Análise da dinâmica de ocupação e uso das terras e suas implicações no sistema morfohidrográfico da Bacia do Ribeirão Bonito-SP

Os sistemas ambientais são compostos por elementos e atributos que atuam em sua dinâmica, os quais, ao longo de um dado período de tempo, podem responder às condições naturais ou às imposições antrópicas, sendo que estas últimas podem desencadear modificações no seu equilíbrio natural. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal do trabalho proposto foi identificar e analisar as alterações na dinâmica de ocupação e uso das terras e sua interferência nas características naturais da bacia do Ribeirão Bonito – SP, com ênfase à geomorfologia e hidrografia. A área em questão situa-se junto à baixa bacia do Rio Piracicaba, no Estado de São Paulo, numa área de transição entre a Depressão Periférica Paulista e as Cuestas Basálticas. Para a consolidação do objetivo proposto foram utilizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão de literatura referente à temática adotada; caracterização do meio físico e do processo de ocupação da área em estudo; elaboração de mapas geomorfológicos de dois cenários (1962 e 2007) de acordo com as metodologias de Tricart (1965) e Verstappen; Zuidan (1975), adaptados por Cunha (2001); elaboração de mapas de ocupação e uso das terras dos dois períodos (1962 e 2007) utilizando o sistema de classificação do IBGE (2006b) e trabalhos de campo. Para manuseio dos dados e posterior análise dos mesmos, foi utilizada a idéia de sistema ambiental, que se fundamenta na teoria dos sistemas gerais, aplicada a Geografia. Findados os levantamentos, observou-se que o aumento do nível de base local com conseqüente retomada erosiva, assim como a intensa ocupação das terras pela cultura da cana-de-açúcar, foram fatores que condicionaram as alterações geomorfológicas locais, expressas principalmente pela dinâmica erosiva e processos de denudação

Características Termo-Higrométricas em Bairros com Diferentes Padrões Construtivos em Presidente Prudente - SP

This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of temperature and air humidity from neighborhoods of Presidente Prudente according to the pattern of land use specific to each of them, over a representative period of winter (July 2011), at different times of day in order to identify the major changes in climatic elements and their causes in urban areas. The work is based mainly on the Monteiro’s theory (1976) of Urban Climate System and for its implementation was used data of temperature and relative humidity of the air in three urban neighborhoods and one rural area. With them, a Chart of Rhythmic Analysis was elaborated for identification of the operating atmospherics systems and basic climate conditions in the period. Were prepared, also, graphs and charts to evaluate and compare the data. There were significant differences in the characteristics of temperature and air humidity between the neighborhoods, especially when compared the urban areas with the rural area

Estudodo sistema eletrico emembarcações maritimascom propulsão diesel-eletrica

The globalization is each day more aggressive and demanding even more that new products be manufactured and therefore be delivered to many places in the globe. Thus, an efficient and vigorous transport system is demanded. There are many ways to transport a product, but one of the most used in the world is shipping. A marine vessel presents diversified structures of size and functions. In order to this system has more efficiency, alternatives should be used to obtain important energy savings. Usually, a vessel present a propulsion system purely mechanical, therefore the use of alternatives propulsions, like diesel-electric, is increasing. This graduation work has as main focus demonstrate the functioning of a diesel-electric propulsion system, since the main characteristics of each component of the system, likewise the analysis and electrical calculation, showing the advantages in relation to the conventional diesel propulsion system

Analise do sistema de medição em peças aeronaúticas através do estudo de R&R (repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade)

The Measurement System Analysis (MSA - Measurement System Analysis) is a statistical methodology developed to study and analyze the behavior of the measurement systems, and, therefore, allow the increased of the confidence readings performed by measuring instruments. It’s widely used in the automotive industry since the 90’s and is a mandatory requirement for the approval of the parts according to ISO Standard of the automotive sector. However, the aerospace industry doesn’t require this type of Study, once which the vast majority of aeronautics parts have characteristics (dimensions) with very tight tolerances, closed, ie, at the home of microns. This work aims to create lists of recommendations for definitions of measuring instruments in developing of control plans, which correlates tolerances fields of characteristics for different settings and acceptance of the instrument, classified as optimum, recommended and not recommended, through of the study of R&R (Repeatability and Reproducibility) in aeronautics parts. Every methodology of the experimental part was based on modern strategy of continuous improvement, the DMAIC (Define Measure Analyze Implant Control), in order to achieve better measurement method used in the control of milling aeronautics parts, identifying and reducing the variations of the measurement process. The results of the R&R Study in large part of measuring instrument manuals were considered acceptable and/or recommended, ie with values of %P/T and %RR lower than 30%, providing statistical data which have enabled the elaboration of tables of recommendations, which, from this work, have turned into very important documents and aid for Process Engineering, having in their hands a technical study able to identify which is the most appropriate instrument to get a more robust dimensional... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Sistema de iluminação inteligente através de redes de sensores wireless

The objective of this project is to collaborate with the society, working on a subject that is directly linked to issues of sustainability and environmental preservation. For this, a survey is being developed in order to make possible the creation of an intelligent mechanism, with the use of wireless solutions for the control of energy consumption in order to meet the needs of quality of life and reduce the average consumption of electrical energy. An intelligent lighting system can be explained simply, as an interconnected network of lamps in order to meet needs such as light intensity, the location of it, the moment will turn on or turn off the lights, among other possibilities. This network of lamps is controlled by algorithms implemented using microcontrollers, which may or may not have changed its characteristics. This can be automatic (pre-programmed by the administrator) or manual (controlled via a remote control, phones, etc.), and will depend upon the manager himself and also the characteristics imposed on the project. However, it is important to note that after the search is complete, decisions will be consistent with the Brazilian reality, ie, this system can only be feasible if it has all the characteristics described above, but with an affordable price so that people can acquire it

Incorporação de um sistema nobreak com ultracapacitor em um microcomputador

The objective of this work is to analyze the viability of incorporation in a microcomputer box of a nobreak with an ultracapacitor as energy storage device, substituting the conventional chemical battery. An advantage of this inclusion is cost reduction because a specific metallic or plastic frame won’t be necessary to protect the components of the nobreak; the microcomputer metallic frame offers the necessary protection for both equipments. Moreover, a large quantity of internal space of microcomputers box isn’t used, and is possible to use it to wrap up the nobreak. This work uses data about average power consumption of microcomputers; operation of switching mode power supplies for microcomputers; electrical and mechanical characteristics of ultracapacitors and operation of power circuits of nobreaks, with the purpose of present a study of energy storage capacity that an ultracapacitor should have to allow a safe switching off of a microcomputer in case of electrical network fail. It was noticed that the use of ultracapacitors is feasible to feed an 180 W load for 75 s, using a capacitive bank with sixteen ultracapacitors, with a total capacitance of 350 F and voltage of 10,8 V. The use of the proposed nobreak increases the reliability of the microcomputer by reducing the probability of user data losses in case of an electrical network fail, offering a high cost/benefit product. The substitution of the battery by an ultracapacitor allows a quick nobreak recharge, with low maintenance costs, since ultracapacitors have a lifetime bigger than batteries; beyond reducing the environmental impact, because they don’t use potentially toxic chemical compounds

Avaliação de funcionamento das bombas hidráulicas do sistema de tratamento de efluentes da Empresa Parker Hannifin

On the field of the projects of hydraulic systems exists a lot of worries when we talk about the calculate of hydraulic pumps. In this case some facts must be considerate: length of tubes, fluid characteristics, height gauge, temperature, pressure, characteristics of tubes, flow required and others. For that mathematic calculates must be developed with the objective to optimize hydraulic pumps and agree to find an ideal machine (that don't requires more energy than necessary or less energy than it requires; that is the more critical case, cause exists the risk that the fluid pumped do not agree to become in your destiny). The wrong calculate of this machine can super-size its, bringing an excessive energy consumption. Actually it's an important subject because we are in the age of lack of energy what turn it more expensive. So the correct sizing of a hydraulic pump is connected with the fact that you have to uses the enough energy resources avoiding waste. The calculate of ideal pump in the pumping system is studied during years and a lot of specialists in this subject develop equations and theories to calculate its. Some researches study about this subject and all of them become to the same conclusion: to find the ideal pump we have to know the characteristics of fluid (cinematic viscosity), the required flow , overall yield (overall of motor x overall of pump) the high gauge or discharge pressure and the loss of repression. The pressure drop can be calculated with different theories: using Hazen-Williams, Darcy e Weisbach or Chézy (1775 - that starts the researches to calculate the pressure drop). Although the most used theory and what is most near to reality is the Darcy's equation. So, in this job the Darcy's equation were choice to calculate the drop pressure that consider what kind of flow we are studying: laminar or turbulent. The determination of the best pump to be used in the ... ( complete abstract click eletronic access below)

A influência das características morfométricas e de uso da terra na morfodinâmica: um estudo da alta bacia do Rio Itanhaém - Baixada Santista/SP

Diante do desenfreado uso da terra, gerando impactos muitas vezes irreversíveis, o planejamento ambiental insere-se como uma ferramenta atualmente necessária. Visto que é sob o relevo que se consolidam as atividades antrópicas, a cartografia do relevo surge como um importante instrumento, indicando setores cujas características naturais impõem limites ao uso da terra. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as características geomorfológicas da alta bacia do Rio Itanhaém, com ênfase à questão morfográfica e morfométrica do relevo, avaliando também as modificações impostas a este em decorrência do uso da terra, contribuindo, portanto, com a gestão ambiental desta área. Para tanto, foram elaborados documentos cartográficos capazes de evidenciar as características do relevo que impõem limites ao uso antrópico, a saber: as cartas morfométricas (carta de declividade, carta de dissecação vertical, carta de dissecação horizontal e carta de energia do relevo), que são documentos que evidenciam a suscetibilidade potencial do relevo sob a influência da ação das águas e gravitacional; a carta geomorfológica (cenário de 1962), que possibilita a espacialização das formas do relevo, contribuindo para a análise da morfodinâmica; e as cartas de uso da terra (cenário de 1962 e 2000), que, em conjunto com os documentos já especificados, possibilitam a análise da influência da atuação antrópica sob o sistema relevo. De maneira geral, pôde-se detectar problemas na morfodinâmica da área de estudo, evidenciados pela presença de feições denudacionais localizadas, tais como sulcos erosivos, voçorocas, ravina e cicatrizes de escorregamentos, os quais vinculam-se ao potencial natural que o relevo da área de estudo possui ao desencadeamento de processos morfogenéticos; à dinamização de processos naturais pela atuação antrópica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Desenvolvimento de um sistema para caracterização de dispositivos eletroluminescentes

The materials designed to be used in electroluminescent (EL) devices construction are studied and improved since 1936. Great interests in the development of this kind of devices are mainly due to its low power consumption, flexibility, low cost and easy processing. One class of ELs devices with these characteristics are produced by employing a organic-polymeric/inorganic composite from a conductive polymer blend and an inorganic electroluminescent material (Zn2SiO4:Mn) dispersed in the polymeric matrix. This kind of device operates in d.c. or a.c. potentials, with EL of hundreds candela in the green region of the visible spectrum. However, few studies on the light emission were performed for these devices. In order to characterize devices made from composites, in this work is proposed a method of characterizing the electroluminescence associated with the impedance spectroscopy technique. To implement the technique of impedance spectroscopy was employ an experimental setup consisting of a source of a.c. voltage, an oscilloscope, and a reference resistor. Associated with this system, was use a photo diode and an analog electrometer to characterize the emitted light signal from the sample. The system was implemented allows characterization by impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range from 0.2 Hz up to 2 MHz and voltage amplitudes of 5 mV up to 20 kV. This system permits, at the same time, measurement of the RMS value of the luminance for devices in frequency range from 20 Hz up to 2 MHz. To test the system efficiency, an EL device was characterized showing analogous results to those reported in literature. By doing this, was demonstrated the efficiency of the system for electroluminescence characterization associated with the electrical characterization by impedance spectroscopy, for devices

SPECT (Single photon emission tomography): Gama câmara, reconstrução tomográfica e características funcional

The SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) systems are part of a medical image acquisition technology which has been outstanding, because the resultant images are functional images complementary to those that give anatomic information, such as X-Ray CT, presenting a high diagnostic value. These equipments acquire, in a non-invasive way, images from the interior of the human body through tomographic mapping of radioactive material administered to the patient. The SPECT systems are based on the Gamma Camera detection system, and one of them being set on a rotational gantry is enough to obtain the necessary data for a tomographic image. The images obtained from the SPECT system consist in a group of flat images that describe the radioactive distribution on the patient. The trans-axial cuts are obtained from the tomographic reconstruction techniques. There are analytic and iterative methods to obtain the tomographic reconstruction. The analytic methods are based on the Fourier Cut Theorem (FCT), while the iterative methods search for numeric solutions to solve the equations from the projections. Within the analytic methods, the filtered backprojection (FBP) method maybe is the simplest of all the tomographic reconstruction techniques. This paper's goal is to present the operation of the SPECT system, the Gamma Camera detection system, some tomographic reconstruction techniques and the requisites for the implementation of this system in a Nuclear Medicine service

Caracterização hidroquímica do sistema aquífero Tubarão no município de Americana/SP

The growing interest in the use of groundwater resources is directly related to the economic advantages that the groundwater exploitation offers when compared to surface waters. This happens especially in large urban centers, such as the city of Americana / SP, where the rivers are increasingly contaminated by household and industrial waste. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the Tubarão Aquifer System, in the city of Americana, to identify and evaluate the spatial distribution of different hydrogeochemical facies as well as understand the rock-fluid interaction through the construction of a conceptual hydrogeochemical model. This study was made based on the recognition of the possible chemical reactions that print the chemical characteristics of groundwater in the area. To do the job, there were two water sampling campaigns of all deep wells used by the City of Americana public water supply. From the results of hydrochemical, classification of water was made by Piper and Stiff diagrams as well as geostatistical data using cluster analysis of principal components. Based on information from the profiles obtained from the survey SIAGAS as well as in geological profiles provided by the city of Americana, we sought to detail the subsurface geology of the Subgroup Itararé in the city of Americana. The results obtained allowed the identification of three hydrochemical types in the study area: Bicarbonated calcium-sodium (1), bicarbonate sodium (2) and sodium chloride (3). The waters have bicarbonate alkaline pH to alkaline and can be considered weakly saline, with electrical conductivity values of around 161 mS / cm. Samples classified as sodium bicarbonate average of 174.99 mS / cm. The pH values ranging from 6.74 to 7.99, averaging 7.52. For the group of waters classified as sodium chloride, conductivity average is 164.32 mS / cm and pH values ranging... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Sistema biométrico de identificação de pessoas utilizando poros e minúcias de impressões digitais

The use of physical characteristics for human identification is known as biometrics. Among the many biometrics traits available, the fingerprint is the most widely used. The fingerprint identification is based on the impression patterns, as the pattern of ridges and minutiae, characteristics of first and second levels respectively. The current identification systems use these two levels of fingerprint features due to the low cost of the sensors. However, the recent advances in sensor technology, became possible to use third level features present within the ridges, such as the perspiration pores. Recent studies show that the use of third-level features can increase security and fraud protection in biometric systems, since they are difficult to reproduce. In addition, recent researches have also focused on multibiometrics recognition due to its many advantages. The goal of this research project was to apply fusion techniques for fingerprint recognition in order to combine minutia, ridges and pore-based methods and, thus, provide more robust biometrics recognition systems, and also to develop an automated fingerprint identification system using these three methods of recognition. We evaluated isotropic-based and adaptive-based automatic pore extraction methods, and the fusion of pore-based method with the identification methods based on minutiae and ridges. The experiments were performed on the public database PolyUHRF and showed a reduction of approximately 16% in the EER compared to the best results obtained by the methods individually

Estudo das propriedades físicas em materiais vítreos do sistema 50B2O3 - 15CuO - 20Li2O - 15X (X= Na2O, K2O, RbCI e Cs2O)

The increasing demand for devices for solid state applications in many technological areas has resulted in a high demand for new materials. Among these material have the advantage of being manufactured with different chemical compositions, and may have physical properties equal to or higher than the corresponding crystalline material. The aim of this paper was to produce borate glass system 50B2O3 – 15CuO – 20Li2O – 15X (X = Na2O, K2O, RbCl e Cs2O) to analyze the influence of the atomic radius of alkali in the physical properties of this glass system. The glasses were synthesized by the process of melting and molding. The characteristic temperatures were determined by the technique of scanning calorimetry (DSC). The non-crystalline was determined by x-ray diffraction. In order to determine the molar volume a density measurement by using the Archimedes method was used. The structural characterization was carried out using the technique of infrared spectroscopy

Anteprojeto de um sistema digital de proteção e controle aplicado em uma subestação elétrica industrial

With the growth of the demand on electric energy in the last decades, the urban distribution and transmission systems have experienced a bigger necessity to improve on the substations, the automation procedures and techniques on the operation maneuvers of such systems, in a sense that better attends the quality levels, availability, continuity and operational reliability. In this way, the objective of the present paper is to perform a study of protection and control on an electrical industrial system involving the procedures of digitizing and maneuvers automatism utilizing operational techniques and other pertinent information used in a typical high-voltage Industrial Electrical System. Analysis were made on short-circuits to specify the main components of the 138 [kV] substation, in addition, there were used digital MiCOM relays to make the protection of the present elements. With that, a program was developed to allow the user to monitor the condition of circuit-breakers through a supervision screen being able to simulate some kinds of faults, as well as observing the characteristics of each device. This way, the importance of having a fast and reliable system that ensures the equipment’s protection and the industrial process continuity due to faults on the electrical system is noticeable. It’s important to highlight that all this digitizing was mainly favored by the development of digital technology on the last years, mainly on microelectronics, also with the appearance of supervision gadgets allowing the development of complex systems in supervision and electric energy control

Avaliação de atributos do solo e vegetação em sistema agroecológico

A importância da agroecologia se dá no sentido de fornecer e ser, base e estrutura de conhecimentos mesclados, incorporando saberes tradicionais aos saberes técnicos científicos atuais, sem excluir ou rejeitar, mas usando ambos a favor da transição para uma pratica agrícola mais sustentável e coerente com os fluxos e com a complexidade natural de um ecossistema, o que não se percebe nas práticas agrícolas modernas e convencionais. Inúmeros estudos constataram que para uma boa efetividade de sistemas agroecológicos é necessário recuperar e manter o equilíbrio biológico do solo, pois isso influenciará em suas características físicas e químicas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi de caracterizar o solo sob Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF) e uma Pastagem, no município de Rio Claro (SP), para a obtenção de atributos do solo, morfológicos, físicos e químicos e também descrever a diversidade do extrato arbóreo presente na área, incluindo as espécies agrícolas, e levantar o histórico de implantação do sistema, de modo a criar e dar início a formação de um banco de dados científicos para o Grupo de Extensão Gira-Sol. Foram escolhidos dois perfis nas seguintes situações: sistema agroflorestal e uma Pastagem para descrição morfológica do solo. Em cada área foi efetuada a coleta de amostras deformadas e indeformadas e caracterizados os atributos granulometria, analises química, densidade do solo, porosidade do solo e resistência à penetração. Para a descrição morfológica dos perfis foi utilizado os procedimentos descritos por Lemos e Santos (2002), para os atributos químicos e de fertilidade do solo, Camargo et al. (1986) e EMBRAPA (1997), para granulometria, densidade e porosidade do solo e argila dispersa em água. A descrição da vegetação foi feita com auxilio de guias de identificação e por meio de parcelas, onde as espécies foram tabeladas e plotadas em um mapa da área para localização das mesmas, e.