Spatial distribution of trachoma cases in the City of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil, detected in 2006: defining key areas for improvement of health resources

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to analyze the spatial behavior of the occurrence of trachoma cases detected in the City of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2006 in order to use the information collected to set priority areas for optimization of health resources.Methodsthe trachoma cases identified in 2006 were georeferenced. The data evaluated were: schools where the trachoma cases studied, data from the 2000 Census, census tract, type of housing, water supply conditions, distribution of income and levels of education of household heads. In the Google Earth® software and TerraView® were made descriptive spatial analysis and estimates of the Kernel. Each area was studied by interpolation of the density surfaces exposing events to facilitate to recognize the clusters.ResultsOf the 66 cases detected, only one (1.5%) was not a resident of the city's outskirts. A positive association was detected of trachoma cases and the percentage of heads of household with income below three minimum wages and schooling under eight years of education.ConclusionsThe recognition of the spatial distribution of trachoma cases coincided with the areas of greatest social inequality in Bauru City. The micro-areas identified are those that should be prioritized in the rationalization of health resources. There is the possibility of using the trachoma cases detected as an indicator of performance of micro priority health programs.

Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant and postpartum women attended at public healthcare facilities in the City of Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

IntroductionTo determine the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among pregnant and postpartum women attended within the public healthcare system in Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, and to detect possible exposure factors associated with T. gondii infection in this population.MethodsIgM and IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies were investigated in 276 pregnant and 124 postpartum women by using the indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT) and immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) techniques. The participants were selected by convenience sampling. All these 400 patients filled out a free and informed consent statement, answered an epidemiological questionnaire and were informed about the disease.ResultsAmong the 400 samples analyzed, 234 (58.5%) were reactive to IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies, according to the IFAT and/or ELISA assay. One pregnant woman was found to be reactive to IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies, with an intermediate IgG avidity test. Risk factor analysis showed that seropositivity was significantly associated (p<0.05) with age, contact with cats and presence of rodents at home. Through a logistic regression model, these associations were confirmed for age and contact with cats, while education at least of the high school level was found to be a protective factor.ConclusionsThe prevalence rate of IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies in the City of Niterói was high and the risk factors for infection detected after multivariate analysis were: age over 30 years, contact with cats and education levels lower than university graduate level.

Jornalismo Cultural na Era Digital: O caso do Expresso

O presente relatório é o resultado de uma reflexão que tem como base um estágio de três meses na redacção do jornal Expresso, nomeadamente na secção do Diário e do Online. A partir de uma análise às publicações dedicadas à cultura, pretende-se explorar as potencialidades digitais como contributo para uma narrativa dinâmica, interactiva e imersiva. Procura-se compreender se, de facto, os elementos multimédia ganham mais possibilidades criativas quando aplicados no jornalismo cultural. Para esse efeito, este relatório encontra-se dividido em quatro partes consoante o enquadramento dos temas analisados. Primeiramente estabelece-se um enquadramento teórico que conceptualiza as duas temáticas centrais deste relatório: jornalismo cultural e jornalismo digital. Numa segunda fase é descrita a experiência de um estágio no Expresso, bem como se contextualizam os seus anos de estórias. De seguida, surgem as questões de investigação devidamente aplicadas no âmbito de análise. Através de uma reflexão qualitativa às publicações do Expresso Online e Diário dedicadas a temáticas culturais e publicadas durante o período de um mês, conclui-se que o jornalismo cultural pode possibilitar ao leitor uma experiência completa. As potencialidades digitais servem como contributo para o despertar de sensações, para uma narrativa abrangente e reflexiva. Há falta de activismo jornalístico ou, antes, de exploração das capacidades da área que vão muito para além do carácter informativo

Prevalence and factors associated with HCV infection among elderly individuals in a southern Brazilian city

Introduction Few Latin American studies have assessed the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in elderly individuals, in whom the highest rates are expected. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with HCV infection in elderly residents in the municipality of Tubarão, Santa Catarina. Methods This cross-sectional study included 820 individuals (aged ≥ 60 years) who were selected by simple random sampling. The presence of anti-HCV antibodies was tested by chemiluminescence, and HCV RNA detection was performed for the anti-HCV-reactive subjects. Those individuals who were anti-HCV reactive but had undetectable HCV RNA levels were tested using a third-generation recombinant immunoblot assay. The variables were compared using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, and those variables with p < 0.05 were included in the logistic regression model. Results The mean patient age was 68.6 years (SD 7.0 years); 39% were men, and 92% were Caucasian. Eighteen subjects were anti-HCV positive. Among these individuals, 4 were characterized as false-positives, leaving 14 (1.7%) individuals with confirmed infections for analysis. HCV infection was associated with an age older than 65 years, households with 3 or more residents and the previous transfusion of blood products. In the logistic regression analysis, the following variables were independently associated with HCV infection: households with 3 or more residents (OR 7.9, 95% CI 1.7–35.9, p = 0.008) and previous blood transfusion (OR 6.2, 95% CI 2.1–18.6, p = 0.001). Conclusions The HCV prevalence in the elderly population in the municipality of Tubarão was higher than that found in previous studies of blood donors in the same region. Although exposure to contaminated blood products remained important, other transmission routes, such as household transmission, could play a role in HCV infection.

Cruise tourism in Lisbon - Cruise tourism activity and its impact on the city

Field lab: Tourism

Spatial and seasonal distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Dracena, a city in the western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, that is endemic with visceral leishmaniasis

Introduction Vector seasonality knowledge is important for monitoring and controlling of vector-borne diseases. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. longipalpis) is the main vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Nicolle, 1908, which is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. Methods Lu. longipalpis was monitored for 3 consecutive nights each month using light traps from the Centers for Disease Control in the peridomiciles and intradomiciles of 18 residences from January 2005 to December 2012 in the urban area of Dracena, a medium-sized city located in the western region of São Paulo, Brazil. Results A total of 54,820 Lu. longipalpis specimens were collected, and the proportion of positive samples was significantly higher in the peridomiciles than in the intradomiciles (p<0.05) in all 8 years of the study, except for 2005. The vector was present in all study years in the 9 sub-regions of the city, and the male/female ratio ranged from 3.19 to 4.26. The greatest vector abundance occurred in the first semester and peaked in March, confirming its seasonality. Conclusions The maintenance of this high abundance over an 8-year surveillance period demonstrates the vector adaptation to the urban conditions of the city. These characteristics present a major challenge for preventing human and canine contact with the vector and, consequently, controlling the spread of disease.

Aplicação da teoria moderna do portfólio à selecção de canais de marketing digital

O intuito desta dissertação é investigar em que medida a Teoria Moderna do Portfólio pode ser aplicada à selecção de um portfólio de canais ou de tácticas de Marketing Digital, de modo a obter o melhor compromisso entre o retorno esperado do investimento e o respectivo risco. Anteriores aplicações da teoria do portfólio ao Marketing, enquanto meio de racionalizar a selecção do portfólio, concentraram-se no uso deste modelo em decisões relacionadas com portfólios de produtos, de clientes e segmentos de clientes, de formatos de retalho e de promoções de preço. Não se encontraram evidências de que a abordagem proposta neste texto tenha já sido tentada. A evolução tecnológica nas últimas duas décadas trouxe a adopção generalizada de smartphones e tablets e também a revolução da internet, originando a proliferação do e-mail, dos blogs e dos sites de redes sociais. Devido à infinidade de meios para chegar aos consumidores, os marketers enfrentam actualmente grandes desafios no planeamento e na definição das suas estratégias de Marketing. Em resposta, consultoras detêm ferramentas para a análise de portfólios de canais de Marketing que permitem às empresas e aos marketers, em particular, melhorar o desempenho da sua actividade e maximizar o rendimento da sua despesa de Marketing. Contudo, além de dispendiosas e estritamente analíticas, estas ferramentas são muito sofisticadas, baseando-se em algoritmos e raciocínios complexos que nem sempre são evidentes para os marketers, o que dificulta a sua compreensão e consequentemente a sua adopção. Sem uma ferramenta de análise, é frequente os marketers fundamentarem as suas decisões nos resultados das campanhas online anteriores, registados pelas Web Analytics, e na sua experiência profissional. Assim, crê-se que a Teoria Moderna do Portfólio, baseando-se em conceitos estatísticos simples, possa representar para os marketers uma ferramenta útil no apoio à selecção do conjunto de canais ou de tácticas de Marketing Digital que melhor se adequa aos interesses e aos objectivos estratégicos das organizações. A Teoria Moderna do Portfólio tem como principais vantagens a análise e selecção de portfólios com base na sua combinação de retorno esperado e risco de investimento (retorno ajustado ao risco), por oposição a considerar exclusivamente o retorno esperado, e a simplicidade estatística do modelo, por oposição aos softwares das consultoras. O presente estudo fundamentou-se na literatura existente acerca da Teoria Moderna do Portfólio, concebida em 1952 por Harry Markowitz, bem como no conceito de Sharpe Ratio, por William Sharpe, tendo-se revisto também conceitos genéricos de Marketing e Marketing Digital. Dado que a medição do retorno financeiro do investimento em Marketing – central ao estudo – não é tão linear quanto a medição dos retornos de activos financeiros, revelou-se necessário introduzir algumas alterações à teoria do portfólio original. Estas alterações tomaram em consideração as principais conclusões dos estudos anteriores sobre a aplicação do modelo a outras áreas. Para desenvolver o modelo proposto, utilizou-se o Microsoft Excel. Seguidamente, procedeu-se à sua prova de conceito através de uma abordagem empírica, utilizando dados de uma empresa portuguesa de Marketing Digital. Concluiu-se que é possível aplicar a Teoria Moderna do Portfólio à selecção de canais ou tácticas de Marketing Digital de uma empresa, com as devidas adaptações, para determinar as parcelas do orçamento de comunicação de uma organização a alocar a cada tipo de canal ou táctica.

Frequency of amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitoses in a settlement in Ilhéus City, State of Bahia, Brazil

Introduction: This study evaluated the frequency of intestinal parasites, emphasizing the identification and differentiation of Entamoeba spp. Methods: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), coproantigen tests and morphometric analysis were performed for Entamoeba spp. differentiation. Results: The overall frequency of intestinal parasites was 65%. Entamoeba histolytica was detected by the coproantigen test, and the PCR showed that Entamoeba dispar predominated in the population. In contrast, morphometric analysis was important for identifying Entamoeba hartmanni. Conclusions: It is possible to identify the causative agent of amoebiasis and to differentiate this agent from other species by combining techniques.

Temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of the occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the City of Birigui, State of São Paulo, from 1999 to 2012

Introduction In 1999, Birigui and Araçatuba were the first municipalities in the State of São Paulo to present autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis in humans (VLH). The aim of this study was to describe the temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal behaviors of VLH in Birigui. Methods Secondary data were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System from 1999 to 2012. The incidence, mortality and case fatality rates by sex and age were calculated. The cases of VLH were geocoded and grouped according to census tracts. Local empirical Bayesian incidence rates were calculated. The existence of spatial and spatiotemporal clusters was investigated using SaTScan software. Results There were 156 confirmed cases of autochthonous VLH. The incidence rate was higher in the 0-4-year-old children, and the mortality and case fatality rates were higher in people aged 60 years and older. The peaks of incidence occurred in 2006 and 2011. The Bayesian rates identified the presence of VLH in all of the census tracts in the municipality; however, spatial and spatiotemporal clusters were found in the central area of the municipality. Conclusions Birigui, located in the Araçatuba region, has recently experienced increasing numbers of VLH cases; this increase is contrary to the behavior observed over the entire region, which has shown a decreasing trend in the number of VLH cases. The observations that the highest incidence is in children 0-4 years old and the highest mortality is in people 60 years and older are in agreement with the expected patterns of VLH.

Epidemiological and environmental aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years of age between 2007 and 2012 in the City of Araguaína, State of Tocantins, Brazil

Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) stands out as a zoonosis observed on four continents and also in urban expansion zones in several regions of Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional epidemiological study of VL cases in children under 15 years of age in the period from 2007 to 2012. Clinical data were gathered from medical reports; meteorological data were obtained at the Meteorological Measurement Department of UFT. Environmental variables were divided into two periods, rainy and dry. Results The study revealed no difference by gender (p=0.67) among the 821 patients. However, the most affected age group was between one and five years of age (58.6%; p<0.01); the highest prevalence of the disease (99.03%; p<0.01) occurred in urban zones; and the most affected ethnic group (85.5%; p<0.01) was mixed race. The highest incidence coefficients in this population occurred in 2007 and 2008 (578.39/100,000 inhabitants; 18.5/100,000 inhabitants, respectively), whereas the highest lethality coefficients occurred in 2008 and 2011 (0.85/100 deaths). There was no significant correlation between average rainfall and the number of VL cases. The correlation between temperature and number of VL cases was negative (r = -0.4039; p<0.01). Conclusions In Araguaína, visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years is an urban-based endemic disease distributed across all districts of the city wherein temperature as an environmental factor, a higher prevalence in mixed race children between one and five years of age, and a high incidence coefficient all strongly contribute to child mortality.

O Corpo Masculino Queer e Digital na Arte Contemporânea: Ryan Trecartin e Jacolby Satterwhite

Esta dissertação pretende analisar as práticas de dois artistas contemporâneos, Ryan Trecartin e Jacolby Satterwhite, nomeadamente a nível do modo como trabalham a intersecção do vídeo digital e da performance como forma de manifestação de corporalizações queer através do corpo masculino. Mais concretamente, interessa-nos focar processos de “queerificação” e de produção de corpos que emergem intrinsecamente pelo médium digital, e que exploram as possibilidades transformativas do médium tanto a nível de representação, criação e mutação de formas, como a nível comunicacional e de possibilidades de subjectivação e corporalizações múltiplas. Para tal, partimos dos dois campos teóricos que se mostraram mais pertinentes relativamente aos processos artísticos em análise, nomeadamente: a teoria queer pelo modo como definiu o carácter performativo das normas de género e as categorizações identitárias sexuais como suporte da heteronormatividade, identificando estratégias para a sua re-significação; e o pensamento sobre a relação do corpo com o médium digital, pelo modo como delineou processos de corporalização através da tecnologia digital. A análise dos processos artísticos de Ryan Trecartin e Jacolby Satterwhite demonstra como a arte contemporânea é um território fértil não apenas para a exposição de matrizes normativas de opressão, mas também para a criação de mundos radicalmente queer em que, fazendo uso do potencial transformativo do médium digital, se manifestam realidades e corpos onde a normatividade é totalmente implodida.

Studies on Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Campus FIOCRUZ Mata Atlântica, Jacarepaguá, in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The presence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the communities of the Campus FIOCRUZ Mata Atlântica (CFMA) in the City of Rio de Janeiro initiated the investigation of the Phlebotominae fauna in the Atlantic Forest to determine the occurrence of putative ACL vectors associated with the enzootic cycle. METHODS: For 24 consecutive months, sand flies were captured inside the forest and in the border area near the communities. RESULTS: The following sand fly species were identified: Brumptomyia brumpti, Brumptomyia cunhai, Brumptomyia nitzulescui, Lutzomyia edwardsi, Lutzomyia pelloni, and Lutzomyia quinquefer. Other identified sand fly vectors, such as Lutzomyia intermedia (the predominant species), Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia fischeri, and Lutzomyia hirsuta hirsuta, are associated with ACL transmission, and the vector for American visceral leishmaniases (AVL), Lutzomyia longipalpis, was also found. CONCLUSIONS: All sand fly vectors were found in both studied environments except for Lutzomyia whitmani, which was only identified in the forest. This study represents the first identification of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the CFMA, and the epidemiological implications are discussed.

Toxoplasma gondii infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Lagos City, Southern Nigeria

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii infection has been described as the most widespread zoonotic infection of humans and other animals. Information concerning T. gondii infection among schoolchildren is unavailable in Lagos City, Nigeria. METHODS: This cross-sectional study investigated the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among primary schoolchildren (PSC) from a community located in the center of Lagos, southern Nigeria, from November 2013 to March 2014. A total of 382 PSC were screened for the presence of sera anti-T. gondii antibodies using a latex agglutination test (TOXO Test-MT, Tokyo, Japan). A cutoff titer of ≥ 1:32 was considered positive, while titers ≥ 1:1,024 indicated high responders. Questionnaires were also used to obtain data on possible risk factors from parents/guardians. RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence was 24% (91/382), and 83.5% (76/91) of seropositive PSC were classified as high responders. Among the risk factors tested, including contact with cats and soil, consumption of raw meat and vegetables, and drinking unboiled water, none showed statistical significance after multivariate adjustment. No associations were observed among age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and parents' occupation/educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study show evidence of active infection, and hence, there is need for urgent preventive measures in this city. Further investigation is required to clarify the transmission routes. Policy makers also need to initiate prevention and control programs to protect pregnant women and immunocompromised patients in particular because they are more severely affected by T. gondii infection.

Projecto Vénus - Redefinir a máquina antropológica na era da reprodutibilidade. Técnica do corpo

Desenhado por Jacque Fresco, o Projecto Vénus é uma proposta de reconfiguração social, tendo como ferramenta de trabalho a cidade. A cidade projectada por Jacque Fresco responde de alguma forma a necessidade de encontrar programas de hibridização que ultrapassem os receios do determinismo em relação ao papel da tecnologia, e conferindo um cariz mais aproximado dos conceitos antropológicos de Leroi-Gourhan quando este apelida a técnica de utensílio colocado fora do corpo e que permitiu ao homem sobreviver num mundo hostil. A diferença é que a técnica já assumiu uma condição que transcende o mero instrumento, para ser já ela própria configuradora da realidade, como Kittler dizia em acerca dos media. Fresco coloca a cidade como paradigma de uma revolução cibernética, uma tecnotopia, em que a tecnologia servirá para libertar o humano de condições políticas, económicas e sociais que o autor considera obsoletas. Uma nova configuração multidimensional que se apoia numa nova esfera pública, ambicionando um ethos global com uma estrutura digital para comunicações em rede. Fresco atribui uma dimensão de extrema importância aos factos de a tecnologia, no Projecto Vénus, ficar paredes meias com a natureza sem que tenha uma relação intrusiva, mas antes uma relação de responsabilidade pela gestão eficaz dos sistemas circundantes que preconizam muitas das “expectativas messiânicas” de que Walter Benjamin nos falava acerca da tecnologia. O objectivo da presente dissertação será a partir da definição de técnica e da tecnologia e, mais tarde discutindo esta cidade cibernética chamada Projecto Vénus, tentar responder às seguintes perguntas: como Gourhan nos diz, a técnica foi colocada fora do corpo para permitir aos seres humanos sobreviver, podemos supor que, neste momento, com a emergência de novas áreas, como a biotecnologia, nanotecnologia e robótica, a tecnologia retorna ao corpo humano para resolver a falha que, de acordo com o mito de Epimeteu, lhe deu origem? Se assim for, este processo de incorporação dos aparelhos protéticos, pode significar que estamos a entrar na era de reprodutibilidade do corpo humano como um objecto? Além disso, será a crescente visibilidade do Projecto Vénus um sintoma de uma crescente sociedade tecnológica, uma tecnotopia cujo fim último é a reconfiguração da máquina antropológica tal como Agamben colocou em «The Open»?