Coupling between gamma-band power and cerebral blood volume during recurrent acute neocortical seizures

Characterization of neural and hemodynamic biomarkers of epileptic activity that can be measured using noninvasive techniques is fundamental to the accurate identification of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) in the clinical setting. Recently, oscillations at gamma-band frequencies and above (N30 Hz) have been suggested to provide valuable localizing information of the EZ and track cortical activation associated with epileptogenic processes. Although a tight coupling between gamma-band activity and hemodynamic-based signals has been consistently demonstrated in non-pathological conditions, very little is known about whether such a relationship is maintained in epilepsy and the laminar etiology of these signals. Confirmation of this relationship may elucidate the underpinnings of perfusion-based signals in epilepsy and the potential value of localizing the EZ using hemodynamic correlates of pathological rhythms. Here, we use concurrent multi-depth electrophysiology and 2- dimensional optical imaging spectroscopy to examine the coupling between multi-band neural activity and cerebral blood volume (CBV) during recurrent acute focal neocortical seizures in the urethane-anesthetized rat. We show a powerful correlation between gamma-band power (25–90 Hz) and CBV across cortical laminae, in particular layer 5, and a close association between gamma measures and multi-unit activity (MUA). Our findings provide insights into the laminar electrophysiological basis of perfusion-based imaging signals in the epileptic state and may have implications for further research using non-invasive multi-modal techniques to localize epileptogenic tissue

The effect of flavanol-rich cocoa on cerebral perfusion in healthy older adults during conscious resting state: a placebo controlled, crossover, acute trial

Rationale: There has recently been increasing interest in the potential of flavanols, plant derived compounds found in foods such as fruit and vegetables, to ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. Research suggests that cocoa flavanols improve memory and learning, possibly as a result of their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. These effects may be mediated by increased cerebral blood flow (CBF), thus stimulating neuronal function. Objectives: The present study employed arterial spin labelling (ASL) functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) to explore the effect of a single acute dose of cocoa flavanols on regional CBF. Methods: CBF was measured pre and post consumption of low (23mg) or high (494mg) 330ml equicaloric flavanol drinks matched for caffeine, theobromine, taste and appearance according to a randomised counterbalanced crossover double-blind design in eight males and ten females, aged 50-65 years. Changes in perfusion from pre to post consumption were calculated as a function of each drink. Results: Significant increases in regional perfusion across the brain were observed following consumption of the high flavanol drink relative to the low flavanol drink, particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the central opercular cortex of the parietal lobe. Conclusions: Consumption of cocoa flavanol improves regional cerebral perfusion in older adults. This provides evidence for a possible acute mechanism by which cocoa flavanols are associated with benefits for cognitive performance.

Atypically rightward cerebral asymmetry in male adults with autism stratifies individuals with and without language delay

In humans, both language and fine motor skills are associated with left-hemisphere specialization, whereas visuospatial skills are associated with right-hemisphere specialization. Individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) show a profile of deficits and strengths that involves these lateralized cognitive functions. Here we test the hypothesis that regions implicated in these functions are atypically rightward lateralized in individuals with ASC and, that such atypicality is associated with functional performance. Participants included 67 male, right-handed adults with ASC and 69 age- and IQ-matched neurotypical males. We assessed group differences in structural asymmetries in cortical regions of interest with voxel-based analysis of grey matter volumes, followed by correlational analyses with measures of language, motor and visuospatial skills. We found stronger rightward lateralization within the inferior parietal lobule and reduced leftward lateralization extending along the auditory cortex comprising the planum temporale, Heschl's gyrus, posterior supramarginal gyrus, and parietal operculum, which was more pronounced in ASC individuals with delayed language onset compared to those without. Planned correlational analyses showed that for individuals with ASC, reduced leftward asymmetry in the auditory region was associated with more childhood social reciprocity difficulties. We conclude that atypical cerebral structural asymmetry is a potential candidate neurophenotype of ASC

Untreated dental caries in children with cerebral palsy in the Brazilian context

Objectives. To assess the prevalence of untreated dental caries in children with cerebral palsy and to assess socio-demographic, behavioural, and clinical covariates. Design. Cross-sectional assessment of 200 children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (2-17 years old) enrolled in a specialized healthcare unit in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The dental examination followed the World Health Organization`s guidelines for oral health surveys; familial caretakers informed on socio-economic status and behaviour; the patient`s medical record informed their clinical status. Results. The proportion of children that presented at least one tooth affected by untreated caries was 49.5%. Poor socio-economic standings and a higher frequency of sugar consumption associated with a worse profile of dental health; different types of cerebral palsy (spastic, tetraparesis) did not. The prevalence of untreated caries was higher than reference values assessed for the overall population of the same age range. Conclusions. The high burden of untreated dental caries on cerebral palsy patients reinforces the importance of the dentist in the interdisciplinary healthcare team attending these children. Factors associated with this outcome are the same for the general population; these findings underscore the necessity of implementing effective caries prevention in this population of cerebral palsy children.

Correlation of the in vitro antifungal drug susceptibility with the in vivo activity of fluconazole in a murine model of cerebral infection caused by Cryptococcus gattii

Forty Cryptococcus gattii strains were submitted to antifungal susceptibility testing with fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges were 0.5-64.0 for fluconazole, < 0.015-0.25 for itraconazole, 0.015-0.5 for amphotericin B and 0.062-2.0 for terbinafine. A bioassay for the quantitation of fluconazole in murine brain tissue was developed. Swiss mice received daily injections of the antifungal, and their brains were withdrawn at different times over the 14-day study period. The drug concentrations varied from 12.98 to 44.60 mu g/mL. This assay was used to evaluate the therapy with fluconazole in a model of infection caused by C. gattii. Swiss mice were infected intracranially and treated with fluconazole for 7, 10 or 14 days. The treatment reduced the fungal burden, but an increase in fungal growth was observed on day 14. The MIC for fluconazole against sequential isolates was 16 mu g/mL, except for the isolates obtained from animals treated for 14 days (MIC = 64 mu g/mL). The quantitation of cytokines revealed a predominance of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in the non-treated group and elevation of IL-4 and IL-10 in the treated group. Our data revealed the possibility of acquired resistance during the antifungal drug therapy.

Arterial spin labeling of cerebral perfusion territories using a seperate labeling coil

Purpose: To obtain cerebral perfusion territories of the left, the right. and the posterior circulation in humans with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and robust delineation. Materials and Methods: Continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) was implemented using a dedicated radio frequency (RF) coil. positioned over the neck, to label the major cerebral feeding arteries in humans. Selective labeling was achieved by flow-driven adiabatic fast passage and by tilting the longitudinal labeling gradient about the Y-axis by theta = +/- 60 degrees. Results: Mean cerebral blood flow (CBF) values in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) were 74 +/- 13 mL center dot 100 g(-1) center dot minute(-1) and 14 +/- 13 mL center dot 100 g(-1) center dot minute(-1), respectively (N = 14). There were no signal differences between left and right hemispheres when theta = 0 degrees (P > 0.19), indicating efficient labeling of both hemispheres. When theta = +60 degrees, the signal in GM on the left hemisphere, 0.07 +/- 0.06%, was 92% lower than on the right hemisphere. 0.85 +/- 0.30% (P < 1 x 10(-9)). while for theta = -60 degrees, the signal in the right hemisphere. 0.16 +/- 0.13%, was 82% lower than on the contralateral side. 0.89 +/- 0.22% (P < 1 x 10(-10)). Similar attenuations were obtained in WM. Conclusion: Clear delineation of the left and right cerebral perfusion territories was obtained, allowing discrimination of the anterior and posterior circulation in each hemisphere.

Does the neuromotor abnormality type affect the salivary parameters in individuals with cerebral palsy?

Background: Previous studies reported alterations in salivary flow rate and biochemical parameters of saliva in cerebral palsy (CP) individuals; however, none of these considered the type of neuromotor abnormality among CP individuals, thus it remains unclear whether the different anatomical and extended regions of the brain lesions responsible for the neurological damage in CP might include disruption of the regulatory mechanism of saliva secretion as part of the encephalopathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity in saliva of individuals with CP, aged 3-16 years, with spastic neuromotor abnormality type and clinical patterns of involvement. Methods: Sixty-seven individuals with CP spasticity movement disorder, were divided in two groups according to age (3-8- and 9-16-years-old) and compared with 35 sibling volunteers with no neurological damage, divided in two groups according to age (3-8- and 9-16-years-old). Whole saliva was collected under slight suction and pH and buffer capacity were determined using a digital pHmeter. Buffer capacity was measured by titration using 0.01N HCL, and flow rate was calculated in ml/min. Results: In both age groups studied, whole saliva flow rate, pH and buffer capacity were significantly lower in the spastic CP group (P < 0.05). The clinical patterns of involvement did not influence the studied parameters. Conclusion: These findings show that individuals with spastic cerebral palsy present lower salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity that can increase the risk of oral disease in this population.

Avaliação do efeito cerebral agudo do Metilfenidato, através de Spect, em crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade : um ensaio clínico randomizado

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Efeito in vitro dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico sobre as atividades enzimáticas dos complexos da cadeia respiratória mitocondrial e da creatina quinase em córtex cerebral, músculo esquelético e músculo cardíaco de ratos jovens

A deficiência de desidrogenase das acil-CoA de cadeia curta (SCAD) é um erro inato do metabolismo devido a um defeito no último ciclo de β-oxidação, sendo específica para ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (4 a 6 carbonos), resultando no acúmulo de ácidos orgânicos de cadeia curta, principalmente dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico, formados pela metabolização por rotas secundárias do butiril-CoA acumulado. A deficiência de SCAD manifesta-se principalmente no período neonatal ou durante a infância e até mesmo na idade adulta. Os achados clínico-laboratoriais são heterogêneos, incluindo acidose metabólica, acidose lática, vômitos, atraso no desenvolvimento, convulsões, fraqueza muscular e miopatia crônica. No entanto, o sintoma mais comum apresentado pelos pacientes portadores dessa deficiência é a disfunção neurológica, a qual pode estar relacionada ao acúmulo de ácidos orgânicos de cadeia curta e sua toxicidade ao sistema nervoso central. No presente trabalho nosso objetivo foi investigar o efeito in vitro dos ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico sobre algumas atividades enzimáticas fundamentais para o metabolismo energético. Visando contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da fisiopatogenia dessa doença testamos o efeito desses metabólitos sobre a atividade dos complexos da cadeia respiratória e da creatina quinase em córtex cerebral, músculo esquelético e músculo cardíaco de ratos jovens. Verificamos que os ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico, na concentração de 1 mM, inibiram significativamente a atividade do complexo I+III da cadeia respiratória em córtex cerebral de ratos, porém não alteraram a atividade dos demais complexos da cadeia respiratória (II, SDH, II+III, III e IV) nesses tecido bem como não alteraram a atividade de todos os complexos da cadeia repiratória em músculo esquelético e músculo cardíaco dos ratos nas concentrações de 1 e 5 mM. Observamos também que o ácido etilmalônico (1 e 2,5 mM) reduziu de forma significativa a atividade total de creatina quinase em córtex cerebral de ratos, mas não alterou essa atividade nos músculos esquelético e cardíaco. Por outro lado o ácido metilsucínico não modificou a atividade total da creatina quinase em nenhum dos três tecidos estudados, córtex cerebral, músculo esquelético e músculo cardíaco de ratos. Testamos então o efeito do ácido etilmalônico sobre a atividade da creatina quinase nas frações mitocondrial e citosólica de córtex cerebral, músculo cardíaco e músculo esquelético de ratos. O ácido (1 e 2,5 mM) inibiu significativamente a atividade da creatina quinase apenas na fração mitocondrial de córtex cerebral. Demostramos também que o antioxidante glutationa (1 mM) preveniu o efeito inibitório do ácido etilmalônico sobre a atividade total da creatina quinase em córtex cerebral. A glutationa (0,5 mM) e o ácido ascórbico (0,5 mM) também preveniram o efeito inibitório do ácido etilmalônico sobre a atividade da creatina quinase na fração mitocondrial de córtex cerebral. Por outro lado a adição de L-NAME ou trolox não alterou o efeito inibitório do ácido etilmalônico sobre a atividade da creatina quinase. Esses resultados indicam que o ácido etilmalônico possui um efeito inibitório específico sobre a isoforma mitocondrial da creatina quinase do cérebro, ou seja, sobre a CKmi a, não afetando a isoenzima citosólica cerebral ou as isoenzimas citosólicas e mitocondrial presentes no músculo esquelético e no músculo cardíaco. Além disso, o efeito da glutationa, que atua como um agente redutor de grupos tióis, indica que a ação inibitória do ácido etilmalônico sobre a creatina quinase pode estar relaciona à oxidação de grupos sulfidrila essenciais à atividade da enzima. Já a prevenção do efeito inibitório do ácido etilmalônico causada pelo ácido ascórbico sugere que o ácido pode estar envolvido com a formação dos radicais superóxido e hidroxila, uma vez que este agente antioxidante atua sobre esses radicais livres. Essas observações em seu conjunto indicam que os ácidos etilmalônico e metilsucínico comprometem o metabolismo energético cerebral através da inibição de atividades enzimáticas essenciais para a produção e transporte de energia pela célula. É, portanto, possível que esse possa ser um dos mecanismos envolvidos com o dano cerebral que ocorre nos pacientes afetados por deficiência de SCAD.

Efeito da fenilalanina sobre a atividade da creatina quinase em córtex cerebral, cerebelo e cérebro médio de ratos

A fenilcetonúria (PKU) é um erro inato do metabolismo de aminoácidos causada pela deficiência da enzima fenilalanina hidroxilase hepática (PAH) que converte fenilalanina (Phe) em tirosina. Caracteriza-se clinicamente por retardo mental severo e, em alguns pacientes, por convulsões e eczema cutâneo. Bioquimicamente os pacientes afetados por esta doença apresentam acúmulo de Phe e seus metabólitos no sangue e nos tecidos. Phe é considerada o principal agente neurotóxico nesta doença, cujos mecanismos de neurotoxicidade são pouco conhecidos. O metabolismo energético cerebral é caracterizado por níveis altos e variáveis de síntese e de utilização de ATP. O cérebro contém altos níveis de creatinaquinase (CK), uma enzima que transferere reversivelmente um grupo fosforil entre ATP e creatina e entre ADP e fosfocreatina (PCr). Considerando que a CK parece estar envolvida em certas condições patológicas relacionadas com deficiência de energia cerebral e sabendo que a PKU está associada à redução de produção e de utilização de energia pelo cérebro, no presente trabalho verificamos a atividade da CK em homogeneizado total de córtex cerebral, cerebelo e cérebro médio de ratos Wistar submetidos aos modelos experimentais agudo e crônico de hiperfenilalaninemia (HPA) quimicamente induzida. Também investigamos o efeito in vitro da Phe e da α-metil-DL-fenilalanina (MePhe), um inibidor da PAH, nas mesmas estruturas de ratos Wistar de 22 dias de idade não tratados. Nossos resultados mostraram uma redução significativa na atividade da CK nas estruturas cerebrais estudadas de ratos sujeitos a HPA. Também verificamos que Phe e MePhe inibiram in vitro a atividade da CK nas mesmas estruturas. O estudo da interação cinética entre Phe e MePhe, sugere a existência de um único sítio de ligação na CK para os dois compostos. Considerando a importância da CK para a manutenção do metabolismo energético cerebral, nossos resultados sugerem que a alteração da homeostasia energética pode contribuir para a neurotoxicidade da Phe na PKU.

Diferenças de efeito agudo sobre a perfusão regional cerebral entre neurolépticos convencionais (haloperidol) e de nova geração (olanzapina) em portadores de esquizofrenia

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