a decrease in mean population density of pollock within the GOA region. Patterns emerging from our data suggested an alternative to Mac-Call’s “basin hypothesis” which states that as population numbers decrease, there should be a contraction of the population range to optimal habitats. During 1984–96 there was a concurrent precipitous decline in Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska. The results of our study suggest that decreases in the mean density of adult pollock, the main food in the Steller sea lion diet, combined with slight changes in the distribution of pollock (age-1 pollock in particular) in the mid-1980s, may have contributed to decreased foraging efficiency in Steller sea lions. Our results support the prevailing conceptual model for pollock ontogeny, although there is evidence that substantial spawning may also occur outside of Shelikof Strait.
Resumo:
EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): A 323-meter (about 800,000 year) core of lake deposits beneath Owens Lake playa, Inyo County, California, contains a nearly continuous paleolimnological record based on diatom assemblages. ... Throughout most of its history, Owens Lake was characterized by freshwater diatoms, indicating a positive hydrologic input from the Owens River and overflow to lake systems downstream.
Resumo:
预测下世纪中叶,大气CO_2浓度将高到目前的两倍(即达到700μ1•1~(-1))。CO_2倍增对植物地上部的影响已经有了较多的研究,胆是由于方法学上的困难,至今关于倍增CO_2对植物根及根区微生物的研究仍是非常匮乏。本文应用国际上最新的根研究方法,以根系为中心,研究开顶式CO_2C熏蒸培养室中,CO_2倍增条件下根系与地上部,根系与根区微生物[共生的泡囊-丛枝菌根(VAM)真菌,非共生的土壤微生物]的关系。 1. CO_2倍增对根系的影响目前CO_2倍增对根系影响的研究多集中在根生物量的测定,或根/冠比值的测定,而善于其它参数如根长度则很少涉及,而根表面的反应目前还未见文献报道。本实验以幼苗期小麦“青323”(Triticum aestivum)、水稻“中作 29”(Oryza sativa)、大豆“科农4号”(Glycine max)、玉米“农大3138”(Zea mays)、甜高粱“M-81E”(Sorghum saccharatum)为材料,研究CO_2倍增对植物生物量的影响,发现CO_2倍增使C_3植物水稻、大豆的地上部、根系干重均显著增加,使小麦的根系干重显著增加,地上部无显著差异;C_4植物玉米和甜高粱的地上部和根系均没有显著反应。植物干重反应资料表明在光合产物的分配方面,C_3和C_4植物之间存在巨大的差异。 为了解根系获取土壤资源的能力的变化,我们对根系总长度和总表面积进行了分析。用样格交叉法研究根系长度的变化,结果显示,幼苗期的小麦、大豆的根系长度均被显著促进,尤其值得注意的是,尽管玉米根系干重没有显著改变,但是根长度已发生显著变化。同时应用研究根系表面积的最新方法-Na NO_2吸附法,研究发现幼苗期小麦、水稻和大豆的根系表面积在CO_2倍增条件下均显著增加,C_4植物玉米的根表面积亦有显著增加,但甜高粱的根表面积却没有显著反应,这说明即使在C_4植物类型中,根系表面积的反应在不同物种间仍存在很大差异。由于根长度和根表面积增幅大于根干重的增幅,所以推断在CO_2倍增条件下,植物根系细根比例增加,这有利于植物获取更多的养分。由于不同植物之间根系的反应不同,这将改变群落中原有的根系竞争关系,从而影响群落中物种的组成。 2. CO_2倍增对VAM真菌侵染强度和活力的影响本文应用NBT染色法,并结合浸染强度等级和活力等级标准,首次对CO_2倍增条件下,植物VAM真菌的侵染强度和活力的变化进行了检测。对比常规的酸性品红乳酸甘油法和NBT法,发现两者在显示侵染强度时元显著差异,但后者能同时用于侵染活力等级的研究。对幼苗期大豆以及不同生长期的小麦和玉米根系VAM真菌的侵染强度和活力进行观测,结果显示,倍增CO_2对大豆的侵染强度和活力均没有显著效应;使幼苗期玉米的侵染强度显著增加,但侵染活力无显著差异,但随生长期的推移,侵染强度所受的CO_2倍增效应逐渐减小,与14天苗龄(DAP)和35DAP相比,侵染活力在22DAP时所受效应最大;使10DAP小麦的VAM侵染强度和活力均显著增加,而且这种效应在30DAP小麦中的表现与10DAP小麦的相同。说明C_3、C_4植物中,菌根真菌对CO_2倍增反应不同,这也许是C_3、C_4植物对CO_2倍增反应不同的原因之一。倍增CO_2改善了VAM真菌的发育,所以较之于非菌根侵染植物,菌根侵染植物将因为CO_2倍增而获益更多,另一方面不同种植物中,VAM真菌的发育反应不同,这将使植物群落中,根系获取无机营养的竞争能力发生变化,最终影响植物群落的物种丰度和生物多样性以及群落的演替。 3. CO_2倍增对非共生土壤微生物的影响CO_2倍增使生长70天的小麦、垂柳(Salix babylonica)、藜(Chenopodium album)、繁穗苋(Amaranthus cruentus)品种“红苋K112”的地上部和根系的生物量增加。以这些植物所在土壤为材料,用氯仿熏蒸直接提取法研究土壤微生物生物量C(C_(mic))和生物量N(N_(mic))的变化,发现CO_2倍增尽管使各类型植物的C_4植物)土壤中C_(mic)的变化趋势不完全相同(小麦和藜所在土壤的C_(mic)下降,垂柳中C_(mic)升高,而在繁穗苋中无显著差异),但N_(mic)在各物种所在土壤中均有不同程度的上升,在繁穗苋中增幅最大。C_(mic):N_(mic)比值在4个物种所在土壤中均明显下降,这意味着CO_2倍增后在植物生长后期,土壤微生物活性提高,分解植物凋落物和土壤中其它有机质的能力加强,从而改善贫瘠土壤中有机质质量。 4.CO_2倍增对植物呼吸和光合作用及C素积累的影响 1)CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响:以杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和玉米等10种植物的离体成熟叶片或整株为材料,研究不同测定温度(15~35 ℃)下,CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响。结果表明:在较低温度(15 ℃、20 ℃)下,CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸没有显著效应;在较高温度(30 ℃、35 ℃)时,多数被测植物的暗呼吸显著增强。由于植物在不同温度时它们的暗咱吸受CO_2倍增的促进幅度不同,这将导致不同地区(环境温度不同)的植物暗呼吸反应有差异,而且由于不同物种的暗呼吸增幅不同,综合光合效应,它们的生物量的反应也会不同。 2)CO_2倍增对整株植物的CO_2气体交换及植物C素积累的影响:利用自行设计的一套CO_2气体测定装置,首次尝试同步测定CO_2倍增条件下幼苗期小麦地下部和地上部的气体交换在昼夜24小时内的变化及C素的积累。发现CO_2倍增不仅使小麦地上部C素的积累增加,也使地下部释放的C素增加,但整株植物的C素收入仍高于对照两倍多,这从植物与环境的CO_2气体交换角度为CO_2倍增促进植物生物量的增加提供了依据。并首次提出:植物的整体性及植物所在的环境条件(主要是温度和光照强度)决定着植物暗呼吸对CO_2倍增的响应方式:被抑制或无效应。
Resumo:
The use of variable-width features (prosodics, broad structural information etc.) in large vocabulary speech recognition systems is discussed. Although the value of this sort of information has been recognized in the past, previous approaches have not been widely used in speech systems because either they have not been robust enough for realistic, large vocabulary tasks or they have been limited to certain recognizer architectures. A framework for the use of variable-width features is presented which employs the N-Best algorithm with the features being applied in a post-processing phase. The framework is flexible and widely applicable, giving greater scope for exploitation of the features than previous approaches. Large vocabulary speech recognition experiments using TIMIT show that the application of variable-width features has potential benefits.