Letters from Michael Hogan to William Tudor,

Four letters regarding unrest in Chile, the election of Vice President Joaquín Vicuña and inception of the Chilean Civil War, and subsequent events related to the war.

The Relationship Between Cadwaladerite Al(OH)2Cl∙4H2O and Lesukite Al2(OH)5Cl∙2H2O as Investigated by SEM, PXRD, FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy

Cadwaladerite (Al(OH)2Cl∙4H2O) collected from Cerro Pintados, Chile described by Gordon in 1941 is designated as “doubtful” by the IMA. Material collected from the same locality in 2015 resembling the description of cadwaladerite gave a powder XRD pattern similar to lesukite (Al2(OH)5Cl∙2H2O). However, Gordon provided no X-ray data for his material from Cerro Pintados. In order to determine whether cadwaladerite and lesukite are the same mineral species, measurements were made on a suite of samples from various localities. A portion of the material collected by Gordon in 1941 was also obtained from the Mineralogical Museum of Harvard University. Type material of lesukite from a fumarolic environment at the Tolbachik Fissure in Kamchatka, Russia was obtained as well as lesukite from the Maria Mine, Chile (Arica Province) and a previously undescribed locality for lesukite (Barranaca del Sulfato, Mejillones Peninsula, Antofagasta Province). All samples are yellow to yellow-orange in colour and all exhibit small cubic crystals (up to 50µm), even Gordon’s cadwaladerite which was thought to be amorphous. The Chilean samples are all associated with halite and sometimes with anhydrite. These five samples were studied by SEM, FTIR, powder XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. A ratio of Al:Cl less than or equal to 1.3:1 was observed for all the samples, including measurements made on lesukite from the Russian locality Vergasova et al. studied in 1997, and determined to have a 2:1 ratio. SEM-EDS analyses also show all samples to have minor iron substitution, as well as copper substitution in two samples. FTIR spectra are very similar for all samples. Raman spectroscopy done on both samples collected in Cerro Pintados and the Russian lesukite gave similar spectra. Powder XRD analyses on all samples showed spectra identified to be lesukite, including Gordon’s cadwaladerite. Crystal cell parameters calculated from powder XRD ranged from 19.778Å to 19.878Å. Results using modern instrumental techniques confirm Gordon’s cadwaladerite, collected in 1939 and described in 1941, and lesukite are the same mineral species.

RELIGIOUS SCULPTURE OF THE CHILOÉ ARCHIPELAGO, FROM THE 17TH TO THE 21ST CENTURY

Despite its central role in religious life of the region, the sculptural tradition of the Southern Chilean Chiloé Archipelago, ranging from the 17th century to the present day, has been vastly understudied. Isidoro Vázquez de Acuña’s 1994 volume Santeria de Chiloe: ensayo y catastro remains the only catalogue of Chilote sculpture. Though the author includes photographs of a vast array of works, he does not attempt to place the sculptures within a chronology, or consider their place within the greater Latin American context. My thesis will place this group of works within a chronological and geographical context that reaches from the 16th century to the present day, connected to the artistic traditions of regions as far afield as Paraguay and Lima. I will first consider the works brought to the Archipelago by religious orders – the Jesuits and Franciscans – as well as influences on artistic style and religious culture throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. I will focus in particular on three works generally considered to be from the 17th and 18th centuries – the Virgin of Loreto at Achao, the Saint Michael at Castro, and the Jesus Nazareno of Caguach – using visual analysis and sifting through generations of primary and secondary sources to determine from where and when these sculptures came. With this investigation as a foundation, I will consider how they inspired vernacular sculptural expression and trace ‘family trees’ of vernacular works based on these precedents. Vernacular artistic traditions are often viewed as derivative and lacking in skill, but Chilote sculptors in fact engaged with a variety of outside influences and experimented with different sculptural styles. I will conclude by considering which aspects of these styles Chilote artists chose to incorporate into their own work, alter or exclude, artistic decisions that shed light on the Archipelago’s religious and cultural fabric.

Salir de casa para volver a casa : lectura de la genética autoficcional de Alejandro Zambra (2006-2011)

Ce travail est une analyse exhaustive des romans publiés par l’écrivain chilien Alejandro Zambra entre 2006 et 2011. Compte tenu de son appartenance à la génération postdictatoriale, on va se concentrer sur la reconstruction autofictionnelle de l’enfance, et sur la façon dont elle reproduit, questionne et renverse le récit dictatorial dominant qui relègue les enfants sur le plan des personnages secondaires. Pour identifier le développement du discours, on va s’appuyer sur des outils critiques de la génétique littéraire dont le concept central « d’avant-texte » nous permet de faire une lecture rétrospective de Bonsái et de La vida privada de los árboles comme des précurseurs idéologiques de Formas de volver a casa. En raison de la centralité jouée par l’espace dans ces romans, on va consacrer une grande partie du travail à la représentation spatiale et la manière dont l’espace configure la position des personnages à l’intérieur du schème narratif. C’est dans cette relation que l’on identifie la dichotomie spatiale élaborée dans les œuvres, car l’espace et la vie privée sont reliés à l’inertie et la résignation dans l’univers textuel, tandis que l’action et le questionnement appartiennent au domaine de l’espace et la vie publics. Lus l’un après l’autre, les romans témoignent du parcours suivi de l’écrivain, qui assimile le récit dictatorial en évitant la confrontation narrative au début, pour, par la suite, approcher le passé, l’histoire familiale et la dictature, dans un processus autofictionnel qui projette les différentes voies du retour chez soi.

Salir de casa para volver a casa : lectura de la genética autoficcional de Alejandro Zambra (2006-2011)

Ce travail est une analyse exhaustive des romans publiés par l’écrivain chilien Alejandro Zambra entre 2006 et 2011. Compte tenu de son appartenance à la génération postdictatoriale, on va se concentrer sur la reconstruction autofictionnelle de l’enfance, et sur la façon dont elle reproduit, questionne et renverse le récit dictatorial dominant qui relègue les enfants sur le plan des personnages secondaires. Pour identifier le développement du discours, on va s’appuyer sur des outils critiques de la génétique littéraire dont le concept central « d’avant-texte » nous permet de faire une lecture rétrospective de Bonsái et de La vida privada de los árboles comme des précurseurs idéologiques de Formas de volver a casa. En raison de la centralité jouée par l’espace dans ces romans, on va consacrer une grande partie du travail à la représentation spatiale et la manière dont l’espace configure la position des personnages à l’intérieur du schème narratif. C’est dans cette relation que l’on identifie la dichotomie spatiale élaborée dans les œuvres, car l’espace et la vie privée sont reliés à l’inertie et la résignation dans l’univers textuel, tandis que l’action et le questionnement appartiennent au domaine de l’espace et la vie publics. Lus l’un après l’autre, les romans témoignent du parcours suivi de l’écrivain, qui assimile le récit dictatorial en évitant la confrontation narrative au début, pour, par la suite, approcher le passé, l’histoire familiale et la dictature, dans un processus autofictionnel qui projette les différentes voies du retour chez soi.

Desposeer para acumular : Reflexiones sobre las contradicciones del proceso de modernización neoliberal de la agricultura chilena

La intención del presente trabajo es presentar una lectura crítica y renovada sobre las contradicciones engendradas por la modernización neoliberal de la agricultura chilena. Esta tarea es realizada por medio de los lentes del "materialismo histórico-geográfico", desarrollado principalmente por el geógrafo británico David Harvey, y también de los estudios agrarios vinculados al pensamiento crítico, especialmente marxistas. Como principal substrato empírico, son utilizados las informaciones y los datos suministrados por los documentos y los estudios que han buscado comprender el caso específico del desarrollo capitalista contemporáneo en Chile, así como sus consecuencias para el campo y para el campesinado nacional. Se sustenta aquí que los mecanismos de acumulación por desposesión fueron (y aún son) de vital importancia en lo que se refiere a hacer del país una potencia silvoagroexportadora mundial

(Table S1) Relative abundances of coccolithophore taxa in surface sediment samples from the Equatorial and Southeastern Pacific

This study aims to contribute to a more detailed knowledge of the biogeography of coccolithophores in the Equatorial and Southeastern Pacific Ocean. Census data of fossil coccoliths are presented in a suite of core-top sediment samples from 15°N to 50.6°S and from 71°W to 93°W. Following standard preparation of smear slides, a total of 19 taxa are recognized in light microscopy and their relative abundances are determined for 134 surface sediment samples. Considering the multivariate character of oceanic conditions and their effects on phytoplankton, a Factor Analysis was performed and three factors were retained. Factor 1, dominated by Florisphaera profunda and Gephyrocapsa oceanica, includes samples located under warm water masses and indicates the occurrence of calcite dissolution in the water column in the area offshore Chile. Factor 2 is related to cold, low-salinity surface-water masses from the Chilean upwelling, and is dominated by Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa sp. < 3 µm, Coccolithus pelagicus and Gephyrocapsa muellerae. Factor 3 is linked to more saline, coastal upwelling areas where Calcidiscus leptoporus and Helicosphaera carteri are the dominant species.

Solar sensitivity experiments for the pre-industrial time period using the comprehensive global climate model CCSM3 (Community Climate System Model 3)

The Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds (SWW) constitute an important zonal circulation that influences large-scale precipitation patterns and ocean circulation. Variations in their intensity and latitudinal position have been suggested to exert a strong influence on the CO2 budget in the Southern Ocean, thus making them a potential factor affecting the global climate. The possible influence of solar forcing on SWW variability during the Holocene is addressed. Solar sensitivity experiments with a comprehensive global climate model (CCSM3) are carried out to study the response of SWW to solar variability. In addition, It is shown that a high-resolution iron record from the Chilean continental slope (41° S), which is interpreted to reflect changes in the position of the SWW, is significantly correlated with reconstructed solar activity during the past 3000 years. Taken together, the proxy and model results suggest that centennial-scale periods of lower (higher) solar activity caused equatorward (southward) shifts of the annual mean SWW.

(Table 2) Radiocarbon contents of TOC and alkenone samples

Radiocarbon age relationships between co-occurring planktic foraminifera, alkenones, and total organic carbon in sediments from the continental margins of southern Chile, northwest Africa, and the South China Sea were compared with published results from the Namibian margin. Age relationships between the sediment components are site-specific and relatively constant over time. Similar to the Namibian slope, where alkenones have been reported to be 1000-4500 years older than co-occurring foraminifera, alkenones were significantly (~1000 years) older than co-occurring foraminifera in the Chilean margin sediments. In contrast, alkenones and foraminifera were of similar age (within 2 sigma error or better) in the NW African and South China Sea sediments. Total organic matter and alkenone ages were similar off Namibia (age difference TOC alkenones: 200-700 years), Chile (100-450 years), and NW Africa (360-770 years), suggesting minor contributions of preaged terrigenous material. In the South China Sea, total organic carbon is significantly (2000-3000 years) older owing to greater inputs of preaged terrigenous material. Age offsets between alkenones and planktic foraminifera are attributed to lateral advection of organic matter. Physical characteristics of the depositional setting, such as seafloor morphology, shelf width, and sediment composition, may control the age of co-occurring sediment components. In particular, offsets between alkenones and foraminifera appear to be greatest in deposition centers in morphologic depressions. Aging of organic matter is promoted by transport. Age offsets are correlated with organic richness, suggesting that formation of organic aggregates is a key process.

Obras completas de don Andrés Bello.

Introductions of v. 3, 5-11 signed: Miguel Luis Amunátegui; of v. 12-15: Miguel Luis Amunátegui Reyes.

Selva lírica : estudios sobre los poetas chilenos /

An anthology of poems with biobibliographical sketches.

Certámen Varela. Obras premiadas i distinguidas entre las novecientas noventa composiciones presentadas al certámen literario promovido en 1887

Originally planned as a six-volume set.

Bocetos literarios, 1876-1882.

Mode of access: Internet.