Forest structure of artificial islands in the Tucuruí dam reservoir in northern Brazil: a test core-area model

Construction of hydroelectric dams in tropical regions has been contributing significantly to forest fragmentation. Alterations at edges of forest fragments impact plant communities that suffer increases in tree damage and dead, and decreases in seedling recruitment. This study aimed to test the core-area model in a fragmented landscape caused by construction of a hydroelectric power plant in the Brazilian Amazon. We studied variations in forest structure between the margin and interiors of 17 islands of 8-100 hectares in the Tucuruí dam reservoir, in two plots (30 and >100m from the margin) per island. Mean tree density, basal area, seedling density and forest cover did not significantly differ between marginal and interior island plots. Also, no significant differences were found in liana density, dead tree or damage for margin and interior plots. The peculiar topographic conditions associated with the matrix habitat and shapes of the island seem to extend edge effects to the islands' centers independently of the island size, giving the interior similar physical microclimatic conditions as at the edges. We propose a protocol for assessing the ecological impacts of edge effects in fragments of natural habitat surrounded by induced (artificial) edges. The protocol involves three steps: (1) identification of focal taxa of particular conservation or management interest, (2) measurement of an "edge function" that describes the response of these taxa to induced edges, and (3) use of a "Core-Area Model" to extrapolate edge function parameters to existing or novel situations.

Associação entre características da parte aérea e do sistema radicular em mudas de guaranazeiro por correlações canônicas

Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar o grau de asociação entre variáveis de parte aérea e de raízes em mudas clonadas de guaranazeiro, utilizando-se correlações canônicas, a fim de aperfeiçoar o procedimento de seleção de mudas para garantir o aumento da porcentagem de sobrevivência das mudas após o plantio. Foram avaliados dois grupos de variáveis em mudas aptas ao plantio definitivo de 36 clones de guaranazeiro. O delineamento usado foi o aleatorizado em blocos com cinco repetições e 10 plantas por parcela, sob condições de viveiro. Os caracteres avaliados foram submetidos à análise de correlações canônicas. Utilizou-se a análise de correlações canônicas. O grupo de variáveis da parte aérea não se mostrou independente do grupo de variáveis do sistema radicular. Através de seleção baseada em variáveis da parte aérea pode-se melhorar o sistema radicular, principalmente através do maior comprimento do ramo (CRA). A seleção de clones de guaraná para maior peso de raiz pode ser efetuada de forma indireta, realizando-se mensurações do comprimento dos ramos, o que evita a necessidade de se destruir as mudas.

Mangrove sedimentary characteristics and implications for crab Ucides cordatus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Ucididae) distribution in an estuarine area of the Amazonian region

At the coastal zone sediments, water and organisms interact intensely. At equatorial tidal-dominated coast mangroves are abundant. These areas are well-known for their ecological importance. Considering the mangroves of Atlantic South America, the mangrove crab, Ucides cordatus has ecological and economic prominence. High densities of this crab are found on the Amazon coast. This study investigates the sediment distribution of the Bragança mangrove area (Amazon coast, Brazil) and its correlations with vegetation and mangrove crab distribution. Sediments of 47 sites, as well as crabs from sites with different sediment and vegetation, were sampled. Results show that surface sediment of the area is mainly composed by silt (59%), with 21% sand and 20% clay. Variations in sorting and skewness are the product of local variations in clay and sand content. The vegetation type was significantly correlated to mangrove crab characteristics, abundance and weight/size. Sediment characteristics are also substantially different according to the vegetation type. Areas where Avicennia germinans prevails have more sand and clay than areas of Rizophora mangle, in which silt is dominant and crabs were significantly heavier. The present results have showed that the distribution of sediments, crabs and vegetation at mangrove areas are strongly correlated. Thus, they should be studied in conjunction.

Reproductive biology of Ameerega trivittata (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in an area of terra firme forest in eastern Amazonia

The reproductive success of tropical amphibians is influenced by factors such as body size and the characteristics of breeding sites. Data on reproductive biology are important for the understanding of population dynamics and the maintenance of species. The objectives of the present study were to examine the abundance of Ameerega trivittata, analyze the use of microhabitats by calling males and the snout-vent length (SVL) of breeding males and females, the number of tadpoles carried by the males and mature oocytes in the females, as well as the relationship between the SVL of the female and both the number and mean size of the mature oocytes found in the ovaries. Three field trips were conducted between January and September, 2009. A total of 31 plots, with a mean area of 2.3 ha, were surveyed, resulting in records of 235 individuals, with a mean density of 3.26 individuals per hectare. Overall, 66.1% of the individuals sighted were located in the leaf litter, while 17.4% were perched on decaying tree trunks on the forest floor, 15.7% on the aerial roots of Cecropia trees, and 0.8% on lianas. Males were observed transporting a mean of 10.8 tadpoles on their backs. A significant correlation was found between the size of the females and the mean diameter of the oocytes. New data were collected on the size of oocytes and no pattern was found in the type of perches used by calling males of the different Ameerega species.

Frugivory by birds on Schefflera morototoni (Araliaceae) in a Cerrado-Amazon orest transition area, eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil

Schefflera morototoni fruits are important food source for neotropical frugivorous birds. The objectives of the present study were to record bird species that consumed fruits of S. morototoni in a forest in the transition Cerrado-Amazon Forest, Mato Grosso, Brazil and evaluate the potential of these bird species as seed dispersers of this plant species. During 31 observation hours, from November 1 to 5, 2011, 23 bird species were recorded consuming S. morototoni fruits. Out of these, 20 bird species were considered potential seed dispersers, as they swallow the fruits whole. The species consuming the greatest number of fruits were Aburria cujubi (24% of total consumed fruits), Pteroglossus castanotis (18%), Tangara palmarum (12%), Patagioenas speciosa (11%), Ramphastos toco (8%), and Dacnis lineata (5%). The species T. palmarum showed the highest visit frequency (VF = 1.51), followed by P. castanotis (VF = 0.80), and D. lineata (VF = 0.77). All bird species employed picking foraging method for removal of fruits and in 11 species (48%) this method was the only one used. Agonistic interactions represented 13% of the total number of visits. Dacnis lineata received the highest number of attacks and P. castanotis and Pitangus sulphuratus were the more aggressive species. The high bird richness and the great number of consumed fruits indicated that the fruits of S. morototoni may be an important food resource for birds in the Cerrado-Amazon Forest transition

Litterfall production in intact and selectively logged forests in southern of Amazonia as a function of basal area of vegetation and plant density

Nutrient recycling in the forest is linked to the production and decomposition of litter, which are essential processes for forest maintenance, especially in regions of nutritionally poor soils. Human interventions in forest such as selecttive logging may have strong impacts on these processes. The objectives of this study were to estimate litterfall production and evaluate the influence of environmental factors (basal area of vegetation, plant density, canopy cover, and soil physicochemical properties) and anthropogenic factors (post-management age and exploited basal area) on this production, in areas of intact and exploited forest in southern Amazonia, located in the northern parts of Mato Grosso state. This study was conducted at five locations and the average annual production of litterfall was 10.6 Mg ha-1 year-1, higher than the values for the Amazon rainforest. There were differences in litterfall productions between study locations. Effects of historical logging intensity on litterfall production were not significant. Effects of basal area of vegetation and tree density on litterfall production were observed, highlighting the importance of local vegetation characteristics in litterfall production. This study demonstrated areas of transition between the Amazonia-Cerrado tend to have a higher litterfall production than Cerrado and Amazonia regions, and this information is important for a better understanding of the dynamics of nutrient and carbon cycling in these transition regions.

Nanocellulose in biomedical area: brief review

Due to remarkable physical properties, special surface chemistry and excellent biological properties, as low toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, nanocellulose has gained much attention for its use as biomedical material, applied in medical implants, tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound-healing, cardiovascular applications, among others. This paper presents a review on nanocellulose applied in biomedical area.

Noise mapping for an urban area: study case: old city of Damascus, Syria

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Urbana

Influence of angiotensin II receptor subtypes of the paraventricular nucleus on the physiological responses induced by angiotensin II injection into the medial septal area

OBJECTIVE: We determined the effects of losartan and PD 123319 (antagonists of the AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors, respectively), and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II (a relatively peptide antagonist of angiotensin receptors) injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on water and 3% NaCl intake, and the diuretic, natriuretic, and pressor effects induced by administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the medial septal area (MSA) of conscious rats. METHODS: Holtzman rats were used . Animals were anesthetized with tribromoethanol (20 mg) per 100 grams of body weight, ip. A stainless steel guide cannula was implanted into the MSA and PVN. All drugs were injected in 0.5-mul volumes for 10-15 seconds. Seven days after brain surgery, water and 3% NaCl intake, urine and sodium excretion, and arterial blood pressure were measured. RESULTS: Losartan (40 nmol) and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II (40 nmol) completely eliminated whereas PD 123319 (40 nmol) partially blocked the increase in water and sodium intake and the increase in arterial blood pressure induced by ANG II (10 nmol) injected into the MSA. The PVN administration of PD 123319 and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II blocked whereas losartan attenuated the diuresis and natriuresis induced by MSA administration of ANG II. CONCLUSION: MSA involvement with PVN on water and sodium homeostasis and arterial pressure modulation utilizing ANGII receptors is suggested.

Index filicum,sive, Enumeratio omnium generum specierumque filicum et Hydropteridum ab anno 1753 ad finem anni 1905 descriptorium : adjectis synonymis principalibus, area geographica, etc. /Carl Christensen.

Fascicles 1-12, 1753-1906

Index filicum,sive, Enumeratio omnium generum specierumque filicum et Hydropteridum ab anno 1753 ad finem anni 1905 descriptorium : adjectis synonymis principalibus, area geographica, etc. /Carl Christensen.

Suppl. 1906-12

Index filicum,sive, Enumeratio omnium generum specierumque filicum et Hydropteridum ab anno 1753 ad finem anni 1905 descriptorium : adjectis synonymis principalibus, area geographica, etc. /Carl Christensen.

Suppl. prelim. 1913-17

Index filicum,sive, Enumeratio omnium generum specierumque filicum et Hydropteridum ab anno 1753 ad finem anni 1905 descriptorium : adjectis synonymis principalibus, area geographica, etc. /Carl Christensen.

Suppl. 3 1917-33

Index filicum,sive, Enumeratio omnium generum specierumque filicum et Hydropteridum ab anno 1753 ad finem anni 1905 descriptorium : adjectis synonymis principalibus, area geographica, etc. /Carl Christensen.

Suppl. 4 1934-60

Proyecto integrado en el Area de Microelectrónica para el Diseño de circuitos integrados (Programa de Modernización Tecnológica III I-P - PAE 2006)

El objetivo general de este proyecto estratégico es incorporar una actividad de alto valor agregado como es el diseño de circuitos integrados dentro del segmento de alta tecnología de la cadena productiva nacional. Para ello resulta necesario cumplimentar los siguientes objetivos específicos:• Fortalecer los grupos de investigación y desarrollo que realizan tareas dentro de este área temática, tanto en infraestructura como en recursos humanos; • Fortalecer y desarrollar la Industria Electrónica mediante la incorporación de estas nuevas tecnologías en sus productos; • Representar y asistir a los grupos de diseño locales en la búsqueda de oportunidades para realizar “outsourcing” de diseño para compañías del exterior; • Establecer una primer masa crítica de diseñadores, que funcione como impulsora de la actividad en el medio; • Generar una red a nivel local, donde convivan empresas, universidades y profesionales. La mejora continua en las prestaciones de los productos y en los procesos productivos ha llevado a que la microelectrónica esté presente en los más diversos ámbitos de la actividad humana, con la perspectiva de ir incrementando constantemente su participación. Por eso mismo, un país que pretenda insertarse en el mundo de manera soberana no puede menospreciar la necesidad de incrementar la capacidad de su industria en el área. Los componentes de la Cadena de valor de la ME son los siguientes: • Diseño del circuito, con valor agregado de conocimientos y experiencia del diseñador; • Herramientas de Software de diseño (CAD) con verificación y simulación; • Prototipeo de circuitos y ensayo (testing); • Fabricación de chip en línea; •Encapsulado y testeo. Salvo el primer eslabón, los restantes requieren de una gran inversión en infraestructura, con una permanente actualización. Sin embargo, el Diseño de circuitos es perfectamente abordable en la Argentina, dado que solo requiere de conocimiento y experiencia, y se puede realizar sobre computadoras estándar.