Implicações do pronto-atendimento psicológico de emergência aos que vivenciam perdas significativas

A proposta deste trabalho consistiu em compartilhar um serviço de pronto-atendimento psicológico às pessoas que vivenciam uma perda significativa, seja por morte de uma pessoa de vinculação importante, como a de um familiar ou amigo, óbito de um paciente ou perda da saúde quando do adoecimento e/ou hospitalização, entre outros, e discutiu os resultados de tal serviço. O enfoque metodológico baseou-se na análise do processo de estruturação e implantação de um serviço dessa especificidade em um hospital público universitário, onde os autores desenvolvem a assistência aos que vivenciam esses processos de perda. Os resultados apontaram a importância da oferta desse serviço, que foi demandado tanto por aqueles que vivenciam o luto pela perda de saúde ou pela morte de uma pessoa significativa como por profissionais de educação e saúde.

Prevalência da síndrome metabólica em moradores adultos do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha (PE)-Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Atividade de comunicação e de trabalho

Este artigo discute o binômio comunicação e trabalho a partir da perspectiva da ergologia, ou seja, da atividade humana. Faz uma breve retrospectiva das teorias de comunicação, analisando como as correntes teóricas hegemônicas vêem de maneira limitada os processos de comunicação. E discute sobre os conceitos de comunicação e de trabalho, propondo uma abordagem de pesquisa que permita melhor compreender esse binômio.

Challenges for nursing education in Angola: the perception of nurse leaders affiliated with professional education institutions

Background: Angola is one of the African countries with the highest morbidity and mortality rates and a devastating lack of human resources for health, including nursing. The World Health Organization stimulates and takes technical cooperation initiatives for human resource education and training in health and education, with a view to the development of countries in the region. The aim in this study was to identify how nurses affiliated with nursing education institutions perceive the challenges nursing education is facing in Angola. Methods: After consulting the National Directory of Human Resources in Angola, the nurse leaders affiliated with professional nursing education institutions in Angola were invited to participate in the study by email. Data were collected in February 2009 through the focus group technique. The group of participants was focused on the central question: what are the challenges faced for nursing education in your country? To register and understand the information, besides the use of a recorder, the reporters elaborated an interpretative report. Data were coded using content analysis. Results: Fourteen nurses participated in the meeting, most of whom were affiliated with technical nursing education institutions. It was verified that the nurse leaders at technical and higher nursing education institutions in Angola face many challenges, mainly related to the lack of infrastructure, absence of trained human resources, bureaucratic problems to regularize the schools and lack of material resources. On the opposite, the solutions they present are predominantly centered on the valuation of nursing professionals, which implies cultural and attitude changes. Conclusions: Public health education policies need to be established in Angola, including action guidelines that permit effective nursing activities. Professional education institutions need further regularizations and nurses need to be acknowledged as key elements for the qualitative enhancement of health services in the country.

Seven years of external control of fluoride levels in the public water supply in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil

Fluoridation of the public water supplies is recognized as among the top ten public health achievements of the twentieth century. However, the positive aspects of this measure depend on the maintenance of fluoride concentrations within adequate levels. To report the results of seven years of external control of the fluoride (F) concentrations in the public water supply in Bauru, SP, Brazil in an attempt to verify, on the basis of risk/benefit balance, whether the levels are appropriate. From March 2004 to February 2011, 60 samples were collected every month from the 19 supply sectors of the city, totaling 4,641 samples. F concentrations in water samples were determined in duplicate, using an ion-specific electrode (Orion 9609) coupled to a potentiometer after buffering with TISAB II. After the analysis, the samples were classified according to the best risk-benefit adjustment. Means (±standard deviation) of F concentrations ranged between 0.73±0.06 and 0.81±0.10 mg/L for the different sectors during the seven years. The individual values ranged between 0.03 and 2.63 mg/L. The percentages of the samples considered “low risk” for dental fluorosis development and of “maximum benefit” for dental caries prevention (0.55-0.84 mg F/L) in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh years of the study were 82.0, 58.5, 37.4, 61.0, 89.9, 77.3, and 72.4%, respectively, and 69.0% for the entire period. Fluctuations of F levels were found in the public water supply in Bauru during the seven years of evaluation. These results suggest that external monitoring of water fluoridation by an independent assessor should be implemented in cities where there is adjusted fluoridation. This measure should be continued in order to verify that fluoride levels are suitable and, if not, to provide support for the appropriate adjustments

Efeito de diferentes gomas de mascar sobre o pH salivar de crianças

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different chewing gum brands on the salivary pH of children with primary dentition. Method: Forty children were selected and assigned to four groups: control (no chewing gum); sugarless chewing gum; chewing gum with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate; and chewing gum with xylitol. The first saliva collection was made after supervised tooth brushing for stabilization of the oral pH. Next, all children were instructed to drink slowly 100 mL of a cola-based soft drink (Coca-Cola®) and a new saliva collection was made 10 min later. Then, each group chewed on the chewing gum for 5 min and discarded it after this time. Saliva was collected again at 5, 10 and 15 min intervals after start using the chewing gum. Measurement of salivary pH was made with colorimetric test papers and a digital pH-meter. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at a 5% significance level. Results: The use of chewing gums accelerated the increase of salivary pH to considerably alkaline levels after consumption of an acidic beverage, especially within the first minutes. The highest levels were obtained in the groups of children that used chewing gums containing xylitol and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. Conclusion: Children that used the chewing gums after ingestion of an acidic soft drink presented an increase in salivary pH, with the best results in the groups that used chewing gums containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and xylitol.

Evaluation of apically extruded debris during endodontic retreatment

Introduction: A growing interest to preserve teeth into the mouth by patients resulted in the increasing number of endodontic retreatments, and when these happen, many different types of irritants are extruded through the foramen. Objective: This study analyzed in vitro the amount of debris extruded through the foramen using four instrumentation techniques during endodontic retreatment. Material and methods: Forty mesial-buccal roots of first molars were selected, instrumented with anatomical diameter up to size #30 ISO file and then obturated with gutta-percha and grossman sealer by lateral condensation. After, they were separated and randomly allocated into four groups with 10 teeth each for the endodontic retreatment procedure: G1 – conventional technique + solvent, G2 – conventional technique without solvent, G3 – ProTaper retreatment + solvent, G4 – ProTaper retreatment without solvent. In all groups, gutta-percha in the coronal portion was removed by using size 1-3 Gates Glidden drills. All teeth were irrigated with distilled water. The debris extruded through the foramen were collected and weighed by an analytical balance. Results: Group 4 had the lowest average for material extrusion through the foramen followed by groups 2, 3 and 1. When Tukey test for statistical analysis was applied, no significant difference among groups were found (p = 0.5664). Conclusion: We conclude that all instrumentation techniques used in this study produced debris which goes beyond the foramen.

A elaboração de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem em síndromes genéticas

Objetivo: desenvolver um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA) para alunos do ensino fundamental sobre síndromes genéticas. Método: o AVA, conhecido como Cybertutor, possibilita o aprendizado do aluno pela internet de forma interativa. A metodologia deste estudo foi composta de duas etapas, a de desenvolvimento e a de disponibilização do AVA. O desenvolvimento do conteúdo educacional, gráfico e audiovisual do Cybertutor contou com o auxílio de um geneticista do HRAC/ USP e de informações científicas disponibilizadas em livros, artigos, teses e dissertações nacionais e internacionais. O Cybertutor foi disponibilizado na plataforma do Projeto Jovem Doutor (http://www. jovemdoutor.org.br/jdr/) pela equipe técnica da DTM/FMUSP. Resultados: o Cybertutor elaborado possibilitou estruturar o conteúdo educacional, gráfico e audiovisual em tópicos, inserir questões de reforço, lista de discussão e verificar o desempenho dos alunos. Conclusão: o AVA desenvolvido pode ser uma importante ferramenta de educação em saúde em Síndromes Genéticas, abrangendo as mais diversas regiões do país.

Optical aids for low vision: use of the Internet to guide teachers of the visually impaired

PURPOSES: To describe and interpret teachers' opinions about and responsiveness to guidance on optical aids for low vision. METHODS: It was conducted a cross-sectional analytical study. The convenience, non-random sample consisted of 58 teachers from the public school network of the city of Campinas. It was constructed and applied a structured questionnaire, available online at the assessed website. For qualitative data collection it was conducted an exploratory study using the focus group technique. RESULTS: Responses expressed, for the most part, a marked interest in the website, its easiness of access, and the comprehensive nature of the information provided. Most people reported frequent use of the Internet to seek information, and found it easier to access the Internet at home. Among the qualitative aspects of the evaluation, we should mention the perceived importance of the website as a source of information, despite some criticism about the accessibility and reliability of the information found on the Internet. CONCLUSION: Teachers' need for training to deal with visually impaired students and their positive response to advice and information lead to the conclusion that web-based guidelines on the use of optical aids were considered beneficial to ease the understanding of visual impairment and the rehabilitation of the affected subjects.

Recém-nascido prematuro: suporte materno domiciliar para o cuidado

Este estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, teve como objetivo identificar o suporte materno, no domicílio, para o cuidado do recém-nascido prematuro egresso de Unidade Neonatal. O estudo, realizado em 2008, entrevistou doze mães residentes no município de Sumaré-SP. Os relatos, gravados, foram tratados pela técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Os resultados acrescem o conhecimento de enfermagem pela diversidade de recursos que emergiram, e que revelaram a importância da inserção materna na Unidade Neonatal; valorizaram a Cartilha de orientação oferecida pelo serviço; e destacaram a relevância do apoio social para o cuidado do bebê, no domicílio. Recomenda-se a inserção do familiar no plano de enfermagem para a alta do prematuro na Unidade Neonatal.

Reinterpretação da potencialidade das Oficinas de Trabalho Crítico-emancipatórias

Estudo qualitativo que teve como objetivo discutir a potencialidade das Oficinas de Trabalho Crítico-emancipatórias utilizando a dinâmica facilitadora da Árvore do Conhecimento. Os pilares teóricos constitutivos desta Oficina foram: a educação crítico-emancipatória e o empoderamento; as emoções como construtoras do conhecimento; a abordagem dialética de transformação da realidade e da consciência; a participação e a responsabilidade compartilhada. O estudo foi realizado junto a 95 profissionais integrantes de 12 Equipes de Saúde da Família de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicam que as potencialidades das Oficinas de Trabalho Crítico-emancipatórias relacionam-se diretamente aos seus pilares de sustentação e a dinâmica da Árvore do Conhecimento utilizada na avaliação mostrou-se potente para revelá-los. Assim, as Oficinas de Trabalho constituem uma importante ferramenta para a enfermagem no que tange à sua dimensão educativa, no caso, para o enfrentamento da violência de gênero contra a mulher.

Ambiente virtual de aprendizagem no ensino de Enfermagem: relato de experiência

Novas Tecnologias da Informação/Comunicação oferecem a opção do uso do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA), o qual possibilita maior interatividade no cotidiano do ensino de enfermagem instigando os educadores a repensarem suas práticas pedagógicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a experiência do emprego do ambiente virtual no ensino de enfermagem na perspectiva dos estudantes. A disciplina "Educação em Enfermagem: Tendências e Desafios" foi ministrada a 78 estudantes do 4º semestre do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem, dos quais 48 responderam um questionário com questões fechadas e, dentre estes, 33 responderam uma questão aberta sobre o uso do AVA. Os alunos consideraram o AVA uma ferramenta facilitadora da aprendizagem, do processo de construção do conhecimento e interação entre alunos, professores e tutores enriquecendo, assim, o compartilhamento de idéias e permitindo uma aprendizagem significativa e colaborativa. O estudo revelou a necessidade de potencialização do uso de AVA no ensino de graduação em enfermagem.

Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a short health literacy assessment tool for Portuguese-speaking adults. METHODS: The Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults is an assessment tool which consists of 50 items that assess an individual's ability to correctly pronounce and understand common medical terms. We evaluated the instrument's psychometric properties in a convenience sample of 226 Brazilian older adults. Construct validity was assessed by correlating the tool scores with years of schooling, self-reported literacy, and global cognitive functioning. Discrimination validity was assessed by testing the tool's accuracy in detecting inadequate health literacy, defined as failure to fully understand standard medical prescriptions. RESULTS: Moderate to high correlations were found in the assessment of construct validity (Spearman's coefficients ranging from 0.63 to 0.76). The instrument showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.93) and adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.95). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detection of inadequate health literacy was 0.82. A version consisting of 18 items was tested and showed similar psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument developed showed good validity and reliability in a sample of Brazilian older adults. It can be used in research and clinical settings for screening inadequate health literacy.

Factors related to poor self-perceived oral health among community-dwelling elderly individuals in São Paulo, Brazil

The present study investigated the prevalence of poor self-perceived oral health and its association with oral health, general health and socioeconomic factors among elderly individuals from São Paulo, Brazil. The sample consisted of 871 elderly individuals enrolled in the Health, Wellbeing and Aging cohort study. Self-perceived oral health was measured by the question: "How would you rate your oral health?". Most subjects self-rated their oral health as good. Among dentate individuals, poor oral health was related to depression, poor self-rated health, dental treatment, dental checkups and the psychosocial subscale scores of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index. Edentulous individuals were more likely to report poor oral health, whereas those with higher psychosocial scores were less likely to report poor self-rated oral health. Poor self-rated oral health is associated with general health factors and the psychosocial impact of oral health on quality of life, regardless of socioeconomic and clinical health measures.

Evolução do acesso à água fluoretada no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: dos anos 1950 à primeira década do século XXI

Ter acesso à água fluoretada é um reconhecido fator de proteção contra a cárie dentária. No Brasil, a fluoretação da água de abastecimento público tornou-se obrigatória por lei em 1974, seguindo-se a esta regulamentação acentuada expansão da cobertura, sobretudo nas regiões de maior desenvolvimento socioeconômico. A ampliação dessa cobertura em todo o país é uma das prioridades da política nacional de saúde bucal. Neste artigo, sistematizam-se informações sobre a implantação e expansão da fluoretação no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1956 a 2009, utilizando-se dados secundários obtidos em relatórios técnicos, documentos oficiais e no sistema SISAGUA. Em 2009, a cobertura se estendia por 546 (84,7%) dos 645 municípios paulistas, chegando a 85,1% da população total e a 93,5% da população com acesso à rede de distribuição de água. Tais resultados indicam que a medida está consolidada como parte da política estadual de saúde. No entanto, persiste o desafio de implantar e manter a fluoretação em 99 municípios, beneficiando cerca de 6,2 milhões de habitantes excluídos do benefício.