Cost Analysis of Long-Term Treatment of Patients with Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) with Esomeprazole On-Demand Treatment or Esomeprazole Continuous Treatment: An Open, Randomized, Multicenter Study in Switzerland.

Objectives: To assess the difference in direct medical costs between on-demand (OD) treatment with esomeprazole (E) 20 mg and continuous (C) treatment with E 20 mg q.d. from a clinical practice view in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms. Methods: This open, randomized study (ONE: on-demand Nexium evaluation) compared two long-term management options with E 20 mg in endoscopically uninvestigated patients seeking primary care for GERD symptoms who demonstrated complete relief of symptoms after an initial treatment of 4 weeks with E 40 mg. Data on consumed quantities of all cost items were collected in the study, while data on prices during the time of study were collected separately. The analysis was done from a societal perspective. Results: Forty-nine percent (484 of 991) of patients randomized to the OD regimen and 46% (420 of 913) of the patients in the C group had at least one contact with the investigator that would have occurred nonprotocol-driven. The difference of the adjusted mean direct medical costs between the treatment groups was CHF 88.72 (95% confidence interval: CHF 41.34-153.95) in favor of the OD treatment strategy (Wilcoxon rank-sum test: P < 0.0001). Adjusted direct nonmedical costs and productivity loss were similar in both groups. Conclusions: The adjusted direct medical costs of a 6-month OD treatment with esomeprazole 20 mg in uninvestigated patients with symptoms of GERD were significantly lower compared with a continuous treatment with E 20 mg once a day. The OD therapy represents a cost-saving alternative to the continuous treatment strategy with E.

Neuro-mechanical and metabolic adjustments to the repeated anaerobic sprint test in professional football players.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the neuro-mechanical and metabolic adjustments in the lower limbs induced by the running anaerobic sprint test (the so-called RAST). METHODS: Eight professional football players performed 6 × 35 m sprints interspersed with 10 s of active recovery on artificial turf with their football shoes. Sprinting mechanics (plantar pressure insoles), root mean square activity of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles (surface electromyography, EMG) and VL muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored continuously. RESULTS: Sprint time, contact time and total stride duration increased from the first to the last repetition (+17.4, +20.0 and +16.6 %; all P < 0.05), while flight time and stride length remained constant. Stride frequency (-13.9 %; P < 0.001) and vertical stiffness decreased (-27.2 %; P < 0.001) across trials. Root mean square EMG activities of RF and BF (-18.7 and -18.1 %; P < 0.01 and 0.001, respectively), but not VL (-1.2 %; P > 0.05), decreased over sprint repetitions and were correlated with the increase in running time (r = -0.82 and -0.90; both P < 0.05). Together with a better maintenance of RF and BF muscles activation levels over sprint repetitions, players with a better repeated-sprint performance (lower cumulated times) also displayed faster muscle de- (during sprints) and re-oxygenation (during recovery) rates (r = -0.74 and -0.84; P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: The repeated anaerobic sprint test leads to substantial alterations in stride mechanics and leg-spring behaviour. Our results also strengthen the link between repeated-sprint ability and the change in neuromuscular activation as well as in muscle de- and re-oxygenation rates.

High Performance Electrical Drive System for a Biomechanical Test and Rehabilitation Equipment

Suunniteltiin ja rakennettiin suoraa vääntömomenttisäätöä soveltava taajuudenmuuttajakäyttö oikosulkumoottorin ohjaukseen korvaamaan passiivinen jarrukäyttö. Laite on kuntoutuslaite, jolla tehdään lihasvoiman mittauksia ja voimaharjoituksia. Selvitettiin kaupallisten moottoreiden ja taajuudenmuuttajien suoritusominaisuuksia ja tämän perusteella valittiin käyttöön sopivat laitteet. Työssä esitetään kaksi oikosulkumoottorin ohjaustapaa: vektorisäätö ja suora vääntömomenttisäätö. Merkittävin osa tästä työstä käsittelee - tarkan turvallisuussuunnitelman lisäksi - kuntoutuslaitteen prototyypin komponentteja, kokoamista ja suoritustestien tuloksia.

The Rose Bengal test in human brucellosis: a neglected test for the diagnosis of a neglected disease

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis affecting livestock and human beings. The human disease lacks pathognomonic symptoms and laboratory tests are essential for its diagnosis. However, most tests are difficult to implement in the areas and countries were brucellosis is endemic. Here, we compared the simple and cheap Rose Bengal Test (RBT) with serum agglutination, Coombs, competitive ELISA, Brucellacapt, lateral flow immunochromatography for IgM and IgG detection and immunoprecipitation with Brucella proteins. We tested 208 sera from patients with brucellosis proved by bacteriological isolation, 20 contacts with no brucellosis, and 1559 sera of persons with no recent contact or brucellosis symptoms. RBT was highly sensitive in acute and long evolution brucellosis cases and this related to its ability to detect IgM, IgG and IgA, to the absence of prozones, and to the agglutinating activity of blocking IgA at the pH of the test. RBT was also highly specific in the sera of persons with no contact with Brucella. No test in this study outperformed RBT, and none was fully satisfactory in distinguishing contacts from infected patients. When modified to test serum dilutions, a diagnostic titer >4 in RBT resulted in 87.4% sensitivity (infected patients) and 100% specificity (contacts). We discuss the limitations of serological tests in the diagnosis of human brucellosis, particularly in the more chronic forms, and conclude that simplicity and affordability of RBT make it close to the ideal test for small and understaffed hospitals and laboratories.

Beyond contact-based transmission networks: the role of spatial coincidence.

Animal societies rely on interactions between group members to effectively communicate and coordinate their actions. To date, the transmission properties of interaction networks formed by direct physical contacts have been extensively studied for many animal societies and in all cases found to inhibit spreading. Such direct interactions do not, however, represent the only viable pathways. When spreading agents can persist in the environment, indirect transmission via 'same-place, different-time' spatial coincidences becomes possible. Previous studies have neglected these indirect pathways and their role in transmission. Here, we use rock ant colonies, a model social species whose flat nest geometry, coupled with individually tagged workers, allowed us to build temporally and spatially explicit interaction networks in which edges represent either direct physical contacts or indirect spatial coincidences. We show how the addition of indirect pathways allows the network to enhance or inhibit the spreading of different types of agent. This dual-functionality arises from an interplay between the interaction-strength distribution generated by the ants' movement and environmental decay characteristics of the spreading agent. These findings offer a general mechanism for understanding how interaction patterns might be tuned in animal societies to control the simultaneous transmission of harmful and beneficial agents.

Application of intravoxel incoherent motion perfusion imaging to shoulder muscles after a lift-off test of varying duration.

Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI is a method to extract microvascular blood flow information out of diffusion-weighted images acquired at multiple b-values. We hypothesized that IVIM can identify the muscles selectively involved in a specific task, by measuring changes in activity-induced local muscular perfusion after exercise. We tested this hypothesis using a widely used clinical maneuver, the lift-off test, which is known to assess specifically the subscapularis muscle functional integrity. Twelve shoulders from six healthy male volunteers were imaged at 3 T, at rest, as well as after a lift-off test hold against resistance for 30 s, 1 and 2 min respectively, in three independent sessions. IVIM parameters, consisting of perfusion fraction (f), diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient D* and blood flow-related fD*, were estimated within outlined muscles of the rotator cuff and the deltoid bundles. The mean values at rest and after the lift-off tests were compared in each muscle using a one-way ANOVA. A statistically significant increase in fD* was measured in the subscapularis, after a lift-off test of any duration, as well as in D. A fD* increase was the most marked (30 s, +103%; 1 min, +130%; 2 min, +156%) and was gradual with the duration of the test (in 10(-3) mm(2) /s: rest, 1.41 ± 0.50; 30 s, 2.86 ± 1.17; 1 min, 3.23 ± 1.22; 2 min, 3.60 ± 1.21). A significant increase in fD* and D was also visible in the posterior bundle of the deltoid. No significant change was consistently visible in the other investigated muscles of the rotator cuff and the other bundles of the deltoid. In conclusion, IVIM fD* allows the demonstration of a task-related microvascular perfusion increase after a specific task and suggests a direct relationship between microvascular perfusion and the duration of the effort. It is a promising method to investigate non-invasively skeletal muscle physiology and clinical perfusion-related muscular disorders.

PEC1/AtABCG32 transport function in cuticle biosynthesis

Most aerial parts of the plants are covered by a hydrophobic coating called cuticle. The cuticle is formed of cutin, a complex mixture of esterified fatty acids that are embedded and associated with waxes. The cuticle often appears as a superposition of layers of different composition: The cuticle proper formed of cutin and a mixture of waxes and underneath, the cuticle layer containing cutin, intracuticular waxes and polysaccharides of the cell wall. In addition to its involvement in plant development by preventing organ fusions, the cuticle acts as a barrier to prevent water loss and protect plants against environmental aggressions such as excessive radiation or pathogens attacks. PEC1/AtABCG32 is an ABC transporter from the PDR family involved in cutin biosynthesis. Characterization of the peci mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana showed that PEC1 plays a significant role in the diffusion barrier formation in leaves and petals. The cuticles of leaves and flowers of peci are permeable and the cuticular layer rather than the cuticular proper was altered in the petals, underlining the importance of this particular layer in the maintenance of the diffusion barrier. Chemical analysis on the flower cutin monomer composition of ped mutant revealed a decrease in hydroxylated cutin monomers, suggesting a function of PEC1 in the incorporation of these monomers in the polymer cutin. However, the exact nature of the substrates of PEC1 remained elusive. PEC1 homologues in barley and rice, respectively HvABCG31/EIBI1 and OsABCG31, are also implicated in cuticle biosynthesis. Interestingly, the rice mutant displays more severe phenotypes such as dwarfism and spreading necrosis conducting to the seedling death. In this work, we further characterized osabcg31 mutant and hairpin-RNAi downregulated OsABCG31 plant lines showing reduced growth and cuticle permeability. Our analysis showed a decrease in hydroxylated cutin monomers and severe disruptions in the cuticle, which explain the permeability. Further insights into the function of the cuticle in rice resistance/susceptibility to Pathogens were obtained after inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungus responsible for the rice blast disease. Osabcg31 as well as the transgenic lines downregulating OsABCG31 showed increased resistance to the fungus. However, only later steps of infection are reduced . and no impact is obseived on the germination or penetration stages, suggesting that the cuticle disruption per se is not responsible for the resistance. We further investigated the cause of the resistance by analyzing the expression of defense related gene in osabcg31 prior to infection. We found that osabcg31 constitutively express defense related genes, which may explain the resistance, the dwarfism and the cell death. osabcg31 is thus a tool to study the connection between cuticle, plant development and defense signaling networks in rice. The transport function of PEC1 family members is still unknown. In order to link cutin biosynthesis and transport activity, we combined ped mutation with mutations in cutin synthesis related genes. Here, we show that PEC1 acts independently from GPAT4 and GPAT8 pathway and partially overlaps with GPAT6 biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of hydroxylated C16 cutin precursor 2-Mono(10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoylJglycerol (2-MHG). In addition, we noticed that despite a comparable cutin monomer composition, ped mutant leaves cuticle are permeable while that of gpat6 mutant are not. This finding raises the possibility of PEC1 being required for the incorporation of C16 hydroxylated monomers and their structural arrangement rather than their direct transport towards the cuticle. A careful investigation of the cuticle permeability, cutin composition and ultrastructure during leave development in Wt plants and ped mutants revealed a possible different regulation of several pathways of cutin biosynthesis and showed the importance of PEC1 function early during leave cuticle maturation. In order to elucidate the transport activity of PEC1, we successfully expressed PEC1 in Nicotiana benthamiana plant system for direct transport experiments. This system will be used to test the PEC 1-dependent transport of potential substrates such as sn-2-monoacylglycerol loaded with a hydroxylated C16 fatty acid. -- Toutes les parties aériennes des plantes sont recouvertes d'une couche hydrophobe appelée «cuticule». Cette cuticule est composée de cutine, un polymère d'acides gras estérifiés, et de cires. La cuticule apparaît souvent sous forme de couches superposées: une première couche extérieure appelée «cuticle proper» formée de cutine et d'un mélange de cires, et une deuxième couche, la «cuticle layer», formée de cutine associée à des cires intracuticulaires et des polysaccharides pariétaux. La cuticule joue le rôle de barrière prévenant contre la perte d'eau et les agressions environnementales. AtABCG32/PEC1 est un transporteur ABC de la famille des PDR impliqué dans la synthèse de la cutine. L'étude du mutant peci d'Arabidopsis thaliana a révélé une fonction de PEC1 dans la formation de la barrière de diffusion. La cuticule des feuilles et fleurs de peci est perméable. Des altérations de la «cuticle layer» ont été démontrées, soulignant son importance dans le maintien de la barrière. L'analyse de la composition de la cutine de peci a montré une réduction spécifique en monomères hydroxylés, suggérant un rôle de PEC1 dans leur incorporation dans la cuticule. Cependant, la nature exacte des substrats de PEC1 n'a pas été identifiée. PEC1 possède deux homologues chez l'orge et le riz, respectivement HvABCG31 et OsABCG31, et qui sont impliqués dans la biosynthèse de la cuticule. Chez le riz, des phénotypes plus sévères ont été observés tels que nanisme et nécroses conduisant à la mort des jeunes plants. Dans cette étude, nous avons continué la caractérisation de osabcg31 ainsi que des lignées de riz sous exprimant le gène OsABCG31 et présentant une cuticule perméable tout en ayant une meilleure croissance. Notre étude a démontré une réduction des monomères hydroxylés de cutine et une désorganisation de la structure de la cuticule, aggravée dans le mutant osabcg31. Ce résultat explique la perméabilité observée. Des mformations P|us approfondies sur l'implication de la cuticule dans la résistance aux pathogènes ont été obtenues après inoculation du mutant osabcg31 et les lignées sous- exprimant OsABCG31 avec une souche virulente de Magnaporthe Oryzae, le champignon responsable de la pyriculariose du riz. Les différentes lignées testées ont démontré une résistance au pathogène. Cependant, seules les étapes tardives de l'infection sont réduites et aucun impact n'est observé sur la germination des spores ou la pénétration du champignon, suggérant que les modifications de la cuticule ne sont pas directement à l'origine de la résistance. L'analyse de l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la résistance à Magnaporthe.oryzae a mis en évidence l'expression constitutive de ces gènes en l'absence de tout contact avec le pathogène. Ceci explique la résistance, le nanisme et la mort cellulaire observés. Ainsi, osabcg31 représente un outil efficace pour l'étude intégrée des systèmes de régulation de la défense, de développement des plantes et la cuticule. La nature des substrats transportés par PEC1/AtABCG32 reste inconnue. Dans le but d'établir une liaison entre biosynthèse de cutine et transport des précurseurs par PEC1, la mutation peci a été combinée avec des mutants impliqués dans différentes voies de biosynthèse. Cette étude a démontré une fonction indépendante de PEC1 de la voie de biosynthèse impliquant les enzymes GPAT4 et GPAT8, et une fonction partiellement indépendante de la voie impliquant GPAT6 qui mène à la production de précurseurs sn-2- monoacylglycerol chargés en acides gras en C16 (2-MHG). De plus, malgré un profil similaire en monomères de cutine, gpat6 conserve une cuticule imperméable alors que celle de PEC1 est perméable. Ceci suggère que PEC1 est nécessaire à l'incorporation des monomères en C16 et leur arrangement structurel plutôt que simplement à leur transport direct. L'étude approfondie de la perméabilité cuticulaire, de la structure ainsi que de la composition en cutine pendant le développement des feuilles de peci et la plante sauvage a révélé l'existence de différentes régulations des voies de biosynthèses des monomères et a démontré l'importance de PEC1 dans les premières étapes de la mise en place de la cuticule. Pour identifier les substrats transportés, l'expression de PEC1 chez le système hétérologue Nicotiana benthamiana a été conduite avec succès. Ce système sera utilisé pour tester le transport de substrats potentiels tels que le sn-2-monoacylglycerol chargé en acide gras en C16.

Position sensorless electrically excited synchronous motor drive for industrial use based on direct flux linkage and torque control

Synchronous machines with an AC converter are used mainly in large drives, for example in ship propulsion drives as well as in rolling mill drives in steel industry. These motors are used because of their high efficiency, high overload capacity and good performance in the field weakening area. Present day drives for electrically excited synchronous motors are equipped with position sensors. Most drives for electrically excited synchronous motors will be equipped with position sensors also in future. This kind of drives with good dynamics are mainly used in metal industry. Drives without a position sensor can be used e.g. in ship propulsion and in large pump and blower drives. Nowadays, these drives are equipped with a position sensor, too. The tendency is to avoid a position sensor if possible, since a sensor reduces the reliability of the drive and increases costs (latter is not very significant for large drives). A new control technique for a synchronous motor drive is a combination of the Direct Flux Linkage Control (DFLC) based on a voltage model and a supervising method (e.g. current model). This combination is called Direct Torque Control method (DTC). In the case of the position sensorless drive, the DTC can be implemented by using other supervising methods that keep the stator flux linkage origin centered. In this thesis, a method for the observation of the drift of the real stator flux linkage in the DTC drive is introduced. It is also shown how this method can be used as a supervising method that keeps the stator flux linkage origin centered in the case of the DTC. In the position sensorless case, a synchronous motor can be started up with the DTC control, when a method for the determination of the initial rotor position presented in this thesis is used. The load characteristics of such a drive are not very good at low rotational speeds. Furthermore, continuous operation at a zero speed and at a low rotational speed is not possible, which is partly due to the problems related to the flux linkage estimate. For operation in a low speed area, a stator current control method based on the DFLC modulator (DMCQ is presented. With the DMCC, it is possible to start up and operate a synchronous motor at a zero speed and at low rotational speeds in general. The DMCC is necessary in situations where high torque (e.g. nominal torque) is required at the starting moment, or if the motor runs several seconds at a zero speed or at a low speed range (up to 2 Hz). The behaviour of the described methods is shown with test results. The test results are presented for the direct flux linkage and torque controlled test drive system with a 14.5 kVA, four pole salient pole synchronous motor with a damper winding and electric excitation. The static accuracy of the drive is verified by measuring the torque in a static load operation, and the dynamics of the drive is proven in load transient tests. The performance of the drive concept presented in this work is sufficient e.g. for ship propulsion and for large pump drives. Furthermore, the developed methods are almost independent of the machine parameters.

The influence of a certain volume of fluid in the lower tear meniscus on intraocular pressure measurements using the non-contact tonometer

Background: Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the pressure inside the eye that helps to maintain the integrity and the suitable form of the ocular globe. Precise and accurate measures of IOP are needed for the diagnosis as well as follow-up of glaucoma. In daily clinical practice, Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) and Non-contact tonometer (NCT) are the most common devices for measuring IOP. A close agreement between these methods has been showed, particularly in normotensive patients and a poor agreement, especially when IOP levels are above the normal range. Ophthalmologists have noticed a poor agreement between NCT and GAT, observing that by using NCT and after comparing with GAT, there is an overestimation of IOP readings, and particularly it occurs when the eyes are tearful. Previous studies investigate the effect of tears in Non-contact tonometer readings by the instillation of artificial tears, concluding in one of the studies that the variation was less than 1mmHg and not clinically significant, in contrast with another study which the increases were sadistically significant. Tear menisci are a thin strip of tear fluid located between the bulbar conjunctiva and the eyelid margins. We think that the overestimation of IOP readings using NCT could be due to the presence of a higher volume of tear in the lower tear meniscus which might cause an optical interference in the optoelectronic applanation monitoring system of this deviceObjectives: To research the influence of a certain volume of fluid in the lower tear meniscus on IOP measurements using the NCT in healthy eyes. Moreover, to investigate the agreement between IOP readings obtained by NCT and GAT in the presence and absence of this volume of fluidMethods: The study design will be transversal for diagnostic tests of repeated measures. We will study patients with no ocular pathology and IOP<21mmHg. It will consist in the measurement of IOP using NCT before and after the instillation of COLIRCUSÍ FLUOTEST, used as a volume of fluid in the lower tear meniscus, to observe if there will be differences using the paired t-test. Moreover, we will take IOP measures by GAT in order to know the agreement between these methods after and before the application of these eyedrops, using the ICC (intraclass correlation coefficient) and the Bland-Altmann method

Nietzsche and Neo-Kantian historiography: points of contact

In the German academies of Nietzsche's period of writing, the Kantian tradition was largely displaced in favor of two independent schools that have since been labeled "Neo-Kantianism." This paper presents four key theses about philosophy of history from four Neo-Kantian thinkers, how they follow from their adaptation of the Kantian tradition, and how Nietzsche critically engaged the very same issues in the formation of his own historical theory. Although there is little direct influence between orthodox Neo-Kantianism and Nietzsche, their comparison on these points will illuminate their unique adaptations of the Kantian tradition.

Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Detection Technology in Screening for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Control of the world-wide spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been unsuccessful in most developed countries. A few countries have been able to maintain a low MRSA prevalence, plausibly due to their strict MRSA control policies. Such policies require wide-scale screening of patients with suspected MRSA colonization, in order to nurse the MRSA-positive patients in contact isolation. The aim of this study was to develop and introduce a 2-photon excited fluorescence detection (TPX) technique for screening of MRSA directly from clinical samples. The assay principle involves specific online immunometric monitoring of S. aureus growth under selective antibiotic pressure. After the novel TPX approach had been set up, its applicability for the detection of MRSA was evaluated using a large MRSA collection including practically all epidemic MRSA strains identified in Finland between 1991 and 2009. The TPX assay was found both sensitive (97.9%) and specific (94.1%) in this epidemiological setting, illustrating that the method is tolerant to wide biological variation as well as to environments with rapidly emerging MRSA strains. When MRSA was screened directly from colonization samples, all patients positive for MRSA by conventional methods were positive also by the TPX assay. The assay capacity was 48 samples per a test run, and the median time required for confirmation of a true-positive screening test result was 3 h 26 min. Collectively, the findings presented in this thesis suggest that the TPX MRSA screening assay could be applicable for direct screening of MRSA colonization samples without any prior steps of isolation. This can potentially mean that contact isolation of suspected carriers testing negative could be discontinued earlier, thereby reducing the costs and burden associated with the containment of MRSA. In case of infection, a positive test result would ensure an early onset of effective therapy.

Factors associated with the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis in an ambulatory population of dogs

The objective was to evaluate the factors associated with the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis infestations in dogs assisted at the Dermatology Service of the Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. A total of 250 dogs were examined through direct smear of ear samples using a stereoscopic microscope, for the parasitological diagnostic. All dog owners were interviewed and data regarding the animals and their environments were individually recorded. Mite infestation was observed in 15 animals, with a prevalence of 6%. The variables were tested regarding their association with the mites, using the χ2 test and, when appropriate, the Fisher exact test. There were no evidences that age (p = 0,20), sex (p = 0,31), breed (p = 0,50), shape of ear (p = 0,66), type (p = 0,19) and length of hair (p = 0,14) and contact with other animals (p = 0,06) could act as potential risk factors for O. cynotis infestation. However, living environment (p = 0,03) and frequency of environmental cleaning (p = 0,005) may facilitate the infestation. The occurrence of pruritus was associated to the presence of mites (p<0,001), suggesting to be an effect of the parasitism.

Unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite as an oral implant abutment material: Experimental studies of E-glass fiber/BisGMA-TEGDMA polymer in vitro

Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) are a new group of non-metallic biomaterials showing a growing popularity in many dental and medical applications. As an oral implant material, FRC is biocompatible in bone tissue environment. Soft tissue integration to FRC polymer material is unclear. This series of in vitro studies aimed at evaluating unidirectional E-glass FRC polymer in terms of mechanical, chemical, and biological properties in an attempt to develop a new non-metallic oral implant abutment alternative. Two different types of substrates were investigated: (a) Plain polymer (BisGMA 50%–TEGDMA 50%) and (b) Unidirectional FRC. The mechanical behavior of high fiber-density FRCs was assessed using a three-point bending test. Surface characterization was performed using scanning electron and spinning disk confocal microscopes. The surface wettability/energy was determined using sessile drop method. The blood response, including blood-clotting ability and platelet morphology was evaluated. Human gingival fibroblast cell responses - adhesion kinetics, adhesion strength, and proliferation activity - were studied in cell culture environment using routine test conditions. A novel tissue culture method was developed and used to evaluate porcine gingival tissue graft attachment and growth on the experimental composite implants. The analysis of the mechanical properties showed that there is a direct proportionality in the relationship between E-glass fiber volume fraction and toughness, modulus of elasticity, and load bearing capacity; however, flexural strength did not show significant improvement when high fiber-density FRC is used. FRCs showed moderate hydrophilic properties owing to the presence of exposed glass fibers on the polymer surface. Blood-clotting time was shorter on FRC substrates than on plain polymer. The FRC substrates also showed higher platelet activation state than plain polymer substrates. Fibroblast cell adhesion strength and proliferation rate were highly pronounced on FRCs. A tissue culture study revealed that gingival epithelium and connective tissue established an immediate close contact with both plain polymer and FRC implants. However, FRC seemed to guide epithelial migration outwards from the tissue/implant interface. Due to the anisotropic and hydrophilic nature of FRC, it can be concluded that this material enhances biological events related with soft tissue integration on oral implant surface.

Design and Drive-Cycle Based Analysis of Direct-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for a Small Urban Use Electric Vehicle

A direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous machine for a small urban use electric vehicle is presented. The measured performance of the machine at the test bench as well as the performance over the modified New European Drive Cycle will be given. The effect of optimal current components, maximizing the efficiency and taking into account the iron loss, is compared with the simple id=0 – control. The machine currents and losses during the drive cycle are calculated and compared with each other.

Contact force-guided catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials

Contact force (CF) sensing technology allows real-time monitoring during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the effect of CF sensing technology on procedural parameters and clinical outcomes still needs clarification. Because of the inconsistent results thus far in this area, we performed a meta-analysis to determine whether CF sensing technology can improve procedural parameters and clinical outcomes for the treatment of AF. Studies examining the benefits of CF sensing technology were identified in English-language articles by searching the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases (inception to May 2015). Ten randomized, controlled trials involving 1834 patients (1263 males, 571 females) were included in the meta-analysis (681 in the CF group, 1153 in the control group). Overall, the ablation time was significantly decreased by 7.34 min (95%CI=-12.21 to -2.46; P=0.003, Z test) in the CF group compared with the control group. CF sensing technology was associated with significantly improved freedom from AF after 12 months (OR=1.55, 95%CI=1.20 to 1.99; P=0.0007) and complications were significantly lower in the CF group than in the control group (OR=0.50, 95%CI=0.29 to 0.87; P=0.01). However, fluoroscopy time analysis showed no significantly decreased trend associated with CF-guided catheter ablation (weighted mean difference: -2.59; 95%CI=-9.06 to 3.88; P=0.43). The present meta-analysis shows improvement in ablation time and freedom from AF after 12 months in AF patients treated with CF-guided catheter ablation. However, CF-guided catheter ablation does not decrease fluoroscopy time.