As ciências sociais, a comunicação e a saúde

Comunicação, o termo central do título deste trabalho, pretende realmente ser uma espécie de pivô da articulação que queremos aqui estabelecer entre as ciências sociais e a saúde. Por um lado, a sua emergência como um campo de questões diferenciadas, com objetos e olhares relativamente novos, no seio do pensamento social já desde fins do século 18, passando pelas suas primeiras elaborações teóricas e estudos empíricos, já no quadro das ciências sociais, desde meados do século 19, depois pela sua diferenciação como um campo disciplinar em separado, em meados do século 20, até se tornar um verdadeiro emblema das sociedades contemporâneas, neste limiar do século 21. Por outro lado, as relações entre o que preferimos genericamente chamar de pensamento sobre a comunicação, rastreado no percurso histórico acima, e o campo da saúde, no seu mais amplo sentido. Assim, propomo-nos, primeiramente, a reconstituir a emergência e as evoluções desse pensamento sobre a comunicação nos últimos dois ou três séculos, destacando o seu profundo enraizamento nas ciências sociais, e, secundariamente, apontar as relações privilegiadas e variáveis ao longo da história entre esse pensamento e o conhecimento e a prática em saúde.

Birds of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil: Do humans add or subtract species?

In uplands and lowlands of Santa Teresa, central Espírito Santo State, Brazil, 405 bird species were confirmed by field, museum, and literature studies. Of these, 16 seem to have disappeared, while 67 other species seem to have been lost from the lowlands (where no large biological reserves exist). Due to a suggestion that human areas add species to beta-diversity, we verified that up to 79 species now present have perhaps invaded with human activity (and 10 others are likely to invade), a total similar to that for lost species. However, lost species are often rare and invading species often widespread, resulting in exchange of Picassos for Coca-Cola bottles. Furthermore, gains exceed losses only when large biological reserves are present, as in the uplands (Nova Lombardia, Santa Lucia Reserves, each with over 250 species). Small or irregular reserves usually lose well over half their species, and these are only partly replaced by the invaders, resulting in net losses of up to half the local avifaunas. If one lists only 31 probable invaders, rather than a possible 79, things are even worse; net losses occur even in the entire township and near reserves, reaching over 200 species around lowland private reserves. Future productive development of human areas can eliminate or maltreat many invading species, too. While approving taxes on improductive use of land, as it leaves other areas free, we suggest that many current local uses, such as for coffee, are luxury production and could, be taxed.

Alien fishes in lakes of the Doce river basin (Brazil): Range, new occurrences and conservation of native communities

The present study shows the distribution of alien fish species in tropical lakes in the middle Doce river basin, southeastern Brazil, obtained from a rapid assessment program. The causes for their introductions were sport-fishing improvement in some specific lakes and aquaculture in the studied basin. Presently, these species have a wide distribution occurring in 41 of the 54 lakes studied, representing an actual threat to regional native fish community. The natural connection among lakes and streams during the rainy season and the dispersal mediated by local people are the main invasion agents for alien fishes. The success of these invaders is probably due to absence of pre-existing effective competitors or top-predators in the invaded communities. We consider that the eradication of alien fishes by means of the available management tools may be very difficult due to the large number of lakes invaded and to the wide spectrum of lake conditions and resources exploited by these alien species. We recommend the use of environmental education as a tool to stop the human-mediated dispersion of aliens and to improve conservation of native fish community in lakes where these alien species are not present yet. © 2004 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFMG.

Educação para a saúde: A doença como conteúdo nas aulas de ciências

The study analyzes how middle-school students view Hansen's disease, which constitutes a public health problem in Brazil. A questionnaire was presented to 159 8th-grade students at three schools, two state and one private. Responses were analyzed by category, with results organized according to knowledge, prejudice about the disease, and the importance of health-education campaigns. The students displayed no scientific knowledge of the disease, although they also showed little prejudice. In terms of educational campaigns, it was concluded that more information of an up-to-date nature should be offered at schools as a way of reaching most of the population.

Genetic data of 10 X-chromosomal loci in Vitória population (Espírito Santo State, Brazil)

Genetic population data for 10 X-STR (DXS8378, DXS9898, DXS7133, GATA31E08, GATA172D05, DXS7423, DXS6809, DXS7132, DXS9902 and DXS6789) were obtained from Vitória population (Espírito Santo State, Brazil). No deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were observed. The combined powers of discrimination in males and females were 0.9999995 and 0.99999999996, respectively. These high values show the potential of this system in human identification in Vitória population, Brazil. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Atitudes em relação à Bioestatística de discentes e docentes da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara-UNESP

In this study, the attitudes of students and teachers at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara (UNESP University) towards Biostatistics were assessed. The Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS) scale was used as the measuring instrument. The reproducibility of the scale was estimated by Cohen's Kappa (κ) coefficient with linear weighting and its internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α). The individuals were first placed in two groups, according to their positive or negative attitude toward Statistics; then, the association of their attitude with the variables of interest was tested by the chi-squared (χ 2) test at a significance level of 5%. The sample consisted of 272 undergraduate students, 83 graduate students and 24 teachers, predominantly female (78.2%). Among the students, 67.5% participated in the scientific research initial training program. Reproducibility and internal consistency of the scale were adequate (κ=0.7093; α=0.9334). Most of the subjects (74.4%) had a positive attitude toward Statistics. Significant association was found between attitude and functional activity (p=0.0204), the course taken (p=0.0316) and effort (p=0.0002). Thus, it was concluded that the great majority of the participants had a positive attitude towards Biostatistics and that undergraduate students and those who reported good performance in Biostatistics showed a significantly higher proportion of positive attitude than the other students.

Auto-avaliação dos Discentes do Curso de Ciências Biológicas da Unemat, Campus de Nova Xavantina: um modelo para avaliação das disciplinas curriculares, segundo a percepção do corpo discente e docente

This paper presents an evaluation of the curriculum subjects of the Biological Sciences course in the University of the State of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina campus, Brazil. The research was carried out by means of a self-assessment instrument, aimed at searching learners' and educators' points of view. The questionnaires were given in the first, third and seventh semesters, in which students were asked to assess pedagogical aspects regarding professors and their didacticism, as well as the subject matters being taught; in addition, they were invited to evaluate themselves as learners. The data was analyzed using statistical parameters, in order to measure teaching performance, and, subsequently, professors were given the opportunity to express their concepts about the students' assessment. The average value of the overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.923±0.001, a significant value considering that alpha varies between 0 and 1, which proves the questionnaire to be reliable. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) does not permit teaching performance to be associated with professors' qualification or workload.

Erythroxylaceae, erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.) O.E. schulz in Espírito Santo: Distribution extension

Erythroxylaceae have tropical and subtropical distribution with four genera and about 250 species. Erythroxylum is the biggest genus of the family with approximately 100 species cited for Brazil. Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.) O.E. Schulz is a species cited just for Rio de Janeiro state and now first recorded for the state of Espírito Santo, increasing its area of distribution. © 2012 Check List and Authors.

Caracterização imunoistoquímica de neoplasias de bexigas associadas à hematúria enzoótica bovina

Bovine enzootic hematuria is characterized by the development of hemangiomatous lesions from several types of neoplastic processes, from epithelial and mesenchymal origin. In this research the histogenesis of neoplastic lesions found in bladder of bovines with enzootic hematuria from Caparaó microregion in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil was determined. To accomplish this objective, immunohistochemical analysis was performed with primary antibodies: anti-vimentin, anti-cytokeratin, anti-CD31 and anti-uroplakin. Neoplasms found included urothelial carcinoma, in situ carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, hemangioma, myxoma e hemangiosarcoma. Immunohistochemical staining of cytokeratin in epithelial neoplasms and vimentin in mesenchymal neoplasms was significant (p<0.05). CD31 was positive in all the vessels of all samples, however, the staining was significant (p<0.05) in the tumor endothelial cells of the vascular mesenchymal neoplasms, as in hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas. Uroplakin III staining was uneven in several neoplastic types and showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Most neoplasms showed an atypical uroplakin staining on urothelium and, in the case of hemangiosarcomas there was no staining of the urothelium at all. The Spearman statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation (r= 0.63, p= 0.05) between CD31 and vimentin and between cytokeratin and uroplakin (rs= -0.61, p= 0.05). It was concluded that biomarkers anti-cytokeratin, anti-vimentin and anti-CD31 are important for the diagnosis of neoplasms epithelial, mesenchymal and vascular mesenchymal, respectively. It is possible to use vimentin and CD31 in association in vascular mesenchymal neoplasms and cytokeratin and uroplakin in epithelial neoplasms. The uroplakin is an effective marker, not only for tumor diagnosis, but also to evaluate the urothelial integrity.

Parâmetros físico-químicos da água e ocorrência de streptococcus spp. em criação intensiva de tilápia no estado do espírito Santo, Brasil

This study evaluated the influence of intensive farming of tilapia on physical and chemical parameters and on the occurrence of Streptococcus spp. in the water of the lake and of cages. Throughout a year, monthly samplings were taken in the rainy and dry seasons for a year, at two sampling sites, lake and net cages. For the determination of water quality, physical and chemical water parameters were evaluated and compared to the standards established by Conama Resolution no. 357/2005. The presence of Streptococcus spp. in the water was determined by plating on blood Agar and biochemical screening. Mean values of water parameters were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test comparing sampling sites and seasons. Ammoniacal nitrogen (ammoniacal-N), total phosphorus (total-P) levels and occurrence of Streptococcus spp. have increased in the water of the net cages. The mean values of several parameters have decreased during the rainy period, except for pH, temperature and ammoniacal-N. Total-P and dissolved oxygen levels, during dry and rainy periods, respectively, exceeded the standard established for freshwater class 2, recommended for aquaculture, which can be harmful to the fish. Therefore, constant monitoring of the physical,chemical and microbiological water parameters is recommended since the Juara lake is also used for recreational purposes.

Bioética-sociobiologia. Neologismos oportunos? Interface da tecnociência com as ciências humanas e sociais

The article focuses on the creation of the neologisms Bioethics and Sociobiology, analyzing these two words which due to their composition evoke relations between biological sciences and human studies (ethics and sociology). Highlights that these two neologisms, in fact, were born already loaded by deep meanings, but in different senses. Emphasizes the importance of bioethics in the integration of scientific and humanistic cultures, beyond university statuary regulations. Concludes that Bioethics conveys also a suggestive message about how to create mechanisms and conditions for facing the challenges which scientific advancements, in their inexorability, present.

Filogeografia de Thoropa grupo miliaris (Anura: Cycloramphidae)

Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal - IBILCE

Padrões de distribuição de espécies de Clusiidae (Diptera, Schizophora) ao longo da Floresta Atlântica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Taxonomia das populações de Hyphessobrycon boulengeri (Eigenmann, 1907) e Hyphessobrycon reticulatus Ellis, 1911 (Characiformes: Characidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)