Classification of Coastal Communities Reporting Commercial Fish Landings in the U.S. Northeast Region: Developing and Testing a Methodology

The National Marine Fisheries Service is required by law to conduct social impact assessments of communities impacted by fishery management plans. To facilitate this process, we developed a technique for grouping communities based on common sociocultural attributes. Multivariate data reduction techniques (e.g. principal component analyses, cluster analyses) were used to classify Northeast U.S. fishing communities based on census and fisheries data. The comparisons indicate that the clusters represent real groupings that can be verified with the profiles. We then selected communities representative of different values on these multivariate dimensions for in-depth analysis. The derived clusters are then compared based on more detailed data from fishing community profiles. Ground-truthing (e.g. visiting the communities and collecting primary information) a sample of communities from three clusters (two overlapping geographically) indicates that the more remote techniques are sufficient for typing the communities for further in-depth analyses. The in-depth analyses provide additional important information which we contend is representative of all communities within the cluster.

Testing a Device to Exclude Ovigerous Blue Crabs, Callinectes sapidus, from Commercial Pots

North Carolina fishery managers are considering methods to offer greater protection to the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, spawning stock while maintaining a viable commercial fishery for female blue crabs in high salinity estuaries. We tested how effectively wire rectangles, or excluders, of two internal sizes, 45x80 mm and 45x90 mm, would prevent entry of ovigerous female (sponge) crabs into pots relative to control pots (without excluders) while maintaining sizes and catch rates of male and nonsponged female hard crabs. Field sampling among three pot designs (two excluder sizes and control pots) was conducted in Core Sound, N.C., during 2004–06. Median sizes (carapace widths) of mature female crabs were not different among the three pot types. However, median sizes of male crabs and sponge crabs were greater in control pots than pots with either size of excluder. Catch rates of mature female crabs from control pots were greater than from pots with 45x85 mm excluders. Catch rates of legal male and sponge crabs from control pots were greater than from pots with either size of excluder. Results indicate that using excluders involves a tradeoff between reducing catches and sizes of sponge crabs while also reducing sizes and catches of legally harvestable nonsponge crabs; moreover, the reduction in total catch and sizes would be greater for legal male crabs than for legal nonsponged female crabs. In high salinity waters close to North Carolina’s existing no-harvest blue crab sanctuaries, where females typically dominate catches of hard crabs, the benefit of using excluders to prevent entry of sponge crabs may outweigh a potentially modest decrease in landings of nonsponged females.

O papel do óleo de peixe na via L-arginina-óxido nítrico e no estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos: um estudo dose-resposta

Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados n-3 derivados do óleo de peixe estão associados a benefícios cardiovasculares, que podem ser decorrentes da ativação da óxido nítrico sintase (NOS). Assim como as células endoteliais, os eritrócitos possuem NOS endotelial (eNOS) e induzível (iNOS) e, portanto, são capazes de sintetizar óxido nítrico (NO). O presente estudo testou a capacidade que diferentes concentrações de óleo de peixe tem de ativar a via L-arginina-NO e, em seguida, alterar os níveis de guanosina monofosfato cíclica (GMPc) em eritrócitos de camundongos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica. Além disso, foram analisados os marcadores de estresse oxidativo nos eritrócitos, objetivando investigar a biodisponibilidade do NO. O transporte de L-arginina, avaliado através da incubação com L-[3H]-arginina, mostrou-se ativado quando da administração de dietas contendo elevadas concentrações de óleo de peixe, em comparação com as dietas contendo baixas concentrações e controle. A atividade da NOS, medida pela conversão de L-[3H]-arginina em L-[3H]-citrulina, e a expressão da eNOS também aumentaram nos animais que se alimentaram com dietas ricas em óleo de peixe. Apesar da ativação da via L-arginina-óxido nítrico observada em nossos experimentos, os níveis de GMPc intraeritrocitário não foram afetados. O dano oxidativo nos eritrócitos aumentou linearmente conforme o óleo de peixe era acrescido na dieta, sem afetar a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. Além do endotélio, os eritrócitos contribuem para o metabolismo do NO. Desta forma, a ativação da via L-arginina-NO nessas células pode ser benéfica para saúde cardiovascular. Estudos futuros poderão investigar outros marcadores de estresse oxidativo durante o consumo de óleo de peixe para assegurar que o seu uso não resulta em efeitos prejudiciais secundários e para garantir a biodisponibilidade de NO.