Mechanical characterization of 3D bioprinted meniscus

Le lesioni del menisco sono le più comuni nella società di oggi: si verificano per un trauma meccanico o per cambiamenti degenerativi nella composizione dei tessuti. In caso di rottura o danneggiamento si interviene mediante riparazione del menisco, menisectomia parziale o totale, o allotrapianto, ma tali tecniche portano a degenerazione della cartilagine articolare, aumento dello stress sull'articolazione tibiale e infiammazione. Gli impianti di sostituzione presenti in commercio non riescono a ricreare il tessuto naturale del ginocchio o a prevenire malattie degenerative della cartilagine; si cerca quindi di creare un menisco meccanicamente e chimicamente simile a quello nativo. In questo studio è realizzato, tramite stampante 3D, uno scaffold di alginato e nanocellulosa, con condrociti umani al suo interno. Le cellule sono opportunamente coltivate, raggruppate a formare sferoidi di diverse concentrazioni (5000 e 10000 cellule/sferoide) e inserite all'interno di scaffold caratterizzati rispettivamente da 4000 e 2000 sferoidi/ml di inchiostro. Le loro proprietà meccaniche, insieme a quelle del campione costituito dal solo bio-inchiostro, sono caratterizzate mediante nanoindentazione. Un'analisi statistica (0.05% di significatività), ha appurato una differenza nelle proprietà meccaniche dei campioni con diverse concentrazioni di sferoidi, e tra questi e il campione senza sferoidi. Il modulo elastico e la durezza riscontrati (kPa): E=23.97±13.05, H=3.15±1.23 nel controllo negativo, E=35.34±7.28, H=4.37±0.79 nel campione da 2000 sferoidi/ml e E=49.28±9.75, H=5.44±0.87 nel campione da 4000 sferoidi/ml. In conclusione, la formazione di agglomerati di cellule e la loro introduzione all'interno di uno scaffold è possibile ed è un buon metodo per controllare il numero di cellule inserite, in termini di sferoidi. Gli organoidi contribuiscono al modulo elastico e alla durezza del campione, determinando un incremento e una maggiore equità nelle proprietà meccaniche.

Histochemical characterization of 3D bioprinted meniscus

La cartilagine ad oggi rappresenta ancora una sfida per la medicina rigenerativa a causa della sua scarsa capacità di rigenerarsi quando sottoposta a gravi lesioni tissutali. Inoltre, la sua struttura complessa e l'ambiente biologico che offre sono ancora difficili da riprodurre con precisione mediante l’utilizzo di strutture bioartificiali e biomimetiche. Sebbene gli interventi per riparare i danni al tessuto cartilagineo siano ancora prevalentemente di stampo chirurgico, si stanno aprendo nuove strade nel campo dell'ingegneria tissutale volte a ricreare una struttura simile a quella originaria, che possa indurre la rigenerazione o sostituire direttamente il tessuto danneggiato. Lo studio condotto e discusso in questo elaborato mira a soddisfare quest'ultimo intento, ponendo le basi per un'eventuale evoluzione sperimentale della stampa del menisco. La ricerca si è basata sulla biostampa 3D di campioni di menisco, di dimensioni pari a circa 1 cm2, realizzati mediante un bioinchiostro a base di alginato e nanocellulosa, al cui interno sono stati immersi sferoidi/microtessuti di condrociti con diversa concentrazione. La stampa dei campioni è avvenuta in tre diverse condizioni: i) solo bioinchiostro, ii) bioinchiostro contenente sferoidi da 5000 cellule, iii) bioinchiostro contenente sferoidi da 10000 cellule. Al termine della stampa sono stati analizzati i campioni per verificare la sopravvivenza delle cellule e investigare l'attitudine di queste di ricreare matrice extracellulare cartilaginea nelle condizioni ambientali in cui sono state introdotte. A questo proposito, sono state eseguite delle analisi istochimiche, quali la RT-PCR e l’analisi istologica. Inoltre, a partire dalle immagini al microscopio degli sferoidi a seguito della loro formazione e dalle sezioni istologiche, sono state analizzate le dimensioni dei campioni per confrontare l'eventuale variazione volumetrica di questi prima della stampa e a seguito del processo di estrusione.

Acquisizione e modellazione 3D in ambito museale per nuove forme di accessibilità per ipovedenti

Il tema approfondito in questo elaborato è relativo a nuove forme di esperienze museali in grado di favorire una maggiore fruizione dei musei da parte dei visitatori portatori di disabilità sensoriali. L’obiettivo dello studio, reso possibile grazie alla collaborazione con il Comune di Riccione, l’Università di Bologna e il Museo del Territorio di Riccione, riguarda la riproduzione tattile 3D di alcuni manufatti di epoca romana rinvenuti nel territorio e l’implementazione di soluzioni di esplorazione dei modelli fisici con tecniche di realtà aumentata e feedback sonori per fornire al visitatore un’esperienza tattile/sensoriale sugli oggetti. La parte di competenza di questo elaborato riguarda principalmente due aspetti: il rilievo 3D effettuato su quattro diversi frammenti di due serie di lastre fittili, mediante l’utilizzo di scanner ad alta risoluzione e fotogrammetria digitale, e la successiva modellazione in ambiente digitale. Quest’ultima fase comporta l’elaborazione delle scansioni tramite software dedicati e la creazione di mesh per generare la stampa di copie fisiche 3D. In una fase successiva alla stampa 3D le copie saranno poi gestite con particolari tecnologie di esplorazione sensoriale che accompagneranno l’utente durante l’esperienza tattile con feedback sonori. La sperimentazione condotta in questa tesi vuole dimostrare come sia possibile portare ad una trasformazione del ruolo dei musei, da quello tradizionale di magazzino statico a quello di ambiente di apprendimento attivo a disposizione di tutti offrendo esperienze immersive ed educative.

Rilievo e modellazione 3D di un’opera idraulica storica e del suo contesto

L'elaborato di tesi affronta le tematiche legate al rilievo tridimensionale di un'opera idraulica storica, georeferenziato nel proprio contesto territoriale per supportare applicazioni di gestione, manutenzione e protezione civile. Si illustrano le tecniche geomatiche adottate e la loro integrazione, evidenziando in particolare le procedure adottate nella elaborazione della nuvola di punti derivante dalla fusione di rilievi fotogrammetrici e con laser a scansione. Sono infine presentati alcuni dei prodotti realizzati.

Fabrication of 2D and 3D microelectrode arrays for amperometric dopamine sensing: towards a metal free approach to bioelectronics

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter which has a role in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. In-vivo detection of its concentration at the microscopic scale would benefit the study of these conditions and help in the development of therapies. The ideal sensor would be biocompatible, able to probe concentrations in microscopic volumes and sensitive to the small physiological concentrations of this molecule (10 nM - 1 μM). The ease of oxidation of dopamine makes it possible to detect it by electrochemical methods. An additional requirement in this kind of experiments when run in water, though, is to have a large potential window inside which no redox reactions with water take place. A promising class of materials which are being explored is the one of pyrolyzed photoresists. Photoresists can be lithographically patterned with micrometric resolution and after pyrolysis leave a glassy carbon material which is conductive, biocompatible and has a large electrochemical water window. In this work I developed a fabrication procedure for microelectrode arrays with three dimensional electrodes, making the whole device using just a negative photoresist called SU8. Making 3D electrodes could be a way to enhance the sensitivity of the electrodes without occupying a bigger footprint on the device. I characterized the electrical, morphological, and electrochemical properties of these electrodes, in particular their sensitivity to dopamine. I also fabricated and tested a two dimensional device for comparison. The three dimensional devices fabricated showed inferior properties to their two dimensional counter parts. I found a possible explanation and suggested some ways in which the fabrication could be improved.

From point cloud to HBIM: an integrated workflow for 3D reconstruction of heritage building with model accuracy evaluation

Modern society is now facing significant difficulties in attempting to preserve its architectural heritage. Numerous challenges arise consequently when it comes to documentation, preservation and restoration. Fortunately, new perspectives on architectural heritage are emerging owing to the rapid development of digitalization. Therefore, this presents new challenges for architects, restorers and specialists. Additionally, this has changed the way they approach the study of existing heritage, changing from conventional 2D drawings in response to the increasing requirement for 3D representations. Recently, Building Information Modelling for historic buildings (HBIM) has escalated as an emerging trend to interconnect geometrical and informational data. Currently, the latest 3D geomatics techniques based on 3D laser scanners with enhanced photogrammetry along with the continuous improvement in the BIM industry allow for an enhanced 3D digital reconstruction of historical and existing buildings. This research study aimed to develop an integrated workflow for the 3D digital reconstruction of heritage buildings starting from a point cloud. The Pieve of San Michele in Acerboli’s Church in Santarcangelo Di Romagna (6th century) served as the test bed. The point cloud was utilized as an essential referential to model the BIM geometry using Autodesk Revit® 2022. To validate the accuracy of the model, Deviation Analysis Method was employed using CloudCompare software to determine the degree of deviation between the HBIM model and the point cloud. The acquired findings showed a very promising outcome in the average distance between the HBIM model and the point cloud. The conducted approach in this study demonstrated the viability of producing a precise BIM geometry from point clouds.

Realizzazione in stampa 3D e calibrazione attraverso procedura semplificata di una sonda a 5 fori

Nella presente tesi vengono descritti i procedimenti di costruzione, di assemblaggio e di calibrazione di un tubo di Pitot a 5 fori per cercare una soluzione costruttiva facilmente replicabile e modificabile, mantenendo una buona affidabilità e testare un nuovo tipo di calibrazione che permetta di ridurre notevolmente i tempi di attesa per l'acquisizione dati. Vengono, quindi, in seguito, presentati i risultati ottenuti dalla calibrazione, fornendo commenti e consigli per migliorare l'intera procedura e ridurre l'errore.

Sviluppo di Algoritmi di Localizzazione 3D Passiva per UAVs

Gli UAV, o meglio conosciuti come ‘droni’, sono aeromobili a pilotaggio remoto il cui utilizzo si estende dal settore militare a quello civile. Quest’ultimi, possono essere attrezzati con numerosi dispositivi accessori, come ad esempio disturbatori di frequenze. La simbiosi UAV-jammer attacca le comunicazioni wireless tramite interferenze a radiofrequenza, per degradare o interrompere il servizio offerto dalle reti. Questo elaborato, si concentra sull’analisi di algoritmi di localizzazione passiva, per stimare la posizione dell’UAV e interrompere l’interferenza. Inizialmente, viene descritto il segnale emesso dall’UAV, che utilizza lo standard di comunicazione 802.11a. A seguire, dato che la localizzazione passiva si basa sulle misure TDOA rilevate da una stazione di monitoraggio a terra, vengono presentati tre algoritmi di stima TDOA, tra i quali fast TDOA, adaptive threshold-based first tap detection e un algoritmo sviluppato per i nuovi sistemi GNSS. Successivamente, vengono esaminati tre algoritmi di localizzazione passiva, che sfruttano il principio dei minimi quadrati (LS), ovvero il CTLS, LCLS e CWLS. Infine, le prestazioni degli algoritmi di localizzazione vengono valutate in un ambiente di simulazione realistico, con canale AWGN o con canale ITU Extended pedestrian A.

Structural and chemical basis for anticancer activity of a series of 'beta'-tubulin ligands: molecular modeling and 3D QSAR studies

An important approach to cancer therapy is the design of small molecule modulators that interfere with microtubule dynamics through their specific binding to the ²-subunit of tubulin. In the present work, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) studies were conducted on a series of discodermolide analogs with antimitotic properties. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained (CoMFA(i), q² =0.68, r²=0.94; CoMFA(ii), q² = 0.63, r²= 0.91), indicating the good internal and external consistency of the models generated using two independent structural alignment strategies. The models were externally validated employing a test set, and the predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The final QSAR models and the 3D contour maps provided important insights into the chemical and structural basis involved in the molecular recognition process of this family of discodermolide analogs, and should be useful for the design of new specific ²-tubulin modulators with potent anticancer activity.

Stress distribution in the cervical region of an upper central incisor in a 3D finite element model

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution in the cervical region of a sound upper central incisor in two clinical situations, standard and maximum masticatory forces, by means of a 3D model with the highest possible level of fidelity to the anatomic dimensions. Two models with 331,887 linear tetrahedral elements that represent a sound upper central incisor with periodontal ligament, cortical and trabecular bones were loaded at 45º in relation to the tooth's long axis. All structures were considered to be homogeneous and isotropic, with the exception of the enamel (anisotropic). A standard masticatory force (100 N) was simulated on one of the models, while on the other one a maximum masticatory force was simulated (235.9 N). The software used were: PATRAN for pre- and post-processing and Nastran for processing. In the cementoenamel junction area, tensile forces reached 14.7 MPa in the 100 N model, and 40.2 MPa in the 235.9 N model, exceeding the enamel's tensile strength (16.7 MPa). The fact that the stress concentration in the amelodentinal junction exceeded the enamel's tensile strength under simulated conditions of maximum masticatory force suggests the possibility of the occurrence of non-carious cervical lesions such as abfractions.

Dynamical Lorentz symmetry breaking in 3D and charge fractionalization

We analyze the breaking of Lorentz invariance in a 3D model of fermion fields self-coupled through four-fermion interactions. The low-energy limit of the theory contains various submodels which are similar to those used in the study of graphene or in the description of irrational charge fractionalization.

Density functional theory investigation of 3d, 4d, and 5d 13-atom metal clusters

The knowledge of the atomic structure of clusters composed by few atoms is a basic prerequisite to obtain insights into the mechanisms that determine their chemical and physical properties as a function of diameter, shape, surface termination, as well as to understand the mechanism of bulk formation. Due to the wide use of metal systems in our modern life, the accurate determination of the properties of 3d, 4d, and 5d metal clusters poses a huge problem for nanoscience. In this work, we report a density functional theory study of the atomic structure, binding energies, effective coordination numbers, average bond lengths, and magnetic properties of the 3d, 4d, and 5d metal (30 elements) clusters containing 13 atoms, M(13). First, a set of lowest-energy local minimum structures (as supported by vibrational analysis) were obtained by combining high-temperature first- principles molecular-dynamics simulation, structure crossover, and the selection of five well-known M(13) structures. Several new lower energy configurations were identified, e. g., Pd(13), W(13), Pt(13), etc., and previous known structures were confirmed by our calculations. Furthermore, the following trends were identified: (i) compact icosahedral-like forms at the beginning of each metal series, more opened structures such as hexagonal bilayerlike and double simple-cubic layers at the middle of each metal series, and structures with an increasing effective coordination number occur for large d states occupation. (ii) For Au(13), we found that spin-orbit coupling favors the three-dimensional (3D) structures, i.e., a 3D structure is about 0.10 eV lower in energy than the lowest energy known two-dimensional configuration. (iii) The magnetic exchange interactions play an important role for particular systems such as Fe, Cr, and Mn. (iv) The analysis of the binding energy and average bond lengths show a paraboliclike shape as a function of the occupation of the d states and hence, most of the properties can be explained by the chemistry picture of occupation of the bonding and antibonding states.

Improved finite element for 3D laminate frame analysis including warping for any cross-section

The most ordinary finite element formulations for 3D frame analysis do not consider the warping of cross-sections as part of their kinematics. So the stiffness, regarding torsion, should be directly introduced by the user into the computational software and the bar is treated as it is working under no warping hypothesis. This approach does not give good results for general structural elements applied in engineering. Both displacement and stress calculation reveal sensible deficiencies for both linear and non-linear applications. For linear analysis, displacements can be corrected by assuming a stiffness that results in acceptable global displacements of the analyzed structure. However, the stress calculation will be far from reality. For nonlinear analysis the deficiencies are even worse. In the past forty years, some special structural matrix analysis and finite element formulations have been proposed in literature to include warping and the bending-torsion effects for 3D general frame analysis considering both linear and non-linear situations. In this work, using a kinematics improvement technique, the degree of freedom ""warping intensity"" is introduced following a new approach for 3D frame elements. This degree of freedom is associated with the warping basic mode, a geometric characteristic of the cross-section, It does not have a direct relation with the rate of twist rotation along the longitudinal axis, as in existent formulations. Moreover, a linear strain variation mode is provided for the geometric non-linear approach, for which complete 3D constitutive relation (Saint-Venant Kirchhoff) is adopted. The proposed technique allows the consideration of inhomogeneous cross-sections with any geometry. Various examples are shown to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the proposed formulation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A FEM procedure based on positions and unconstrained vectors applied to non-linear dynamic of 3D frames

This study presents an alternative three-dimensional geometric non-linear frame formulation based on generalized unconstrained vector and positions to solve structures and mechanisms subjected to dynamic loading. The formulation is classified as total Lagrangian with exact kinematics description. The resulting element presents warping and non-constant transverse strain modes, which guarantees locking-free behavior for the adopted three-dimensional constitutive relation, Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff, for instance. The application of generalized vectors is an alternative to the use of finite rotations and rigid triad`s formulae. Spherical and revolute joints are considered and selected dynamic and static examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and generality of the proposed technique. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental study of a Tollmien-Schlichting wave interacting with a shallow 3D roughness element

The paper is devoted to an experimental study of the effect of a shallow 3D roughness element on the evolution of a 2D Tollmien-Schlichting wave in a Blasius boundary layer. The experiments were carried out under controlled disturbance conditions on an airfoil section which could provide a long run with zero pressure gradient flow. A pneumatically driven slit source was used to introduce the Tollmien-Schilichting wave upstream of the lower branch of the neutral stability curve. A few wavelengths downstream, the T-S wave interacts with a cylindrical roughness element. The height of the roughness was slowly oscillating in time, which allows a continuous measurement of the T-S wave response downstream the roughness. The oscillation frequency was approximately 1500 times lower than the frequency of the studied Tollmien-Schlichting wave and therefore, behaved as a steady roughness with respect to the T-S wave. Hot wire anemometry was used to measure wall normal profiles and spanwise scans close to the maximum of the eigenfunction of the T-S wave. The oscillation of the roughness and the synchronization of all-equipments permitted the use of ensemble average techniques. Two different amplitudes of T-S waves with a non-dimensional frequency of F120E-06 were studied. They show a strong amplification of the disturbances in a small spanwise wave number range. The analysis of the wall normal T-S profiles suggests the growth of oblique modes.