Prospective associations between meth/amphetamine (speed) and MDMA (ecstasy) use and depressive symptoms in secondary school students

Background Research has raised significant concern regarding the affective consequences of synthetic drug use. However, little evidence from well-controlled longitudinal studies exists on these consequences. The aim of this study was to determine whether use of meth/amphetamine (speed) and 63,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is independently predictive of subsequent depressive symptoms in adolescents. Methods A sample of 3880 adolescents from secondary schools in disadvantaged areas of Quebec, Canada, were followed over time (2003e2008). Logistic regression was used to test the association between meth/ amphetamine and MDMA use in grade 10 (ages 15e16 years) and elevated depressive symptoms on an abridged Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale in grade 11, controlling for pre-existing individual and contextual characteristics. Results After adjustment, both MDMA use (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.6) and meth/amphetamine use (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3) in grade 10 significantly increased the odds of elevated depressive symptoms in grade 11. These relationships did not vary by gender or pre-existing depressive symptoms. Increased risk was particularly observed in concurrent usage (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9). Conclusions Adolescent use of meth/amphetamine and MDMA (particularly concurrent use) is independently associated with subsequent depressive symptoms. Further enquiry must determine whether these associations reflect drug-induced neurotoxicity and whether adolescence is a period of increased vulnerability to the hazards of synthetic drug exposure.

An analysis of a slum area in Cleveland /

Authors thesis (Ph.D.) for the Catholic University of America, published in 1934, is on the same subject. cf. Pref.

Study of the effects of fluoride on teeth of children in Cleveland Public Schools /

Mode of access: Internet.

[Official program of the first national convention held in Cleveland, August 14, 15 and 16, 1936]

Mode of access: Internet.

The C.H.P.A. cook book : choice recipes from the members and friends of Cleveland Health Protective Ass'n /

Includes household hints; samples of menus; table of seasons for foodstuffs; some recipes include wine or liquor as an ingredient; recipes for English, French, and Cuban dishes. Sample recipes: Roast goose, Codfish on toast (Cuban style), Gingerbread pudding.

Municipal code of the city of Cleveland in force July 1st, 1921. Including all ordinances of a general nature, the charter of the city of Cleveland, and all amendments thereto.

"The work of preparing this volume was done by Rees H. Davis, of the Cleveland Bar, working under the direction of William B. Woods, director of law of the city, and with the assistance of L. E. Carter, director of the Bureau of municipal research, and J. C. Mansfield, assistant director of law."--Pref., p. [3]

Child care today,

"Star books."

A report on the problem of the substitution of woman for man power in industry; approved by the Board of directors, July 17th, 1918, made by the Committee on industrial welfare of the Cleveland Chamber of commerce.

"Appendix 'A': Industries and processes on which women are employed." Report on women employed in iron and steel industries in Cleveland, Ohio, by Elizabeth Arnold.

New ideas for school journalists,/

"More ideas for school journalists" by Meredith Cromer." 18 p. inserted after p. 18. .

Annual report of the departments of government of the City of Cleveland.

Title varies.

The elementary school curriculum : an annotated bibliography /

Mode of access: Internet.

Modern American Library economy as illustrated by the Newark, N. J., Free public library,

In contents of v. 2, the numbering by parts and sections (found in numbers issued 1913-16 only) is not here indicated. "Aids in high school teaching," v. 2, is wrongly paged, bearing the same paging as "How to use a library," which it should follow.

Cleveland official souvenir of the thirty-fifth national encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, September, 1901.

Mode of access: Internet.

Schools for the Hobart community; a post-war school building program to serve school and community,

Mode of access: Internet.

Thomas Corwin Mendenhall : teacher, scientist, administrator /

"Reprinted from History, Columbus High School, 1847-1910," cover.