Letter - E.C. Schmon to Arthur A. Schmon, 10 April 1920

The letter discusses Arthur's "dandy cruise in the woods. Two hundred miles-" She also mentions that the couple has been married for eight months, but have only lived together two and half months. She talks about a train strike and states "the Pennsylvania trains stopped running yesterday and this morning all ferry boats." She mentions that the trolleys may stop running too. The price of food has increased as a result.

Order to create a General Board of Health in the Town of Niagara, June 25, 1832.

In the early nineteenth century, a widespread outbreak of cholera occurred in continental Europe, eventually spreading to the British Isles. The disease subsequently spread to Canada as impoverished British immigrants seeking a better life arrived in the country. To help curb the spread of the disease, local Boards of Health were created.

Estudio anatómico epidérmico en las hojas del género stanhopea (orchidaceae) y sus implicaciones taxonómicas

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas con Especialidad en Botánica) UANL

La IIIe République et Bismarck : le rôle des opportunistes dans le compromis franco-allemand

Le concert européen est souvent perçu, du moins pour les années 1871 à 1890, comme l’œuvre indéniable du Chancelier allemand Otto von Bismarck et des grands hommes politiques de son temps. La politique dite bismarckienne a effectivement connoté la plupart des interactions entre pays rivaux de l’époque, particulièrement entre la France et l’Allemagne. Son incidence sur la politique française est telle qu’elle en affecte les politiques intérieure et extérieure. Les républicains opportunistes adopteront vis-à-vis de la politique bismarckienne une attitude pragmatique leur permettant, de 1878 à 1885, de recouvrer leur rôle d’antan, ainsi que d’encadrer un fort sentiment nationaliste. S’il est souvent reproché aux opportunistes d’avoir préféré le momentané au planifié, il nous semble que la politique des gouvernements Ferry, Gambetta, Waddington et Freycinet réussit au contraire à tirer habilement son épingle du jeu bismarckien. Familiers du caractère éphémère de ce jeu, les opportunistes ont su y trouver des avantages, assurer à la France le recouvrement d’une position diplomatique de choix et l’acquisition de nouveaux territoires coloniaux, tout en préservant une certaine indépendance face au Chancelier.

Analyse spatiale en écologie : développements méthodologiques

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Investigations on the Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on the Marine Bivalves Perna viridis (Linnaeus) and Sunetta scripta (Linne')

The thesis deals with different aspects connected with the distribution and toxicity of PHC in crude oils in the aquatic environment and marine molluscs. Information has been gathered and presented on the present status of research in the field based on a thorough review of recent literature. It is seen from the literature that the resident time of PHC becomes lesser and lesser when crude oil is discharged in large quantities into the coastal waters where excess oxygenation light penetration, temperature availability and strong tidal currents persist. This results in the reduction of the onslaught of oil pollution. This probably shows that taxic insult of crude oil in tropical shores will be relatively lesser than that occurring in temperate and boreal waters. However, there is no record of major episodal oil pollution comparable in quantum and extent to that of Torrey Canyon or Amoco Cadiz which prevents a more reliable analysis on the issue. Considerable controversy exists on the method of estimation of PHC in seawater. However, Ultra-violet fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely recommended as an analytical tool for the determination of total hydrocarbons. Similarly representation of values as chrysene equivalents has been recognised as the most reliable method of Quantum representation.

Survey of coral lagoons of Laksbadweep Atolls using line intercept transect (LIT) technique

The present study aims at surveying the coral lagoons of four islands viz. Kavarathi, Kalpeni, Kadmat and Agathi, which include quantitative survey of the major benthic forms using Line Intercept Transect (LIT) technique and hydrographical study of these lagoon waters The distribution of PHC in the lagoons has also been followed to understand, the effects of introduction of flat bottomed ferry boats to the islands.From a biological monitoring stand point for the assessment of manmade disturbance of the coral reefs, it IS highly essential to identify faunal assemblages which will contain 'flag-stones' specIes as indicators of such disturbances. Among the known faunal assemblages In coral reefs the most diverse groups of sensitive species belongs to bryozoan assemblage. Therefore, the most common species of bryozoans distributed along the atolls and reef flats were collected and described in this work Along with this, bryozoans associated with coral from other parts of Indian ocean have also been added so as to provide a comprehensive picture of the distribution of bryozoans in the coral reefs.

Evaluación organizacional de un hospital.

1. Adaptar un conjunto de escalas de utilidad en la evaluación, diagnóstico y cambio organizacional. 2. Explorar la utilidad de la adaptación en la validación de constructo de los modelos propuestos. Poner las bases para que en el futuro se disponga de herramientas y modelos que permitan la colaboración interdisciplinar en el estudio de las organizaciones canarias. 118 sujetos, que representaba el 94 por ciento del personal del hospital; 86 mujeres y 31 varones, con un rango de 21 a 62 años. Se tiene en cuenta el estado civil y el nivel educativo. Adaptación de los instrumentos: tras una traducción al español del DAI y del CGI, se pasó a su adaptación técnica. Esta primera adaptación se pasó, en un estudio piloto, a un grupo de sujetos para comprobar su legibilidad y la adecuación de los términos específicos de otras disciplinas, para así mantener unos contenidos generales, con el fin de facilitar la comparabilidad con otros posibles estudios en tipos de organizaciones diferentes. Se procedió a la elaboración del organigrama del hospital. Los cuestionarios fueron repartidos al personal en su lugar de trabajo. Se dio a cada persona una descripción detallada del contenido y forma de responder a los distintos cuestionarios. Versiones adaptadas al español del DAI de Van de Ven & Ferry, 1980. Del cuestionario general de tecnología, de Hancock, Macy & Peterson, 1982. Escalas de prioridades de objetivos, escala de incertidumbre en las estrategias de actuación, una escala de influencia percibida y un conjunto de diferenciales semánticos elaboradas ad hoc. Gráfico de control de Tannembaum. Análisis de las distribuciones de respuestas a los diferentes elementos que componen las escalas. Análisis factorial de componentes principales. Análisis de consistencia interna de las escalas correspondientes a los índices teóricos, mediante el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Mediana de las correlaciones de los elementos de cada escala con los elementos del resto de las escalas. Análisis de varianza, utilizando como variables independientes las diferentes posiciones y localizaciones estructurales y como variables dependientes los índices del módulo. Análisis de regresión múltiple de los índices de contexto y diseño sobre los índices de resultados de los mismos. Existe una estructura burocrática profesional con dos líneas de mandos diferenciados, una descendente y administrativa, en la que dominan los métodos rutinarios basados en la autoridad formal y muy centralizada, y otra ascendente de tipo profesional que utiliza procedimientos de toma de decisión más participativos y que, por tanto, tiene un grado menor de centralización. Se refleja la estructura formal de autoridad plasmada en el organigrama. Estos resultados confirman la validez del gráfico de control. La consistencia interna de las escalas es aceptable. Las unidades se caracterizan por un bajo nivel en variedad y dificultad de la tarea, una capacidad alta para el intercambio de roles entre los miembros y un nivel bajo de estandarización.

Gerencia de un proyecto de un sistema para administración del efecto en Bancafé

El Proyecto consiste en la reestructuración de los procedimientos actualesapoyados en la implementación de un sistema de información, conformado pormódulos, que controle los niveles de efectivo, su recolección y entrega hacia ydesde las oficinas, los centros de efectivo y las transportador

“La construcción de la opinión pública digital en Colombia: Twitter y Juan Manuel Santos: un estudio de caso”

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo explicar el papel de las redes sociales en el proceso de conformación de la opinión pública en Colombia en el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Lo que se quiere comprobar es que las redes sociales han ejercido un papel de herramienta configuradora de agendas en el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Las antiguas formas de comunicación como las tertulias en los cafés y las discusiones cara a cara se han reemplazado por las conversaciones “online”, modificando así los procesos comunicativos entre los individuos y la forma de producir opinión pública. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación es pertinente desarrollar los conceptos de opinión pública, esfera pública y redes sociales; además de hacer uso de un método de recolección y análisis de información cualitativo con herramientas cuantitativas como las encuestas, estadísticas y gráficas.

Uma função social filosófica : a primeira história de uma «política de entendimento»

This paper aims to highlight the main aspects of the philosophical project of Alain Renaut's (Paris-IV) Histoire de philosophie politique (Calmann-Lèvy, Paris, 1999), recently translated to Portuguese. It contends that this is not a mainstream work so much as a mis-en-oeuvre of a long-developing and still progressing personal work on Political Philosophy. Many times developed in team works, such as the previous books with Luc Ferry and lately with Silvye Mesure, this Histoire stands today as a milestone in Renaut's philosophical proposal: a political refashioning of Kant's theory of knowledge.

What kind of European Banking Union? Bruegel Policy Contribution [2012/12?]June 25, 2012

This paper discusses the creation of a European Banking Union. First, we discuss questions of design. We highlight seven fundamental choices that decision makers will need to make: Which EU countries should participate in the banking union? To which categories of banks should it apply? Which institution should be tasked with supervision? Which one should deal with resolution? How centralised should the deposit insurance system be? What kind of fiscal backing would be required? What governance framework and political institutions would be needed? In terms of geographical scope, we see the coverage of the banking union of the euro area as necessary and of additional countries as desirable, even though this would entail important additional economic difficulties. The system should ideally cover all banks within the countries included, in order to prevent major competitive and distributional distortions. Supervisory authority should be granted either to both the ECB and a new agency, or to a new agency alone. National supervisors, acting under the authority of the European supervisor, would be tasked with the supervision of smaller banks in accordance with the subsidiarity principle. A European resolution authority should be established, with the possibility of drawing on ESM resources. A fully centralized deposit insurance system would eventually be desirable, but a system of partial reinsurance may also be envisaged at least in a first phase. A banking union would require at least implicit European fiscal backing, with significant political authority and legitimacy. Thus, banking union cannot be considered entirely separately from fiscal union and political union. The most difficult challenge of creating a European banking union lies with the short-term steps towards its eventual implementation. Many banks in the euro area, and especially in the crisis countries, are currently under stress and the move towards banking union almost certainly has significant distributional implications. Yet it is precisely because banks are under such stress that early and concrete action is needed. An overarching principle for such action is to minimize the cost to the tax payers. The first step should be to create a European supervisor that will anchor the development of the future banking union. In parallel, a capability to quickly assess the true capital position of the system’s most important banks should be created, for which we suggest establishing a temporary European Banking Sector Task Force working together with the European supervisor and other authorities. Ideally, problems identified by this process should be resolved by national authorities; in case fiscal capacities would prove insufficient, the European level would take over in the country concerned with some national financial participation, or in an even less likely adverse scenario, in all participating countries at once. This approach would require the passing of emergency legislation in the concerned countries that would give the Task Force the required access to information and, if necessary, further intervention rights. Thus, the principle of fiscal responsibility of respective member states for legacy costs would be preserved to the maximum extent possible, and at the same time, market participants and the public would be reassured that adequate tools are in place to address any eventuality.

The simple macroeconomics of North and South in EMU. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/12, 30 July 2012

The euro area today consists of a competitive, moderately leveraged North and an uncompetitive, over-indebted South. Its main macroeconomic challenge is to carry out the adjustment required to restore the competitiveness of its southern part and eliminate its excessive public and private debt burden. This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal and competitiveness adjustment in a stylised model with two countries in a monetary union, North and South. To restore competitiveness, South implements a more restrictive fiscal policy than North. We consider two scenarios. In the first, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the North. The South therefore needs to deflate to regain competitiveness, which worsens the debt dynamics. In the second, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the monetary union as a whole. This results in more monetary stimulus, inflation in the North is higher, and this in turn helps the debt dynamics in the South. Our main findings are: •The differential fiscal stance between North and South is what determines real exchange rate changes. South therefore needs to tighten more. There is no escape from relative austerity. •If monetary policy aims at keeping inflation stable in the North and the initial debt is above a certain threshold, debt dynamics are perverse: fiscal retrenchment is self-defeating; •If monetary policy targets average inflation instead, which implies higher inflation in the North, the initial debt threshold above which the debt dynamics become perverse is higher. Accepting more inflation at home is therefore a way for the North to contribute to restoring debt sustainability in the South. •Structural reforms in the South improve the debt dynamics if the initial debt is not too high. Again, targeting average inflation rather than inflation in the North helps strengthen the favourable effects of structural reforms.

The fiscal implications of a banking union. Bruegel Policy Brief 2012/02 [3?], September 2012

Systemic banking crises are a threat to all countries whatever their development level. They can entail major fiscal costs that can undermine the sustainability of public finances. More than anywhere else, however, a number of euro-area countries have been affected by a lethal negative feedback loop between banking and sovereign risk, followed by disintegration of the financial system, real economic fragmentation and the exposure of the European Central Bank. Recognising the systemic dimension of the problem, the Euro-Area Summit of June 2012 called for the creation of a banking union with common supervision and the possibility for the European Stability Mechanism to recapitalise banks directly.