994 resultados para Café - Transporte


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Resumen Este documento sintetiza las exposiciones presentadas en el Seminario 'Competencia y complementación de los modos carretero y ferroviario en el transporte de cargas', el cual fue celebrado en la sede de la CEPAL los días 6 y 7 de noviembre de 2001.  A través del desarrollo de este seminario, se intentó determinar el estado actual de los modos ferroviario y carretero en América Latina, con respecto a las condiciones de mercado que deben enfrentar y la conveniencia de optar por un modo u otro en el transporte de mercancías. Se abarcaron temas relacionados con el comercio internacional, del cual el transporte depende directamente, y el rol del Estado en la creación de condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo del transporte combinado y multimodal.  Otros materias presentes también en esta reunión fueron, el impacto ambiental del transporte, la regulación y reglamentación que lo afecta y las necesidades de infraestructura necesarias para propiciar el desarrollo de servicios de transporte eficientes y confiables. Como resultado de las exposiciones y debates generados, a partir de tres mesas redondas que fueron celebradas, se enunciaron conclusiones y recomendaciones a tener en cuenta en el futuro.  En este sentido se concluyó la imperiosa necesidad, de que los Gobiernos definan políticas claras para guiar y propiciar la complementación e integración de ambos modos de transporte, que redunden en beneficios tanto para las empresas, como para la comunidad en general.  Claramente cada modo de transporte presenta ventajas, según el tipo de cargas a ser transportadas. Por otra parte existen una serie de distorciones, que impiden aprovechar estas ventajas de manera armónica y racional, generando pérdidas para todos los agentes participantes de esta actividad económica, como así también a la sociedad en general. Por lo tanto, es fundamental el lograr la corrección de dichas distorciones y es en este punto que el Estado debe desempeñar un rol principal a través de la regulación y reglamentación del sector.  En esta reunión se presentaron las siguientes ponencias 'la optimización de la partición modal en la época del concesionamiento de las carreteras y de los ferrocarriles'; 'evolución de la competencia y complementación entre el transporte carretero ferroviario en Argentina'; 'el impacto ambiental del transporte carretero y ferroviario de cargas'; 'el transporte combinado ferroviario carretero en el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de Norteamérica (NAFTA)'; 'necesidades de integración modal del transporte de cargas: el caso chileno'; 'la política brasileña referente a la integración modal en el transporte de cargas'; 'necesidades de integración modal del transporte de cargas: el caso de Centroamérica' y 'la demanda de transporte de las empresas multinacionales radicadas en América Latina: variables determinantes de la elección modal. El caso de la II Región - Chile'.

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Intending to achieve better results on coffee production, the coffee producers began, since the 80s, to process the coffee postharvest, in order to ensure product's superior quality. However, with the processing, other problem appeared, the contamination of rivers, creeks, soil and water table from coffee wastewater (ARC). This paper had as main objective to use the ARC on the coffee plants' production verifying its viability and if the ARC is able to supply the coffee potassium requirements when they don't receive potassium chloride in the organic compound. The work was developed at Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, Botucatu-SP, in a greenhouse located at Departamento de Engenharia Rural. The work consisted of 10 treatments on a 5×2 factorial (5 wastewater proportions of coffee after the harvest processing - 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% - and potassium chloride presence or absence in the composition), with 4 repetitions with a completely randomized statistical design. The ARC was applied each 48 hours in an irrigation depth of 10 mm. After 6 months, the plants' vegetative characteristic had been evaluated as well the chemical characteristics of the compound and of the plants. We observed that the treatments with potassium chloride presence showed worse vegetative characteristics compared with treatments which did not have KCl in its composition. Moreover, with the increase of the wastewater dosage, it happened a decrease in the vegetative characteristics, however an addition in the chemical characteristics of the compound. Also, the treatments without KCl presence and with 0% and 25% of coffee wastewater had been statistically equal, showing the viability in the use of the ARC in the production of coffee plants, since the compound does not contain KCl and that the water used in the composition is a mixture of 25% of ARC with 75% of common water.

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This paper evaluates the behavior of suspended sediment load of the river Ivaí over a period of 32 years measured by the station further downstream the river (Novo Porto Taquara). The most suitable parameters for this assessment were the annual discharge of suspended sediment and water obtained from SUDERSA. The relationship between the concentration of suspended sediment and discharge of water had not a very good correlation (R 2 = 0,56) and hysteresis effect is quite clear. The justification for this behavior is given by the heterogeneity of the hydrological regime and basin occupation. There were no significant changes in annual flows which have remained the same during the study period. Already the discharge of suspended sediment showed a small gradual decline in which the end of the period (2007), the river carries less than 0.65 Mton at the beginning (1977). This reduction in suspended sediment transported is probably due to changes in soil management for agriculture.

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The first cases of Emersonella pubipennis Hansson, 2002, Emersonella planiceps Hansson, 2002, Omphale huggerti (Hansson, 1988), Chrysocharis caribea Boucek, 1977, Chrysocharis vonones (Walker, 1839) and Chrysocharis tristis Hansson, 1987 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) were reported for Coffea arabica L. based on specimens collected in Cravinhos (21°18'S/47°47'W), State of São Paulo, Brazil. The first occurrence of E. pubipennis and O. huggerti were also reported in Brazil. The insects were collected with Moericke and light traps between May of 2005 and April of 2007.

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This paper introduces an indirect estimate for the coefficients of distribution, hydrodynamic dispersion and retardation for contaminants commonly encountered in sanitary landfills and their liners, such as Cu2+ and K+; this estimate is based on the relationship between concentration and certain physical characteristics of typical Brazilian soils. The results of previous studies investigating the migration of contaminants were used to develop mathematical expressions from multiple non-linear regressions. Using minimal squares regression, this transport was linked to various combinations of contaminant concentration and both structural and textural characteristics of the porous medium. Various combinations of characteristics and concentrations were investigated, with a mathematical expression obtained for each. The relationship between percentage of clay and the contaminant content proved to be the most closely correlated with actual transport parameters, with coefficients close to one.