Differentiation of Candida species obtained from nosocomial candidemia using RAPD-PCR technique

Thirteen strains of the genus Candida were isolated from catheter, urine and surgical wounds from individual patients of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Ten strains were characterized as Candida albicans, two as Candida glabrata, and one as Candida parapsilosis. Isolates were evaluated for molecular relatedness by random amplified polymorphic DNA technique using 15 primers. The analysis of the genomic DNA obtained revealed a low intraspecific polymorphism and did not allow for the differentiation between strains of the same species obtained from distinct clinical sources (catheter, urine and surgical wounds). The RAPD profiles generated were able to differentiate among the species of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata strains isolated in this study.

List of species in the genus Lutzomyia, França, 1924 (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from the State of Mato Grosso

This work had the objective of listing the sand fly species that occur in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data relating to entomological surveys conducted between 1996 and 2004 were obtained from the National Health Foundation and the State Health Department, and this was supplemented with information from research carried out in the state and from the specialized literature. There were records of 106 sand fly species belonging to the genus Lutzomyia. This is a rich and diversified fauna, with some species restricted to forested areas and others recorded throughout the state, independent of the vegetation type, and in areas modified by human action, with predominance of Lutzomyia whitmani.

A colecção de arte colonial do Patriarcado de Lisboa. Proposta de estudo e musealização

Esta tese procura reflectir sobre as possibilidades de constituição de uma colecção de arte colonial portuguesa (objectos artísticos híbridos resultantes da experiência ultramarina portuguesa) (Young 1995; Bhabha 2004) no contexto dos museus nacionais de arte. Recorrendo ao património da Igreja Católica em Portugal (especificamente, ao do Patriarcado de Lisboa), circunscreveu-se a análise das peças ao período Moderno. Considerando que não existem em Portugal colecções de âmbito museológico com a classificação de colonial, procurei no vasto património móvel da diocese de Lisboa (algum dele in situ e a uso) a aplicação dos parâmetros que constituiriam tal sistema (Baudrillard 1978; Foucault 1977 e 1988). A organização deste trabalho baseou-se em dois vectores fundamentais: um conceptual e metodológico que procura nos estudos teóricos e nos instrumentos da museologia as ferramentas para, primeiro, a constituição da colecção e, depois, a fundamentação documental e analítica da mesma (Impey e MacGregor 1989; Pearce 1994; Elsner e Cardinal 1997). E um segundo vector, que procura na historiografia do termo mais recuado e gregário, o “indo-português”, a fundamentação para a problematização em torno da questão mais vasta da introdução de artefactos de origem colonial na classificação de arte de acordo com os parâmetros europeus. Neste sentido, procura-se perceber como foram os artefactos coloniais recebidos – já que desde o início lhe foram conferidos valores de etnicidade –, interpretados – como “portugueses” – e (re)classificados como arte no âmbito da realização das exposições internacionais e da criação dos museus nacionais de arte. Por último, através da aplicação da ferramenta de inventário utilizada pela Rede Nacional de Museus, o Matriz3.0, a uma amostra de estudo (sete fichas de inventário correspondentes a sete casos de estudo), desenvolve-se a abordagem à ideia do inventário enquanto instrumento (isto é, a documentação de peças de arte colonial portuguesa através de um sistema criado para a arte europeia), que se propõe servir de base à narrativa da ideia de que a ferramenta inventário é o primeiro passo do(s) discurso(s) elaborado(s) sobre o objecto (dos quais fazem parte as biografias da vida cultural dos objectos) (Appadurai 2011). Problematizando este tema através de cinco v campos da ficha de inventário – “As Categorias e o Número de Inventário”; “A difícil atribuição de Autorias e a múltipla Produção”; “A Datação por aproximação”; “A Informação Técnica” e “O campo infinito da Documentação Associada” –, do acrescento de um parâmetro especificamente desenvolvido no âmbito da arte colonial – “As funções dos objectos” – e colocando em evidência a importância da análise destas peças a partir dos aspectos inerentes à sua materialidade (Miller 2005), propõe-se como resposta ao enunciado colocado no início deste resumo e possibilidades expositivas, que não é tanto o sistema de classificação que está implícito à institucionalização do objecto (ou seja, a forma como o social categoriza as coisas) que condiciona o seu entendimento, mas mais os discursos que são produzidos sobre ele (isto é, a forma como o social representa as coisas) (Vergo 2000; Macdonald 2006; Semedo e Lopes 2006).

Identification and differentiation of Candida species from pediatric patients by random amplified polymorphic DNA

Thirty-four Candida isolates were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA using the primer OPG-10:24 Candida albicans; 4 Candida tropicalis; 2 Candida parapsilosis; 2 Candida dubliniensis; 1 Candida glabrata and 1 Candida krusei. The UPGMA-Pearson correlation coefficient was used to calculate the genetic distance between the different Candida groupings. Samples were classified as identical (correlation of 100%); highly related samples (90%); moderately related samples (80%) and unrelated samples (< 70%). The results showed that the RAPD proposed was capable of classifying the isolates coherently (such that same species were in the same dendrogram), except for two isolates of Candida parapsilosis and the positive control (Netherlands, 1973), probably because they are now recognized as three different species. Concerning the only fluconazole-resistant Candida tropicalis isolate with a genotype that was different to the others, the data were insufficient to affirm that the only difference was the sensitivity to fluconazole. We concluded that the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA proposed might be used to confirm Candida species identified by microbiological methods.

Comparative biology of the two sister species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

INTRODUCTION: Triatoma pseudomaculata and T. wygodzinskyi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) are two Brazilian vectors of Chagas disease. The first is an arboricolous species in sylvatic environment and considered a vector of T. cruzi in peridomestic structures; the second, a rupicolous species in the wild environment of no epidemiological importance. In order to test the assumption that sister species share biological traits, comparative studies of their development cycle and blood ingestion were conducted. METHODS: Eggs laid by five field females of each species were randomly selected. The nymphs were observed daily and fed on mice weekly. The time required to pass through the different stages to adulthood was recorded in days. The triatomines were weighed individually before and after feeding. The mortality rate according to each nymphal stage was calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the results shows that they display only minor biological differences even though they exhibit a distinct ecology. This suggests that the biological traits are important criteria to determine the relationship between species.

Characterization of a new coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (Staphylococcus pettenkoferi) isolated from blood cultures from a hospitalized patient in Porto Alegre, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus pettenkoferi was originally isolated and described by Trülzsch et al (2002). In this study, we characterized two isolates of this newly described species. METHODS: Blood cultures were initially processed using the BacT/ALERT® device, and the isolates were initially characterized using the Vitek2 identification system. RESULTS: The initial characterization revealed slow-growing Gram-positive cocci that formed opaque colonies on sheep blood agar. Other phenotypic/genotypic tests were performed. CONCLUSIONS: We would like to emphasize that this new staphylococcus species is phenotypically similar to other CoNS, especially S. auricularis. This could potentially lead to misidentification of these uncommon species.

Genetic variability among Anopheles species belonging to the Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles subgenera in the Amazon region

INTRODUCTION: Isoenzymatic analyses were performed involving species of the Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles subgenera in order to estimate the intra and interspecies genetic variability. METHODS: Mosquitoes were caught at different localities in the Amazon region. The collection and rearing of mosquitoes in the laboratory followed specific protocols. For the genetic variability analyses, the technique of horizontal electrophoresis on starch and starch-agarose gel with appropriate buffer systems was used. The alloenzyme variation was estimated using the Biosys-1 software. RESULTS: Out of the 13 loci, eight were polymorphic. Anopheles nuneztovari presented the largest number of alleles per locus, while the smallest number was detected in Anopheles marajoara from Macapá. The largest number of polymorphic loci was found for Anopheles marajoara from Maruanum and the smallest for Anopheles benarrochi (Guayará Mirim). Anopheles darlingi (Macapá) presented the greatest heterozygosity (Ho = 0.167 ± 0.071), while the lowest heterozygosity (Ho = 0.045 ± 0.019) was observed in Anopheles intermedius (Pacoval) of the subgenus Anopheles. Wright's F coefficient revealed considerable genetic structuring between the populations of Anopheles darlingi (Fst = 0.110) and between the populations of Anopheles marajoara (Fst = 0.082). CONCLUSIONS: Considering all the species studied, the genetic distance ranged from 0.008 to 1.114. The greatest distance was between Anopheles mattogrossensis and Anopheles oswaldoi, while the smallest was between the Anopheles benarrochi populations.

A list of mosquito species of the Brazilian State of Pernambuco, including the first report of Haemagogus janthinomys (Diptera: Culicidae), yellow fever vector and 14 other species (Diptera: Culicidae)

INTRODUCTION: Besides mosquito species adapted to urban environments (Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus), only 15 species of Anopheles had been recorded in the State of Pernambuco. METHODS: Human-landing mosquitoes were collected in Dois Irmãos Park, in Recife. RESULTS: The first report for the state of Haemagogus janthinomys, an important vector of yellow fever virus, and 14 other species, including Trichoprosopon lampropus, a first reported for Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The mosquito fauna in the area is diversified and has potential medical and veterinary importance.

Apropriação do arquivo privado do período da Guerra Colonial na prática artística contemporânea portuguesa

A presente dissertação pretende debruçar-se sobre determinadas práticas artísticas contemporâneas, cujos artistas trabalham em torno de uma reflexão sobre o seu passado histórico, (re)documentando-o e oferecendo-lhe novas vozes e possibilidades de leitura. Em particular, pretende focar-se três artistas – Daniel Barroca, Manuel Botelho e Sandro Ferreira – cujo trabalho incide sobre o período da Guerra Colonial Portuguesa, apropriando-se, na sua prática criativa, de arquivos pessoais como cartas, fotografias ou diários particulares. A partir destes artistas e dos seus trabalhos, esta dissertação propõe-se a estabelecer uma relação com conceitos como memória popular, pós-memória ou objectificação cultural e entender o papel da arte e dos artistas na permanência da memória

Leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity of compounds from two Annonacea species cultivated in Northeastern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries, with a total of 12 million people infected and 350 million at risk. In the search for new leishmanicidal agents, alkaloids and acetogenins isolated from leaves of Annona squamosa and seeds of Annona muricata were tested against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania chagasi. METHODS: Methanol-water (80:20) extracts of A. squamosa leaves and A. muricata seeds were extracted with 10% phosphoric acid and organic solvents to obtain the alkaloid and acetogenin-rich extracts. These extracts were chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with a mixture of several solvents in crescent order of polarity. The compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds were tested against Leishmania chagasi, which is responsible for American visceral leishmaniasis, using the MTT test assay. The cytotoxicity assay was evaluated for all isolated compounds, and for this assay, RAW 264.7 cells were used. RESULTS: O-methylarmepavine, a benzylisoquinolinic alkaloid, and a C37 trihydroxy adjacent bistetrahydrofuran acetogenin were isolated from A. squamosa, while two acetogenins, annonacinone and corossolone, were isolated from A. muricata. Against promastigotes, the alkaloid showed an IC50 of 23.3 µg/mL, and the acetogenins showed an IC50 ranging from 25.9 to 37.6 µg/mL; in the amastigote assay, the IC50 values ranged from 13.5 to 28.7 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity assay showed results ranging from 43.5 to 79.9 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: These results characterize A. squamosa and A. muricata as potential sources of leishmanicidal agents. Plants from Annonaceae are rich sources of natural compounds and an important tool in the search for new leishmanicidal therapies.

Different culture media containing methyldopa for melanin production by Cryptococcus species

INTRODUCTION: Melanin production by species of Cryptococcus is widely used to characterize C. neoformans complex in mycology laboratories. This study aims to test the efficacy of methyldopa from pharmaceutical tablet as a substrate for melanin production, to compare the production of melanin using different agar base added with methyldopa, and to compare the melanin produced in those media with that produced in Niger seed agar and sunflower seed agar by C. neoformans, C. laurentii, and C. albidus. Two isolates of each species, C. neoformans, C. laurentii, and C. albidus, and one of Candida albicans were used to experimentally detect conditions for melanin production. METHODS: The following media were tested: Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), brain and heart infusion agar (BHIA), blood agar base (BAB), and minimal medium agar (MMA), all added with methyldopa, and the media Niger seed agar (NSA) and sunflower seed agar (SSA). RESULTS: All isolates grew in most of the culture media after 24h. Strains planted on media BAB and BHIA showed growth only after 48h. All isolates produced melanin in MMA, MHA, SSA, and NSA media. CONCLUSIONS: Methyldopa in the form pharmaceutical tablet can be used as a substrate for melanin production by Cryptococcus species; minimal medium plus methyldopa was more efficient than the BAB, MHA, and BHIA in the melanin production; and NSA and SSA, followed by MMA added with methyldopa, were more efficient than other media studied for melanin production by all strains studied.

Species distribution and in vitro fluconazole susceptibility of clinical Candida isolates in a Brazilian tertiary-care hospital over a 3-year period

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed at identifying Candida isolates obtained from blood, urine, tracheal secretion, and nail/skin lesions from cases attended at the Hospital Universitário de Londrina over a 3-year period and at evaluating fluconazole susceptibilities of the isolates. METHODS: Candida isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species-specific forward primers. The in vitro fluconazole susceptibility test was performed according to EUCAST-AFST reference procedure. RESULTS: Isolates were obtained from urine (53.4%), blood cultures (19.2%), tracheal secretion (17.8%), and nail/skin lesions (9.6%). When urine samples were considered, prevalence was similar in women (45.5%) and in men (54.5%) and was high in the age group >61 years than that in younger ones. For blood samples, prevalence was high in neonates (35%) and advanced ages (22.5%). For nail and skin samples, prevalence was higher in women (71.4%) than in men (28.6%). Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated in the hospital, but Candida species other than C. albicans accounted for 64% of isolates, including predominantly Candida tropicalis (33.2%) and Candida parapsilosis (19.2%). The trend for non-albicans Candida as the predominant species was noted from all clinical specimens, except from urine samples. All Candida isolates were considered susceptible in vitro to fluconazole with the exception of isolates belonging to the intrinsically less-susceptible species C. glabrata. CONCLUSIONS: Non-albicans Candida species were more frequently isolated in the hospital. Fluconazole resistance was a rare finding in our study.

O enredo prisional em Angola: soberanias duais na disciplina do corpo colonial

A análise das estruturas de aprisionamento necessita de atender ao quadro institucional no qual se encontra enquadrado. A compreensão das finalidades às quais reporta apenas pode ser captada na alusão a um quadro teórico e conceptual que não se cinja à apreensão restrita das suas mais evidentes manifestações. O enredo da Angola colonial, no qual nos focamos, imprime a necessidade de nos afastarmos dos recorrentes estudos que tendem a evidenciar a brutalidade da prática repressiva no interior das prisões, menosprezando, por iminência, uma análise que capte as características longitudinais que ditam as estruturas administrativas das suas bases materiais. Assente na defesa de um alargamento conceptual das práticas de confinamento, pretende esta investigação contribuir para os estudos que atendem à necessidade destes estabelecimentos serem analisados à luz de outras instâncias, nomeadamente o trabalho forçado e o incipiente poder infraestrutural do estado colonial. De forma a alcançar tal propósito esta dissertação concebe uma análise que contrapõe às finalidades impressas nos códigos legais dos estatutos criminais coloniais os relatórios arquivísticos. Estes dão conta da prática que regia o modus operandi destes estabelecimentos e atestam a debilidade morfológica do poder estatal colonial. É face a tal que se apresenta, numa última análise, as instâncias que nos permitem pensar o enredo edificado pelas empresas concessionárias no território colonial numa relação de analogia com a prisão colonial. Tal comparação é aqui edificada pelo recurso ao estudo de caso da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, problematizando-se o modo como esta empresa substituía o poder do estado colonial ao implementar políticas públicas de gestão e controlo das massas trabalhadoras que se encontravam sob a sua alçada.

Characterization of Leishmania infantum species in dogs from the urban area of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis presents urban behavior in some Brazilian cities, with domestic dogs as the main infection source. In Cuiabá, MT, canine visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed and characterized as recommended by the Ministry of Health. METHODS: Biological samples from suspected canine carriers were analyzed by the isoenzyme electrophoresis technique. The 6PGDH enzyme and reference strain IOC/L0566 (MHOM/BR/1975/M2903) of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum was used as one of the controls. RESULTS: Electrophoresis analysis revealed that the canine isolates belonged to the species L. (L.) infantum. CONCLUSIONS: The authors emphasize the importance of species characterization, particularly in areas of mixed infection like Cuiabá.

Development of duplex-PCR for identification of Aeromonas species

Introduction The number of reports of intestinal infections caused by Aeromonas spp. has increased significantly in recent years. In most clinical laboratories, identification of these bacteria is carried out by general phenotypic tests that sometimes do not accurately differentiate Aeromonas and Vibrio. Methods A duplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed directed to 2 targets identifying Aeromonas spp. pathogenic to humans. Results The duplex-PCR results were reproducible and specific for Aeromonas spp. pathogenic to humans. Conclusions This method will allow differentiation between Vibrio and Aeromonas spp. in patients with in cholera-like symptoms and can also be used in water quality monitoring.