Influence of host interleukin-10 polymorphisms on development of traveler's diarrhea due to heat-labile enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in travelers from the United States who are visiting Mexico.

Up to 60% of U.S. visitors to Mexico develop traveler's diarrhea (TD), mostly due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains that produce heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Distinct single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter have been associated with high, intermediate, or low production of IL-10. We conducted a prospective study to investigate the association of SNPs in the IL-10 promoter and the occurrence of TD in ETEC LT-exposed travelers. Sera from U.S. travelers to Mexico collected on arrival and departure were studied for ETEC LT seroconversion by using cholera toxin as the antigen. Pyrosequencing was performed to genotype IL-10 SNPs. Stools from subjects who developed diarrhea were also studied for other enteropathogens. One hundred twenty-one of 569 (21.3%) travelers seroconverted to ETEC LT, and among them 75 (62%) developed diarrhea. Symptomatic seroconversion was more commonly seen in subjects who carried a genotype producing high levels of IL-10; it was seen in 83% of subjects with the GG genotype versus 54% of subjects with the AA genotype at IL-10 gene position -1082 (P, 0.02), in 71% of those with the CC genotype versus 33% of those with the TT genotype at position -819 (P, 0.005), and in 71% of those with the CC genotype versus 38% of those with the AA genotype at position -592 (P, 0.02). Travelers with the GCC haplotype were more likely to have symptomatic seroconversion than those with the ATA haplotype (71% versus 38%; P, 0.002). Travelers genetically predisposed to produce high levels of IL-10 were more likely to experience symptomatic ETEC TD.

HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE: ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DIETARY QUALITY OF U.S. HOUSEHOLDS, 1977-78 (UNITED STATES, NATIONWIDE FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEY)

Using analysis of variance, household data collected in the Spring portion of the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture were analyzed to examine the relationship between household characteristics and dietary quality of the household food supply. Results indicated that head of household structure was a statistically significant variable, with female headed households having higher dietary quality.^ Further analysis indicated that neither race, degree of urbanization, regional location, the education level of the female head, nor her employment status were significant variables in influencing dietary quality. The influence of head of household structure remained significant when these variables were controlled. However, income, household size, and family life cycle stage had statistically significant effects on dietary quality, and when individually controlled, the influence of head of household structure disappeared. ^

Prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B co-infection among a United States Veterans Administration cohort with hepatitis C

Background and aim. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection is associated with increased risk of cirrhosis, decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. Yet, there is sparse epidemiologic data on co-infection in the United States. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of HBV co-infection in a large United States population of HCV patients. ^ Methods. The National Veterans Affairs HCV Clinical Case Registry was used to identify patients tested for HCV during 1997–2005. HCV exposure was defined as two positive HCV tests (antibody, RNA or genotype) or one positive test combined with an ICD-9 code for HCV. HCV infection was defined as only a positive HCV RNA or genotype. HBV exposure was defined as a positive test for hepatitis B core antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen, HBV DNA, hepatitis Be antigen, or hepatitis Be antibody. HBV infection was defined as only a positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen, HBV DNA, or hepatitis Be antigen within one year before or after the HCV index date. The prevalence of exposure to HBV in patients with HCV exposure and the prevalence of HBV infection in patients with HCV infection were determined. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify demographic and clinical determinants of co-infection. ^ Results. Among 168,239 patients with HCV exposure, 58,415 patients had HBV exposure for a prevalence of 34.7% (95% CI 34.5–35.0). Among 102,971 patients with HCV infection, 1,431 patients had HBV co-infection for a prevalence of 1.4% (95% CI 1.3–1.5). The independent determinants for an increased risk of HBV co-infection were male sex, positive HIV status, a history of hemophilia, sickle cell anemia or thalassemia, history of blood transfusion, cocaine and other drug use. Age >50 years and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with a decreased risk of HBV co-infection. ^ Conclusions. This is the largest cohort study in the United States on the prevalence of HBV co-infection. Among veterans with HCV, exposure to HBV is common (∼35%), but HBV co-infection is relatively low (1.4%). There is an increased risk of co-infection with younger age, male sex, HIV, and drug use, with decreased risk in Hispanics.^

Report on the progress and condition of the U.S. National Museum for the year ending June 30 ... / Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum.

1915

Report on the progress and condition of the U.S. National Museum for the year ending June 30 ... / Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum.

1913

Report on the progress and condition of the U.S. National Museum for the year ending June 30 ... / Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum.

1920

Report on the progress and condition of the U.S. National Museum for the year ending June 30 ... / Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum.

1919

The hosiery industry: Report on the cost of production of hosiery in the United States

At head of title: Department of Commerce. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. E.E. Pratt, Chief ...

The knit-underwear industry: Report on the cost of production of knit underwear in the United States

At head of title: Department of Commerce. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. E.E. Pratt, Chief ...

The women's muslin-underwear industry: report on the cost of production of women's muslin underwear in the United States

Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

Index of all reports issued by Bureaus of Labor Statistics in the United States, prior to March 1, 1902

prepared under the direction of Carroll D. Wright ; for the use of the United States Department of Labor.