MVP and Vaults: a role in the radiation response

[EN] Vaults are evolutionary highly conserved ribonucleoproteins particles with a hollow barrel-like structure. The main component of vaults represents the 110 kDa major vault protein (MVP), whereas two minor vaults proteins comprise the 193 kDa vault poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (vPARP) and the 240 kDa telomerase-associated protein-1 (TEP-1). Additionally, at least one small and untranslated RNA is found as a constitutive component. MVP seems to play an important role in the development of multidrug resistance. This particle has also been implicated in the regulation of several cellular processes including transport mechanisms, signal transmission and immune responses. Vaults are considered a prognostic marker for different cancer types. The level of MVP expression predicts the clinical outcome after chemotherapy in different tumour types. Recently, new roles have been assigned to MVP and vaults including the association with the insulin-like growth factor-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, and the two major DNA double-strand break repair machineries: non-homologous endjoining and homologous recombination. Furthermore, MVP has been proposed as a useful prognostic factor associated with radiotherapy resistance. Here, we review these novel actions of vaults and discuss a putative role of MVP and vaults in the response to radiotherapy.

RNA Interference and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) regulation in colon cancer cells

Despite new methods and combined strategies, conventional cancer chemotherapy still lacks specificity and induces drug resistance. Gene therapy can offer the potential to obtain the success in the clinical treatment of cancer and this can be achieved by replacing mutated tumour suppressor genes, inhibiting gene transcription, introducing new genes encoding for therapeutic products, or specifically silencing any given target gene. Concerning gene silencing, attention has recently shifted onto the RNA interference (RNAi) phenomenon. Gene silencing mediated by RNAi machinery is based on short RNA molecules, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), that are fully o partially homologous to the mRNA of the genes being silenced, respectively. On one hand, synthetic siRNAs appear as an important research tool to understand the function of a gene and the prospect of using siRNAs as potent and specific inhibitors of any target gene provides a new therapeutical approach for many untreatable diseases, particularly cancer. On the other hand, the discovery of the gene regulatory pathways mediated by miRNAs, offered to the research community new important perspectives for the comprehension of the physiological and, above all, the pathological mechanisms underlying the gene regulation. Indeed, changes in miRNAs expression have been identified in several types of neoplasia and it has also been proposed that the overexpression of genes in cancer cells may be due to the disruption of a control network in which relevant miRNA are implicated. For these reasons, I focused my research on a possible link between RNAi and the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the field of colorectal cancer (CRC), since it has been established that the transition adenoma-adenocarcinoma and the progression of CRC depend on aberrant constitutive expression of COX-2 gene. In fact, overexpressed COX-2 is involved in the block of apoptosis, the stimulation of tumor-angiogenesis and promotes cell invasion, tumour growth and metastatization. On the basis of data reported in the literature, the first aim of my research was to develop an innovative and effective tool, based on the RNAi mechanism, able to silence strongly and specifically COX-2 expression in human colorectal cancer cell lines. In this study, I firstly show that an siRNA sequence directed against COX-2 mRNA (siCOX-2), potently downregulated COX-2 gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and inhibited PMA-induced angiogenesis in vitro in a specific, non-toxic manner. Moreover, I found that the insertion of a specific cassette carrying anti-COX-2 shRNA sequence (shCOX-2, the precursor of siCOX-2 previously tested) into a viral vector (pSUPER.retro) greatly increased silencing potency in a colon cancer cell line (HT-29) without activating any interferon response. Phenotypically, COX-2 deficient HT-29 cells showed a significant impairment of their in vitro malignant behaviour. Thus, results reported here indicate an easy-to-use, powerful and high selective virus-based method to knockdown COX-2 gene in a stable and long-lasting manner, in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, they open up the possibility of an in vivo application of this anti-COX-2 retroviral vector, as therapeutic agent for human cancers overexpressing COX-2. In order to improve the tumour selectivity, pSUPER.retro vector was modified for the shCOX-2 expression cassette. The aim was to obtain a strong, specific transcription of shCOX-2 followed by COX-2 silencing mediated by siCOX-2 only in cancer cells. For this reason, H1 promoter in basic pSUPER.retro vector [pS(H1)] was substituted with the human Cox-2 promoter [pS(COX2)] and with a promoter containing repeated copies of the TCF binding element (TBE) [pS(TBE)]. These promoters were choosen because they are partculary activated in colon cancer cells. COX-2 was effectively silenced in HT-29 and HCA-7 colon cancer cells by using enhanced pS(COX2) and pS(TBE) vectors. In particular, an higher siCOX-2 production followed by a stronger inhibition of Cox-2 gene were achieved by using pS(TBE) vector, that represents not only the most effective, but also the most specific system to downregulate COX-2 in colon cancer cells. Because of the many limits that a retroviral therapy could have in a possible in vivo treatment of CRC, the next goal was to render the enhanced RNAi-mediate COX-2 silencing more suitable for this kind of application. Xiang and et al. (2006) demonstrated that it is possible to induce RNAi in mammalian cells after infection with engineered E. Coli strains expressing Inv and HlyA genes, which encode for two bacterial factors needed for successful transfer of shRNA in mammalian cells. This system, called “trans-kingdom” RNAi (tkRNAi) could represent an optimal approach for the treatment of colorectal cancer, since E. Coli in normally resident in human intestinal flora and could easily vehicled to the tumor tissue. For this reason, I tested the improved COX-2 silencing mediated by pS(COX2) and pS(TBE) vectors by using tkRNAi system. Results obtained in HT-29 and HCA-7 cell lines were in high agreement with data previously collected after the transfection of pS(COX2) and pS(TBE) vectors in the same cell lines. These findings suggest that tkRNAi system for COX-2 silencing, in particular mediated by pS(TBE) vector, could represent a promising tool for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Flanking the studies addressed to the setting-up of a RNAi-mediated therapeutical strategy, I proposed to get ahead with the comprehension of new molecular basis of human colorectal cancer. In particular, it is known that components of the miRNA/RNAi pathway may be altered during the progressive development of colorectal cancer (CRC), and it has been already demonstrated that some miRNAs work as tumor suppressors or oncomiRs in colon cancer. Thus, my hypothesis was that overexpressed COX-2 protein in colon cancer could be the result of decreased levels of one or more tumor suppressor miRNAs. In this thesis, I clearly show an inverse correlation between COX-2 expression and the human miR- 101(1) levels in colon cancer cell lines, tissues and metastases. I also demonstrate that the in vitro modulating of miR-101(1) expression in colon cancer cell lines leads to significant variations in COX-2 expression, and this phenomenon is based on a direct interaction between miR-101(1) and COX-2 mRNA. Moreover, I started to investigate miR-101(1) regulation in the hypoxic environment since adaptation to hypoxia is critical for tumor cell growth and survival and it is known that COX-2 can be induced directly by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Surprisingly, I observed that COX-2 overexpression induced by hypoxia is always coupled to a significant decrease of miR-101(1) levels in colon cancer cell lines, suggesting that miR-101(1) regulation could be involved in the adaption of cancer cells to the hypoxic environment that strongly characterize CRC tissues.

Transcriptional regulation of human mu-opioid receptor gene: functional characterization of activating and inhibitory transcription factors

The organization of the nervous and immune systems is characterized by obvious differences and striking parallels. Both systems need to relay information across very short and very long distances. The nervous system communicates over both long and short ranges primarily by means of more or less hardwired intercellular connections, consisting of axons, dendrites, and synapses. Longrange communication in the immune system occurs mainly via the ordered and guided migration of immune cells and systemically acting soluble factors such as antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines. Its short-range communication either is mediated by locally acting soluble factors or transpires during direct cell–cell contact across specialized areas called “immunological synapses” (Kirschensteiner et al., 2003). These parallels in intercellular communication are complemented by a complex array of factors that induce cell growth and differentiation: these factors in the immune system are called cytokines; in the nervous system, they are called neurotrophic factors. Neither the cytokines nor the neurotrophic factors appear to be completely exclusive to either system (Neumann et al., 2002). In particular, mounting evidence indicates that some of the most potent members of the neurotrophin family, for example, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), act on or are produced by immune cells (Kerschensteiner et al., 1999) There are, however, other neurotrophic factors, for example the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), that can behave similarly (Kermer et al., 2000). These factors may allow the two systems to “cross-talk” and eventually may provide a molecular explanation for the reports that inflammation after central nervous system (CNS) injury has beneficial effects (Moalem et al., 1999). In order to shed some more light on such a cross-talk, therefore, transcription factors modulating mu-opioid receptor (MOPr) expression in neurons and immune cells are here investigated. More precisely, I focused my attention on IGF-I modulation of MOPr in neurons and T-cell receptor induction of MOPr expression in T-lymphocytes. Three different opioid receptors [mu (MOPr), delta (DOPr), and kappa (KOPr)] belonging to the G-protein coupled receptor super-family have been cloned. They are activated by structurallyrelated exogenous opioids or endogenous opioid peptides, and contribute to the regulation of several functions including pain transmission, respiration, cardiac and gastrointestinal functions, and immune response (Zollner and Stein 2007). MOPr is expressed mainly in the central nervous system where it regulates morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and dependence (Mayer and Hollt 2006). Recently, induction of MOPr expression in different immune cells induced by cytokines has been reported (Kraus et al., 2001; Kraus et al., 2003). The human mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) promoter is of the TATA-less type and has clusters of potential binding sites for different transcription factors (Law et al. 2004). Several studies, primarily focused on the upstream region of the OPRM1 promoter, have investigated transcriptional regulation of MOPr expression. Presently, however, it is still not completely clear how positive and negative transcription regulators cooperatively coordinate cellor tissue-specific transcription of the OPRM1 gene, and how specific growth factors influence its expression. IGF-I and its receptors are widely distributed throughout the nervous system during development, and their involvement in neurogenesis has been extensively investigated (Arsenijevic et al. 1998; van Golen and Feldman 2000). As previously mentioned, such neurotrophic factors can be also produced and/or act on immune cells (Kerschenseteiner et al., 2003). Most of the physiologic effects of IGF-I are mediated by the type I IGF surface receptor which, after ligand binding-induced autophosphorylation, associates with specific adaptor proteins and activates different second messengers (Bondy and Cheng 2004). These include: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (Vincent and Feldman 2002; Di Toro et al. 2005) and members of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 signalling pathway (Zong et al. 2000; Yadav et al. 2005). REST plays a complex role in neuronal cells by differentially repressing target gene expression (Lunyak et al. 2004; Coulson 2005; Ballas and Mandel 2005). REST expression decreases during neurogenesis, but has been detected in the adult rat brain (Palm et al. 1998) and is up-regulated in response to global ischemia (Calderone et al. 2003) and induction of epilepsy (Spencer et al. 2006). Thus, the REST concentration seems to influence its function and the expression of neuronal genes, and may have different effects in embryonic and differentiated neurons (Su et al. 2004; Sun et al. 2005). In a previous study, REST was elevated during the early stages of neural induction by IGF-I in neuroblastoma cells. REST may contribute to the down-regulation of genes not yet required by the differentiation program, but its expression decreases after five days of treatment to allow for the acquisition of neural phenotypes. Di Toro et al. proposed a model in which the extent of neurite outgrowth in differentiating neuroblastoma cells was affected by the disappearance of REST (Di Toro et al. 2005). The human mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) promoter contains a DNA sequence binding the repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) that is implicated in transcriptional repression. Therefore, in the fist part of this thesis, I investigated whether insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which affects various aspects of neuronal induction and maturation, regulates OPRM1 transcription in neuronal cells in the context of the potential influence of REST. A series of OPRM1-luciferase promoter/reporter constructs were transfected into two neuronal cell models, neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cells and PC12 cells. In the former, endogenous levels of human mu-opioid receptor (hMOPr) mRNA were evaluated by real-time PCR. IGF-I upregulated OPRM1 transcription in: PC12 cells lacking REST, in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with constructs deficient in the REST DNA binding element, or when REST was down-regulated in retinoic acid-differentiated cells. IGF-I activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling pathway and this transcription factor, binding to the STAT1/3 DNA element located in the promoter, increases OPRM1 transcription. T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes peptide antigens displayed in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and gives rise to a potent as well as branched intracellular signalling that convert naïve T-cells in mature effectors, thus significantly contributing to the genesis of a specific immune response. In the second part of my work I exposed wild type Jurkat CD4+ T-cells to a mixture of CD3 and CD28 antigens in order to fully activate TCR and study whether its signalling influence OPRM1 expression. Results were that TCR engagement determined a significant induction of OPRM1 expression through the activation of transcription factors AP-1, NF-kB and NFAT. Eventually, I investigated MOPr turnover once it has been expressed on T-cells outer membrane. It turned out that DAMGO induced MOPr internalisation and recycling, whereas morphine did not. Overall, from the data collected in this thesis we can conclude that that a reduction in REST is a critical switch enabling IGF-I to up-regulate human MOPr, helping these findings clarify how human MOPr expression is regulated in neuronal cells, and that TCR engagement up-regulates OPRM1 transcription in T-cells. My results that neurotrophic factors a and TCR engagement, as well as it is reported for cytokines, seem to up-regulate OPRM1 in both neurons and immune cells suggest an important role for MOPr as a molecular bridge between neurons and immune cells; therefore, MOPr could play a key role in the cross-talk between immune system and nervous system and in particular in the balance between pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive stimuli and analgesic and neuroprotective effects.

Aumento della risoluzione spaziale per il sondaggio di temperatura e umidità da satellite geostazionario mediante radiometria ad onde millimetriche e submillimetriche

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate techniques that improve the spatial resolution of the channels already selected in the preliminary studies for Geostationary Observatory for Microwave Atmospheric Soundings (GOMAS). Reference high resolution multifrequency brightness temperatures scenarios have been derived by applying radiative transfer calculation to the spatially and microphysically detailed output of meteorological events simulated by the University of Wisconsin - Non-hydrostatic Model System (UW-NMS). Three approaches, Wiener filter, Super-Resolution and Image Fusion have been applied to some representative GOMAS frequency channels to enhance the resolution of antenna temperatures. The Wiener filter improved resolution of the largely oversampled images by a factor 1.5- 2.0 without introducing any penalty in the radiometric accuracy. Super-resolution, suitable for not largely oversampled images, improved resolution by a factor ~1.5 but introducing an increased radiometric noise by a factor 1.4-2.5. The image fusion allows finally to further increase the spatial frequency of the images obtained by the Wiener filter increasing the total resolution up to a factor 5.0 with an increased radiometric noise closely linked to the radiometric frequency and to the examined case study.

Studio della trasduzione del Segnale Nucleare Inositide-Dipendente: identificazione di eEF1A2 come nuovo Fosfosubstrato di PKC βI

Introduction Phospholipase Cb1 (PLC-β1) is a key player in the regulation of nuclear inositol lipid signaling and of a wide range of cellular functions, such as proliferation and differentiation (1,2,3). PLCb1 signaling depends on the cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the formation of the second messengers diacylglycerol and Inositol tris-phosphate which activate canonical protein kinase C (cPKC) isoforms. Here we describe a proteomic approach to find out a potential effector of nuclear PLC-b1 dependent signaling during insulin stimulated myogenic differentiation. Methods Nuclear lysates obtained from insulin induced C2C12 myoblasts were immunoprecipitated with anti-phospho-substrate cPKC antibody. Proteins, stained with Comassie blue, were excised, digested and subsequently analysed in LC-MS/MS. For peptide sequence searching, the mass spectra were processed and analyzed using the Mascot MS/MS ion search program with the NCBI database. Western blotting, GST-pull down and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to study the interaction between eEF1A2 and cPKCs. Site direct mutagenesis was performed to confirm the phosphorylated motif recognized by the antibody. Immunofluorescence analysis, GFP-tagged eEF1A2 vector and subcellular fractionation were performed to study nuclear localization and relative distribution of eEF1A2. Results We have previously shown that PLC-β1 is greatly increased at the nuclear level during insulin-induced myoblasts differentiation and that this nuclear localization is essential for induction of differentiation. Thus, nuclear proteins of insulin stimulated C2C12 myoblasts, were immunoprecipitated with an anti-phospho-substrate cPKC antibody. After Electrophoretic gel separation of proteins immunoprecipitated, several molecules were identified by LC-MS/MS. Among these most relevant and unexpected was eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (eEF1A2). We found that eEF1A2 is phosphorylated by PKCb1 and that these two molecules coimmunolocalized at the nucleolar level. eEF1A2 could be phosphorylated in many sites among which both threonine and serine residues. By site direct mutagenesis we demonstrated that it is the serine residue of the motif recognized by the antibody that is specifically phosphorylated by PKCb1. The silencing of PLCb1 gives rise to a reduction of expression and phosphorylation levels of eEF1A2 indicating this molecule as a target of nuclear PLCb1 regulatory network during myoblasts differentiation.

Bedeutung endogener Faktoren für Steady-State-Level und Reparatur oxidativer DNA-Modifikationen in Säugerzellen

Die endogene Bildung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) - wie beispielsweise Hydroxyl-Radikale, Superoxid-Radikalanionen, Wasserstoffperoxid und Singulett-Sauerstoff - bei essentiellen Stoffwechselreaktionen in allen aeroben Lebewesen stellt eine potentielle Gefahr für die Integrität der DNA in jeder Zelle dar. ROS generieren in der DNA unter anderem oxidative DNA-Modifikationen (zum größten Teil wahrscheinlich 8-Hydroxyguanin (8-oxoG)), welche wiederum zu einem Teil zu Mutationen führen.In dieser Arbeit wurden Untersuchungen vorgenommen, in welchem Ausmaß zum einen die Steady-State-Level oxidativer DNA-Schäden in Säugerzellen zum anderen die Reparaturgeschwindig-keiten solcher DNA-Modifikationen durch verschiedene endogene Faktoren beeinflußt werden.Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit stand dabei die Charakterisierung der 8-Hydroxyguaninglykosylase der Säugerzellen. Sie ist das Produkt des OGG1-Gens, das erst 1997 kloniert wurde. In transfizierten Zellinien konnte durch eine konstitutive Überexpression des menschlichen OGG1-Gens demonstriert werden, daß die Reparatur von induzierten oxidativen Basenmodifikationen bis zu dreifach beschleunigt wird und daß eine Korrelation zwischen dem Grad der Überexpression und der Reparaturrate besteht. Dagegen waren die Steady-State-Level der oxidativen DNA-Schäden durch die Überexpression unbeeinflußt. Sowohl bei den spontanen Mutationsraten als auch bei den durch oxidative Schädigungen induzierten Mutationsfrequenzen konnte keine Erniedrigung bedingt durch die hOGG1-Überexpression beobachtet werden.Weitere Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Ogg1-Protein konnten in Mäusezellen durchgeführt werden, in denen das OGG1-homologe Mäusegen, mOGG1, homozygot inaktiviert (mOGG1(-/-)) worden war. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, daß in den mOGG1-defizienten Zellen im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden Wildtyp-Zellen (mOGG1(+/+)) eine Reparatur induzierter oxidativer Basenmodifikationen erst nach 8 h einsetzt, während in den Kontrollzellen schon nach 3-4 h 50 % der Modifikationen repariert waren. Die Steady-State-Level oxidativer Modifikationen in mOGG1(-/-)-Zellen waren in immortalisierten, schnell proliferierenden Mäusefibroblasten nur um den Faktor 1.4, in primären Mäusehepatocyten jedoch um den Faktor 2.5 gegenüber den Wildtyp-Zellen erhöht.Inwieweit das menschliche Reparaturprotein Xrcc1 (X-ray repair cross complementing group 1) auch an der Prozessierung oxidativer DNA-Modifikationen beteiligt ist, und ob dabei möglicherweise eine Interaktion mit Ogg1 vorliegt, wurde in der XRCC1-defizienten CHO-Zellinie EM9 untersucht. Dabei wurde ermittelt, daß weder die Steady-State-Level noch die Reparaturkinetiken der oxidativen Basenmodifikationen durch die XRCC1-Defizienz beeinflußt werden. Aufgrund weiterer Ergebnisse kann jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß das Xrcc1-Protein zumindest am Ligationsschritt während der Reparatur oxidativer DNA-Schäden beteiligt ist.In einem weiteren Schwerpunkt der Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob Unterschiede im Steady-State-Level in Abhängigkeit von Organ-, Gewebe- und Zelltyp auftreten. Dazu wurden Untersuchungen in Bronchialkarzinom-Zellinien verschiedener Subtypen durchgeführt. Des weiteren wurde zur Frage der Zelltyp-Abhängigkeit in der menschlichen Zellinie HL60 der Einfluß des Zelldifferenzierungsstadiums auf die Steady-State-Level untersucht.

Transcriptional functions of DNA Topoisomerases at a genome-wide scale and a single gene levels

The DNA topology is an important modifier of DNA functions. Torsional stress is generated when right handed DNA is either over- or underwound, producing structural deformations which drive or are driven by processes such as replication, transcription, recombination and repair. DNA topoisomerases are molecular machines that regulate the topological state of the DNA in the cell. These enzymes accomplish this task by either passing one strand of the DNA through a break in the opposing strand or by passing a region of the duplex from the same or a different molecule through a double-stranded cut generated in the DNA. Because of their ability to cut one or two strands of DNA they are also target for some of the most successful anticancer drugs used in standard combination therapies of human cancers. An effective anticancer drug is Camptothecin (CPT) that specifically targets DNA topoisomerase 1 (TOP 1). The research project of the present thesis has been focused on the role of human TOP 1 during transcription and on the transcriptional consequences associated with TOP 1 inhibition by CPT in human cell lines. Previous findings demonstrate that TOP 1 inhibition by CPT perturbs RNA polymerase (RNAP II) density at promoters and along transcribed genes suggesting an involvement of TOP 1 in RNAP II promoter proximal pausing site. Within the transcription cycle, promoter pausing is a fundamental step the importance of which has been well established as a means of coupling elongation to RNA maturation. By measuring nascent RNA transcripts bound to chromatin, we demonstrated that TOP 1 inhibition by CPT can enhance RNAP II escape from promoter proximal pausing site of the human Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) and c-MYC genes in a dose dependent manner. This effect is dependent from Cdk7/Cdk9 activities since it can be reversed by the kinases inhibitor DRB. Since CPT affects RNAP II by promoting the hyperphosphorylation of its Rpb1 subunit the findings suggest that TOP 1inhibition by CPT may increase the activity of Cdks which in turn phosphorylate the Rpb1 subunit of RNAP II enhancing its escape from pausing. Interestingly, the transcriptional consequences of CPT induced topological stress are wider than expected. CPT increased co-transcriptional splicing of exon1 and 2 and markedly affected alternative splicing at exon 11. Surprisingly despite its well-established transcription inhibitory activity, CPT can trigger the production of a novel long RNA (5’aHIF-1) antisense to the human HIF-1 mRNA and a known antisense RNA at the 3’ end of the gene, while decreasing mRNA levels. The effects require TOP 1 and are independent from CPT induced DNA damage. Thus, when the supercoiling imbalance promoted by CPT occurs at promoter, it may trigger deregulation of the RNAP II pausing, increased chromatin accessibility and activation/derepression of antisense transcripts in a Cdks dependent manner. A changed balance of antisense transcripts and mRNAs may regulate the activity of HIF-1 and contribute to the control of tumor progression After focusing our TOP 1 investigations at a single gene level, we have extended the study to the whole genome by developing the “Topo-Seq” approach which generates a map of genome-wide distribution of sites of TOP 1 activity sites in human cells. The preliminary data revealed that TOP 1 preferentially localizes at intragenic regions and in particular at 5’ and 3’ ends of genes. Surprisingly upon TOP 1 downregulation, which impairs protein expression by 80%, TOP 1 molecules are mostly localized around 3’ ends of genes, thus suggesting that its activity is essential at these regions and can be compensate at 5’ ends. The developed procedure is a pioneer tool for the detection of TOP 1 cleavage sites across the genome and can open the way to further investigations of the enzyme roles in different nuclear processes.

Untersuchung der TNF-alpha vermittelten IFN-beta Signaltransduktion in malignen und nicht-malignen HPV positiven Zellen

Bestimmte humane Papillomviren sind an der Entstehung von Zervixkarzinomen beteiligt. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß maligne HPV-positive Zellen ihre Fähigkeit zur Induktion von endogenem IFN-beta nach TNF-alpha verloren haben. Durch Infektion mit Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) oder Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) wurde die Induzierbarkeit des endogenen IFN-beta durch TNF-alpha in nicht-tumorigenen Zellen bestätigt. Alle malignen Zellinien zeigten eine intakte IFN Signaltransduktion, wenn Typ I oder Typ II Interferone exogen supplementiert wurden. Dies zeigt, daß in tumorigenen Zervixkarzinomzellen die Kommunikation zwischen TNF-alpha und IFN-beta

Ruolo di interleuchina-33 sull'espressione di geni profibrotici e sull'ipertrofia dei miofibroblasti nella fibrosi intestinale

Background: Intestinal fibrosis is a serious complication of IBD, with more than a third of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients developing a fibrostenosing phenotype with formation of strictures that will require surgical intervention. Remarkably, SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mice, a spontaneous model of CD, develop gut fibrosis; similar to IBD patients, the pathophysiology of SAMP fibrosis is unknown. IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and increased expression is associated with IBD. Emerging evidence suggests its potential role in liver and cutaneous fibrosis, as well as myofibroblast-associated colonic ulcerations . Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IL-33 as a potential mediator of profibrotic events leading to intestinal fibrosis and possible stricture formation. Methods: A detailed histologic time course study, with collagen-specific Masson trichrome staining and IHC for ST2 (IL-33 receptor), was performed on SAMP and control AKR (parental strain) mice. qRT-PCR was done on full-thickness ilea for the profibrogenic genes, collagen (coll)-1, coll-3, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Exogenous IL-33 (33 μg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle was administered daily for 7d to SAMP and AKR mice (N=6/exp group), and ileal tissues evaluated as above. Finally, microarray analysis was performed on full-thickness ilea from SAMP and AKR mice, and IL-33 stimulated subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs). Results: SAMP mice displayed ileal skip lesions with randomly distributed strictures, preceded by typical pre-stricture dilations of the ileum. Ileal wall was visibly thickened with hypertrophy of the serosa, muscularis mucosa, muscularis propria, within which intense collagen deposition was observed, and inflammatory infiltrates in segments showing strictures. Interestingly, intense ST2 staining was present within the inflamed lamina propria of SAMP, notably localized to SEMFs. Fibrosis was first observed at 20 wks, and reached its peak by 50 wks of age. mRNA expression of coll-1 (4.74±0.69-fold; P=0.001), coll-3 (4.92±1.05-fold; P=0.01), IGF1 (12.9±3.45; P=0.006), and CTGF (3.29±0.69; P=0.004) was dramatically elevated in SAMP vs. AKR ilea. IL-33 treatment of AKR mice induced a marked increase in muscle fiber/myofibroblast cellularity and hypertrophy of the muscularis propria (4.13±0.74-fold; P<0.0001), and mRNA expression of coll-1 (5.16±0.89-fold; P=0.0009), coll-3 (1.97±0.14-fold; P=0.01), IGF-1 (9.32±2.27-fold; P=0.004), and CTGF (1.43±0.31-fold; P=0.006) vs. vehicle controls. Microarray data from SAMP ilea and IL-33-treated SEMFs confirmed these trends, displaying a global increase in profibrogenic gene expression. Conclusion: These data suggest an important role for IL-33 in intestinal fibrosis, and may represent a potential target for the treatment of IBD-associated fibrosis and stricture formation.

Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factors as a therapeutic target for multiple myeloma

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) plays a critical role in survival and is associated with poor prognosis in solid tumors. The role of HIF-1α in multiple myeloma is not completely known. In the present study, we explored the effect of EZN2968, an locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotide against HIF-1α, as a molecular target in MM. A panel of MM cell lines and primary samples from MM patients were cultured in vitro in the presence of EZN2968 . Under normoxia culture condition, HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression was detectable in all MM cell lines and in CD138+ cells from newly diagnosed MM patients samples. Significant up-regulation of HIF-1α protein expression was observed after incubation with IL6 or IGF-I, confirming that HIF-1α can be further induced by biological stimuli. EZN2968 efficiently induces a selective and stable down-modulation of HIF-1α and decreased the secretion of VEGF released by MM cell. Treatment with EZN2968 gave rise to a progressive accumulation of cells in the S and subG0 phase. The analysis of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors controlling cell cycle check point, shows upregulation of protein levels. These results suggest that HIF-1α inhibition is sufficient for cell cycle arrest in normoxia, and for inducing an apoptotic pathways.. In the presence of bone marrow microenvironment, HIF-1α inhibition blocks MAPK kinase pathway and secretion of pro-surviaval cytokines ( IL6,VEGF,IL8) In this study we provide evidence that HIF-1α, even in the absence of hypoxia signal, is expressed in MM plasma cells and further inducible by bone marrow milieu stimuli; moreover its inhibition is sufficient to induce a permanent cell cycle arrest. Our data support the hypothesis that HIF-1α inhibition may suppress tumor growth by preventing proliferation of plasma cells through p21 activation and blocking pro-survival stimuli from bone marrow microenvironment.

Correlation between insulin resistance and treatment-resistant acne

Physiologically during puberty and adolescence, when juvenile acne usually appears, the response to a glucose load is increased if compared to the one observed in adult and at pre-pubertal age, while insulin sensitivity is reduced. Insulin is a hormone that acts at different levels along the axis which controls the sex hormones. It increases the release of LH and FSH by pituitary gland, stimulates the synthesis of androgens in the gonads and stimulates the synthesis of androgenic precursors in adrenal glands. Finally, it acts in the liver by inhibiting the synthesis of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG). Insulin is also able to act directly on the production of sebum and amplify the effects of Iinsulin Growth Factor-1 in the skin, inhibiting the synthesis of its binding protein (IGF Binding Protein-1). In female subjects with acne and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) insulin resistance is a well known pathogenetic factor, while the relationship between acne and insulin resistance has been poorly investigated in males so far. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between insulin resistance and acne in young males who do not respond to common therapies. Clinical and biochemical parameters of glucose, lipid metabolism, androgens and IGF-1 were evaluated. Insulin resistance was estimated by Homeostasis Model assessment (HOMA-IR) and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test was also performed. We found that subjects with acne had higher Sistolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure, Waist/Hip Ratio, Waist Circumference, 120' OGTT serum insulin and serum IGF-1 and lower HDL-cholesterol than subjects of comparable age and gender without acne. The results thus obtained confirmed what other authors have recently reported about a metabolic imbalance in young males with acne. Furthermore, these results support the hypothesis that insulin resistance might play an important role in the pathogenesis of treatment-resistant acne in males.

Gene expression analysis in ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’-resistant and -susceptible Malus genotypes

Apple proliferation (AP) disease is the most important graft-transmissible and vector-borne disease of apple in Europe. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ (Ca. P. mali) is the causal agent of AP. Apple (Malus x domestica) and other Malus species are the only known woody hosts. In European apple orchards, the cultivars are mainly grafted on one rootstock, M. x domestica cv. M9. M9 like all other M. x domestica cultivars is susceptible to ‘Ca. P. mali’. Resistance to AP was found in the wild genotype Malus sieboldii (MS) and in MS-derived hybrids but they were characterised by poor agronomic value. The breeding of a new rootstock carrying the resistant and the agronomic traits was the major aim of a project of which this work is a part. The objective was to shed light into the unknown resistance mechanism. The plant-phytoplasma interaction was studied by analysing differences between the ‘Ca. P. mali’-resistant and -susceptible genotypes related to constitutively expressed genes or to induced genes during infection. The cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique was employed in both approaches. Differences related to constitutively expressed genes were identified between two ‘Ca. P. mali’-resistant hybrid genotypes (4551 and H0909) and the ‘Ca. P. mali’-susceptible M9. 232 cDNA-AFLP bands present in the two resistant genotypes but absent in the susceptible one were isolated but several different products associated to each band were found. Therefore, two different macroarray hybridisation experiments were performed with the cDNA-AFLP fragments yielding 40 sequences encoding for genes of unknown function or a wide array of functions including plant defence. In the second approach, individuation and analysis of the induced genes was carried out exploiting an in vitro system in which healthy and ‘Ca. P. mali’-infected micropropagated plants were maintained under controlled conditions. Infection trials using in vitro grafting of ‘Ca. P. mali’ showed that the resistance phenotype could be reproduced in this system. In addition, ex vitro plants were generated as an independent control of the genes differentially expressed in the in vitro plants. The cDNA-AFLP analysis in in vitro plants yielded 63 bands characterised by over-expression in the infected state of both the H0909 and MS genotypes. The major part (37 %) of the associated sequences showed homology with products of unknown function. The other genes were involved in plant defence, energy transport/oxidative stress response, protein metabolism and cellular growth. Real-time qPCR analysis was employed to validate the differential expression of the genes individuated in the cDNA-AFLP analysis. Since no internal controls were available for the study of the gene expression in Malus, an analysis on housekeeping genes was performed. The most stably expressed genes were the elongation factor-1 α (EF1) and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-A (eIF4A). Twelve out of 20 genes investigated through qPCR were significantly differentially expressed in at least one genotype either in in vitro plants or in ex vitro plants. Overall, about 20% of the genes confirmed their cDNA-AFLP expression pattern in M. sieboldii or H0909. On the contrary, 30 % of the genes showed down-regulation or were not differentially expressed. For the remaining 50 % of the genes a contrasting behaviour was observed. The qPCR data could be interpreted as follows: the phytoplasma infection unbalance photosynthetic activity and photorespiration down-regulating genes involved in photosynthesis and in the electron transfer chain. As result, and in contrast to M. x domestica genotypes, an up-regulation of genes of the general response against pathogens was found in MS. These genes involved the pathway of H2O2 and the production of secondary metabolites leading to the hypothesis that a response based on the accumulation of H2O2 in MS would be at the base of its resistance. This resembles a phenomenon known as “recovery” where the spontaneous remission of the symptoms is observed in old susceptible plants but occurring in a stochastic way while the resistance in MS is an inducible but stable feature. As additional product of this work three cDNA-AFLP-derived markers were developed which showed independent distribution among the seedlings of two breeding progenies and were associated to a genomic region characteristic of MS. These markers will contribute to the development of molecular markers for the resistance as well as to map the resistance on the Malus genome.

Valutazione dell'efficacia dell'infusione intraepatica di cellule staminali (SC) autologhe CD133+ in pazienti affetti da cirrosi ed insufficienza epatica di grado avanzato

Numerose evidenze sperimentali hanno dimostrato il contributo delle cellule staminali (SC) di derivazione midollare nei processi di rigenerazione epatica dopo danno tissutale. E’ cresciuto pertanto l’interesse sul loro potenziale impiego in pazienti con cirrosi. Questo studio si proponeva di valutare la fattibilità e la sicurezza della reinfusione intraepatica di cellule staminali midollari autologhe CD133+ in 12 pazienti con insufficienza epatica terminale. Previa mobilizzazione nel sangue periferico mediante somministrazione di granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) alla dose di 7,5 mcg/Kg/b.i.d. e raccolta per leucoaferesi (solo se la concentrazione di CD133 + SC era > 8/μL), le cellule CD133+ altamente purificate sono state reinfuse in arteria epatica a partire da 5x104/Kg fino a 1x106/kg. Nei tre giorni successivi è stato somministrato G-CSF per favorire l’espansione e l’attecchimento delle cellule. Durante la fase della mobilizzazione e quella della reinfusione sono stati eseguiti saggi biologici quali: caratterizzazione fenotipica delle SC circolanti, saggi clonogenici, valutazione della concentrazione sierica del Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Stromal-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1) ed il Vascular-Endotelial Growth Factor (VEGF) e caratterizzazione fenotipica delle CD133+SC purificate. Fino ad oggi sono stati reinfusi 12 pazienti. Questi dati preliminari suggeriscono che è possibile mobilizzare e reinfondere un numero considerevole di SC autologhe CD133+ altamente purificate in pazienti con ESLD . Gli studi biologici mostrano che: il numero di progenitori ematopoietici ed endoteliali circolanti è aumentato dopo il trattamento con G–CSF; le SCs CD133+ altamente purificato esprimono marcatori emopoietici ed endoteliali; la concentrazione sierica di HGF, SDF-1, VEGF e la capacità clonogenica di progenitori emopoietici sono aumentati durante la mobilitazione e nelle fasi di reinfusione; il potenziale clonogenico dei progenitori endoteliali mostra espressione variabile.

Influence of the chemokine CXCL12 on the progression and the signaling in colorectal cancer

Das Chemokin CXCL12 (auch bekannt als SDF-1) ist ein kleines Protein (8-14) KDa, das in sechs Isoformen exprimiert wird (SDF-1α, SDF-1β, SDF-1γ, SDF- 1δ, SDF-1ε und SDF-1θ) von einem einzigen Gen, dass die Leukozyten-Wanderung regelt und variabel in einer Reihe von normalen und Krebsgeweben exprimiert wird.rnCXCL12 spielt verschiedene Rollen in der Tumorpathogenese. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass CXCL12 das Tumorwachstum und die Malignität fördert, die Tumorangiogenese stärkt, sich an der Metastasierung beteiligt und zu immunsuppressiven Netzwerken innerhalb des Tumormikromilieus beiträgt. Daher liegt es nahe, dass der CXCL12/CXCR4-Signalweg ein wichtiges Ziel ist für die Entwicklung von neuartigen Krebstherapien.rnUm Licht auf die Rolle der Chemokin CXCL12 Splicevarianten in der Entwicklung von Krebs zu werfen und die mögliche physiologische Relevanz und ihre möglichen funktionellen Unterschiede bei Darmkrebs zu verstehen, haben wir alle CXCL12 Splicevarianten (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon und theta) in die kolorektalen Zelllinie SW480 und die Melanomzellinie D05 transfiziert und exprimiert.rnrnDiese Arbeit wurde erstellt, um die folgenden Ziele zu erreichen. Untersuchung der Rolle von CXCL12 Splicevarianten bei der Vermittlung von Tumorprogression, Adhäsion, Migration, Invasion und Metastasierung von Darmkrebs. Untersuchung, ob die CXCL12 Variantenwege ein wichtiges Ziel für die Entwicklung von Krebstherapien darstellen.rn• Um eine in vivo Mausmodell zu entwickeln, um die Rolle der CXCL12 Varianten im Rahmen des Tumorwachstums zu verstehen.rnrnUnsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass:Der CXCL12 G801A Polymorphismus ist ein Low-Penetranz Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung von Darmkrebs. Der CXCL12-Gen-Polymorphismus rs1801157 ist mit dem T-Status (Tumor-node-Metastasen) assoziiert. Es gab keine Beziehung zwischen CXCL12-Gen-Polymorphismus rs1801157 und Fernmetastisen oder LN metastasen. Alle sechs CXCL12 Splicevarianten werden im Darmkrebs und in gesunder Kolon mucosa exprimiert. Die höchste Expression wird bei SDF-1alpha, dann SDF-1 beta gefunden. Alle sechs CXCL12 Varianten zeigen erhöhte Tumorzellproliferation in vitro. SDF-1beta, gefolgt von SDF-1alpha zeigte die größte Aktivität im Proliferationsassay.rn• Alle sechs CXCL12 Varianten induzieren die Tumorzelladhäsion.SDF-1beta dann SDF-1alpha zeigte die größte Aktivität im Rahmen des Adhäsionsassay. Alle sechs CXCL12 Varianten erhöhten die Zellmigration und Invasion von Tumorzellen in vitro. SDF-1theta und SDF-1epsilon 1theta zeigten die größte Aktivität, während die schwächste Aktivität mit SDF-1alpha und SDF-1beta beobachtet wurde. Alle sechs CXCL12 Varianten aktivieren Akt und (MAPK) Mitogen- acktivatedierte Protein kinase Wege und damit die Regulierung viele essentieller Prozesse in Tumorzellen, wie Proliferation, Migration, Invasion und Adhäsion. Es ist interessant festzustellen, dass AMD3100 die CXCL12 Splicevarianten inhibriert, die AKT-MEK-1/2-Phosphorylierung induzieren.rnDer Inhibitor AMD3100 unterdrückt stark die CXCL12 Varianten -delta, -epsilon und theta-und unterdrückt schwach CXCL12-gamma. während es keine signifikante Wirkung auf CXCL12-alpha und beta hatte. Es hat möglicherweise Auswirkungen auf mehrere große Signalwage in Bezug auf Proliferation, Migration und Invasions.rn• Es ist wichtig anzumerken, dass die Hemmung von CXCL12-Varianten durch AMD3100 einen der möglichen Ansaätze in der Krebstherapie darstellen kann.Wir schlagen vor, dass weitere Studien erwogen werden, die wir brauchen, um die biologische Aktivität dieser neuen CXCL12 Varianten bei verschiedenen Arten von Krebs klar zu verstehen.

SDHB loss predicts malignancy in pheochromocytomas/sympathethic paragangliomas, but not through hypoxia signalling

Prediction of malignant behaviour of pheochromocytomas/sympathetic paragangliomas (PCCs/PGLs) is very difficult if not impossible on a histopathological basis. In a familial setting, it is well known that succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB)-associated PCC/PGL very often metastasise. Recently, absence of SDHB expression as measured through immunohistochemistry was shown to be an excellent indicator of the presence of an SDH germline mutation in PCC/PGL. SDHB loss is believed to lead to tumour formation by activation of hypoxia signals. To clarify the potential use of SDHB immunohistochemistry as a marker of malignancy in PCC/PGL and its association with classic hypoxia signalling we examined SDHB, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (Hif-1 ) and its targets CA-9 and GLUT-1 expression on protein level using immunohistochemistry on a tissue micro array on a series of familial and sporadic tumours of 115 patients. Survival data was available for 66 patients. SDHB protein expression was lost in the tumour tissue of 12 of 99 patients. Of those 12 patients, 5 had an SDHB germline mutation, in 4 patients no germline mutation was detected and mutational status remained unknown in parts in 3 patients. Loss of SDHB expression was not associated with increased classic hypoxia signalling as detected by Hif-1 , CA-9 or GLUT-1 staining. Loss of SDHB expression was associated with an adverse outcome. The lack of correlation of SDHB loss with classic hypoxia signals argues against the current hypoxia hypothesis in malignant PCC/PGL. We suggest SDHB protein loss as a marker of adverse outcome both in sporadic and in familial PCC/PGL.