Interpretaciones sobre la redención de censos enfitéuticos en Guatemala a finales del siglo XIX : Los casos de Antigua Guatemala, San Felipe y San Mateo Milpas Altas

En este artículo se analiza la manera en la que tres ayuntamientos del Departamento de Sacatepéquez, Guatemala (Antigua Guatemala, San Felipe y San Mateo Milpas Altas) interpretaron el decreto de redención de censos enfitéuticos de 1877. El objetivo es demostrar que la significación de la propiedad privada estaba vinculada a la relación comunidad-autoridad y a la cohesión social que se generó a partir de la misma, con lo cual se cuestiona la hipótesis historiográfica de que los ayuntamientos indígenas fueron pauperizados y despojados de sus tierras en el Régimen Liberal. Se hace a través de dos vías de análisis: la primera en términos de lo comunitario y la segunda a través de la acción colectiva y el institucionalismo. Finalmente, se logra ver que fue el ayuntamiento no indígena, Antigua Guatemala, el que más rápidamente se pauperizó, mientras los otros dos lograron mantener la dinámica social y el flujo de ingresos aun cuando privatizaron sus tierras

Gestión pública y participación ciudadana en el municipio de La Plata

Este trabajo plantea las dificultades y desafíos que representa para el poder político y la sociedad, la implementación de las nuevas tecnologías de gestión territorial que comienzan a desarrollarse a partir de la década del noventa con la Reforma del Estado. El estudio se realiza a través del análisis de dos herramientas básicas que promueve el Plan de Modernización del Estado y a que el Municipio de La Plata convoca a participar: el Presupuesto Participativo y el Plan Estratégico. El análisis de estas experiencias nos permite reconocer, por un lado, hasta qué punto el poder político tiene la firme convicción de ceder espacios de poder a la ciudadanía y, por otro, el nivel de presencia y compromiso que asume la sociedad cuando participa de estos espacios abiertos a todos los actores que, con distintos intereses, forman parte de la construcción de la ciudad. Con el desenlace de ambas experiencias se desaprovecha no sólo la oportunidad de dar comienzo a un cambio más profundo en la gestión municipal, sino también la posibilidad de plasmar en el territorio las demandas que habían surgido a partir de los acuerdos alcanzados por la comunidad. Por último, se plantea la necesidad de contar con una actitud más firme y perseverante por parte de la sociedad, que le permita alcanzar niveles de participación activa en aquellos sectores de gestión en los que se elaboran y ejecutan las políticas públicas que la afectan en forma directa.

Interpretaciones sobre la redención de censos enfitéuticos en Guatemala a finales del siglo XIX : Los casos de Antigua Guatemala, San Felipe y San Mateo Milpas Altas

En este artículo se analiza la manera en la que tres ayuntamientos del Departamento de Sacatepéquez, Guatemala (Antigua Guatemala, San Felipe y San Mateo Milpas Altas) interpretaron el decreto de redención de censos enfitéuticos de 1877. El objetivo es demostrar que la significación de la propiedad privada estaba vinculada a la relación comunidad-autoridad y a la cohesión social que se generó a partir de la misma, con lo cual se cuestiona la hipótesis historiográfica de que los ayuntamientos indígenas fueron pauperizados y despojados de sus tierras en el Régimen Liberal. Se hace a través de dos vías de análisis: la primera en términos de lo comunitario y la segunda a través de la acción colectiva y el institucionalismo. Finalmente, se logra ver que fue el ayuntamiento no indígena, Antigua Guatemala, el que más rápidamente se pauperizó, mientras los otros dos lograron mantener la dinámica social y el flujo de ingresos aun cuando privatizaron sus tierras

La planificación estática-la planificación dinámica : Ausencia de planes de ordenamiento territorial municipal

Mucho ofthe towns of Mendoza have been working for years with a methodology built with traditional zoningand code of permitted uses,not permitted or conditional. With these instrument sexpectthe presentation of private enter prisesto assess whether it complies with these regulationsto authorize the works.These agencies have a plan with zoning and code application shave already considered planning. This form of work, shows clearly the lack of actions to drive urban developmentsin the department, initiatives on the issue only limited to astatic situation, waiting for proposal sand external actions,not being able to see the advantagesand /or contribution saccom panying the Land Use Plan. Une of the important elements to considerin the Plan process, is the incorporation of participatory stage allows, consensus and guidanceto policy makers, community in territorial actions. For this way are designed and constructed public works, to address concerns of the population and in some cases,works that will produce community supportat election time. A look at the performance of Cities hall suchas Granada City Council, Churriana de la Vega and Jun, you can observe that the planning can be done other wise, as articulated action from the same organism. In principle determining zoning and uses of spaceis integral to the Land Use Planand that it further comprises the development proposals,the lines of action and prioritization of programs and projects. These local governants, which manage a municipality, working withdy namic planning councilasit implements the proposed urban development, agricultural, commercial and industrialin its territory and build public work saccording to plan. Since 2009,the province has a Law of Zoningand Land Use demanded Municipal Land Management Plans, but three years after the enactmentof the 18 only has aplan.Thisis due to two reasons:the policy makersdo not understand the multiplicity of elements and facets of a plan covering the other,the plans are perceived as a limitation on their actions , a fact not willing to accept. The dissemination of know ledge and the, new ways toaddress the Land Use Planning and management of conflicts generated by the unprecedented growthwith incompatible usesin these cities that the component swhich will requirel and manager stoimplement aplanning Plans. Tusa dinámica risión Fromm te municipalitos in thais contexto de can tal abur innovación and a newway of governing

Interpretaciones sobre la redención de censos enfitéuticos en Guatemala a finales del siglo XIX : Los casos de Antigua Guatemala, San Felipe y San Mateo Milpas Altas

En este artículo se analiza la manera en la que tres ayuntamientos del Departamento de Sacatepéquez, Guatemala (Antigua Guatemala, San Felipe y San Mateo Milpas Altas) interpretaron el decreto de redención de censos enfitéuticos de 1877. El objetivo es demostrar que la significación de la propiedad privada estaba vinculada a la relación comunidad-autoridad y a la cohesión social que se generó a partir de la misma, con lo cual se cuestiona la hipótesis historiográfica de que los ayuntamientos indígenas fueron pauperizados y despojados de sus tierras en el Régimen Liberal. Se hace a través de dos vías de análisis: la primera en términos de lo comunitario y la segunda a través de la acción colectiva y el institucionalismo. Finalmente, se logra ver que fue el ayuntamiento no indígena, Antigua Guatemala, el que más rápidamente se pauperizó, mientras los otros dos lograron mantener la dinámica social y el flujo de ingresos aun cuando privatizaron sus tierras

La planificación estática-la planificación dinámica : Ausencia de planes de ordenamiento territorial municipal

Mucho ofthe towns of Mendoza have been working for years with a methodology built with traditional zoningand code of permitted uses,not permitted or conditional. With these instrument sexpectthe presentation of private enter prisesto assess whether it complies with these regulationsto authorize the works.These agencies have a plan with zoning and code application shave already considered planning. This form of work, shows clearly the lack of actions to drive urban developmentsin the department, initiatives on the issue only limited to astatic situation, waiting for proposal sand external actions,not being able to see the advantagesand /or contribution saccom panying the Land Use Plan. Une of the important elements to considerin the Plan process, is the incorporation of participatory stage allows, consensus and guidanceto policy makers, community in territorial actions. For this way are designed and constructed public works, to address concerns of the population and in some cases,works that will produce community supportat election time. A look at the performance of Cities hall suchas Granada City Council, Churriana de la Vega and Jun, you can observe that the planning can be done other wise, as articulated action from the same organism. In principle determining zoning and uses of spaceis integral to the Land Use Planand that it further comprises the development proposals,the lines of action and prioritization of programs and projects. These local governants, which manage a municipality, working withdy namic planning councilasit implements the proposed urban development, agricultural, commercial and industrialin its territory and build public work saccording to plan. Since 2009,the province has a Law of Zoningand Land Use demanded Municipal Land Management Plans, but three years after the enactmentof the 18 only has aplan.Thisis due to two reasons:the policy makersdo not understand the multiplicity of elements and facets of a plan covering the other,the plans are perceived as a limitation on their actions , a fact not willing to accept. The dissemination of know ledge and the, new ways toaddress the Land Use Planning and management of conflicts generated by the unprecedented growthwith incompatible usesin these cities that the component swhich will requirel and manager stoimplement aplanning Plans. Tusa dinámica risión Fromm te municipalitos in thais contexto de can tal abur innovación and a newway of governing

Gestión pública y participación ciudadana en el municipio de La Plata

Este trabajo plantea las dificultades y desafíos que representa para el poder político y la sociedad, la implementación de las nuevas tecnologías de gestión territorial que comienzan a desarrollarse a partir de la década del noventa con la Reforma del Estado. El estudio se realiza a través del análisis de dos herramientas básicas que promueve el Plan de Modernización del Estado y a que el Municipio de La Plata convoca a participar: el Presupuesto Participativo y el Plan Estratégico. El análisis de estas experiencias nos permite reconocer, por un lado, hasta qué punto el poder político tiene la firme convicción de ceder espacios de poder a la ciudadanía y, por otro, el nivel de presencia y compromiso que asume la sociedad cuando participa de estos espacios abiertos a todos los actores que, con distintos intereses, forman parte de la construcción de la ciudad. Con el desenlace de ambas experiencias se desaprovecha no sólo la oportunidad de dar comienzo a un cambio más profundo en la gestión municipal, sino también la posibilidad de plasmar en el territorio las demandas que habían surgido a partir de los acuerdos alcanzados por la comunidad. Por último, se plantea la necesidad de contar con una actitud más firme y perseverante por parte de la sociedad, que le permita alcanzar niveles de participación activa en aquellos sectores de gestión en los que se elaboran y ejecutan las políticas públicas que la afectan en forma directa.

A prototype from the Solar Decathlon Competition becomes an educational building in sustanaible architecture

In 2008, the City Council of Rivas-Vaciamadrid (Spain) decided to promote the construction of “Rivasecopolis”, a complex of sustainable buildings in which a new prototype of a zero-energy house would become the office of the Energy Agency. According to the initiative of the City Council, it was decided to recreate the dwelling prototype “Magic-box” which entered the 2005 Solar Decathlon Competition. The original project has been adapted to a new necessities programme, by adding the necessary spaces that allows it to work as an office. A team from university has designed and carried out the direction of the construction site. The new Solar House is conceived as a “testing building”. It is going to become the space for attending citizens in all questions about saving energy, energy efficiency and sustainable construction, having a permanent small exhibition space additional to the working places for the information purpose. At the same time, the building includes the use of experimental passive architecture systems and a monitoring and control system. Collected data will be sent to University to allow developing research work about the experimental strategies included in the building. This paper will describe and analyze the experience of transforming a prototype into a real durable building and the benefits for both university and citizens in learning about sustainability with the building

Comparasion of road traffic emission models in Madrid (Spain)

Many cities in Europe have difficulties to meet the air quality standards set by the European legislation, most particularly the annual mean Limit Value for NO2. Road transport is often the main source of air pollution in urban areas and therefore, there is an increasing need to estimate current and future traffic emissions as accurately as possible. As a consequence, a number of specific emission models and emission factors databases have been developed recently. They present important methodological differences and may result in largely diverging emission figures and thus may lead to alternative policy recommendations. This study compares two approaches to estimate road traffic emissions in Madrid (Spain): the COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport (COPERT4 v.8.1) and the Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA v.3.1), representative of the ‘average-speed’ and ‘traffic situation’ model types respectively. The input information (e.g. fleet composition, vehicle kilometres travelled, traffic intensity, road type, etc.) was provided by the traffic model developed by the Madrid City Council along with observations from field campaigns. Hourly emissions were computed for nearly 15 000 road segments distributed in 9 management areas covering the Madrid city and surroundings. Total annual NOX emissions predicted by HBEFA were a 21% higher than those of COPERT. The discrepancies for NO2 were lower (13%) since resulting average NO2/NOX ratios are lower for HBEFA. The larger differences are related to diesel vehicle emissions under “stop & go” traffic conditions, very common in distributor/secondary roads of the Madrid metropolitan area. In order to understand the representativeness of these results, the resulting emissions were integrated in an urban scale inventory used to drive mesoscale air quality simulations with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system (1 km2 resolution). Modelled NO2 concentrations were compared with observations through a series of statistics. Although there are no remarkable differences between both model runs, the results suggest that HBEFA may overestimate traffic emissions. However, the results are strongly influenced by methodological issues and limitations of the traffic model. This study was useful to provide a first alternative estimate to the official emission inventory in Madrid and to identify the main features of the traffic model that should be improved to support the application of an emission system based on “real world” emission factors.

Desarrollo de sistema de gestión de alumbrado público mediante WSN

Este proyecto surge de la búsqueda de un campo de aplicación de las Redes de Sensores Inalámbricos, WSN, aplicadas a la vida cotidiana. Dicha aplicación consistirá en un sistema de gestión de alumbrado público a través del cual se buscará una reducción del consumo energético y del gasto económico, así como una gestión en tiempo de real de la operativa del alumbrado. Para ello se desarrollará un sistema basado en nodos instalados en farolas, los cuales se comunicarán entre sí para funcionar de la forma más optimizada posible, complementándose todo ello con un “nodo base”, que se encargará de servir de nexo entre la red y los diferentes elementos necesarios para la configuración de los nodos y la recogida de información. Esta información servirá para que una página web pueda mostrar al usuario final toda la información necesaria para tener un control sobre el estado actual de funcionamiento de cada una de las farolas, control del consumo, así como detección de averías. En este proyecto se describen las tecnologías actuales relacionadas con el campo de las WSN y los sensores, presentando aplicaciones que en la actualidad se encuentran desplegadas. Se expone también una propuesta real de despliegue presentada al Ayuntamiento de una localidad, Pedro Muñoz, para implementar un proyecto piloto en varias de sus calles. Se describe el entorno, tanto hardware como software, explicando los algoritmos utilizados para las asociaciones entre nodos, diagramas de funcionamiento en las distintas fases de la que está compuesta la operativa de los nodos, la codificación de los programas que se necesitan ejecutar para el correcto funcionamiento del sistema. Por último, debido a que el campo de las WSN está en constante evolución, se presentarán diversas ideas para implementar diversas mejoras que pudieran ser desplegadas en un futuro, ampliando la oferta de aplicaciones a ofrecer al usuario final. ABSTRACT. This project results from the development for an application field of wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), applied to daily life. That application will consist of a system of street lighting management, through which it will seek a reduction in energy consumption and economic cost, and a real-time management of the operative of the street lighting. To do this, a system based on nodes installed in streetlights will be developed. These nodes will communicate with each other to operate in the most optimized way possible, complementing all with a Base-station, which will act as a link between the network and the components required for configuring the nodes and collecting data from them. This information will help a website to show the end user all the information needed to have a control on the current operating status of each of the streetlights, consumption control and troubleshooting. To this end, this project will describe the current technologies related to the field of WSN and sensors, presenting applications that are currently deployed. It will be also exposed a real proposal submitted to a city council to deploy a pilot project in many of its streets. Will be described the environment, both hardware and software, explaining the algorithms used for the associations between nodes, operating diagrams in the different phases of the nodes operation, and the coding of programs that are needed for proper system performance. Finally, because the field of WSN is in constant evolution, will be presented different ideas to implement various improvements which could be deployed in the future, extending the range of applications to provide to end-users.

How lowering speed limits in an urban highway affects traffics performance and emissions: the case of Madrid M-30 ring-road

The city of Madrid keeps not meeting the GHG and air pollutant limits set by the European legislation. A broad range of strategies have being taken into account to reduce both types of emissions; however traffic management meas ures are usually consigned to the sidelines. In 2004, Madrid City Council launched a plan to re-design its inner ring-road supported by a socioeconomic study that evaluated the environmental and operational benefits of the project. For safety reasons the planned speed limit for the tunnel section was finally reduced from 90km/h to 70km/h. Using a Macroscopic Traffic Model and the European Air Pollutant and Emissions Inventory Guidebook (EMEP/EEA), this paper examines the environmental and traffic performance consequences of this decision. Results support the thesis that reduced speed limits leads to GHG and air pollution reductions in the area affected by the measure without substantially altering traffic performance. The implementation of the new speed limit policy brings about a 15% and 16% reduction in both CO2 and NOx emissions respectively. Emissions’ reduction during off-peak hours is larger than during peak hours.

Cross Ventilation CFD Modeling: Characterization and Study of Different Façade Openings Configurations at the Refurbishment of a Residential Building in Málaga (Spain)

The opening of new windows on the façade is proposed as a refurbishment strategy in an existing building in Málaga to facilitate cross ventilation of dwellings. The building is a residential block of 140 public housing units for rent for people with low income in Málaga (Spain), property of the City Council. By modeling with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), eleven configurations of openings are studied in two different areas of the main housing type of the building. The quantity of introduced/extracted air into/from the room and the generated airflow patterns are obtained. The modeling allows comparing the different openings configurations to determine the most appropriate ventilation option for every room.

Guidelines for Linked Data generation and publication: an example in building energy consumption

Linked Data is the key paradigm of the Semantic Web, a new generation of the World Wide Web that promises to bring meaning (semantics) to data. A large number of both public and private organizations have published their data following the Linked Data principles, or have done so with data from other organizations. To this extent, since the generation and publication of Linked Data are intensive engineering processes that require high attention in order to achieve high quality, and since experience has shown that existing general guidelines are not always sufficient to be applied to every domain, this paper presents a set of guidelines for generating and publishing Linked Data in the context of energy consumption in buildings (one aspect of Building Information Models). These guidelines offer a comprehensive description of the tasks to perform, including a list of steps, tools that help in achieving the task, various alternatives for performing the task, and best practices and recommendations. Furthermore, this paper presents a complete example on the generation and publication of Linked Data about energy consumption in buildings, following the presented guidelines, in which the energy consumption data of council sites (e.g., buildings and lights) belonging to the Leeds City Council jurisdiction have been generated and published as Linked Data.