Otsonin käyttö paperin ja kartongin valmistuksen kiertovesien mikrobiologisen tilan hallintaan

Diplomityössä tutkittiin otsonin käytön soveltuvuutta ja etsittiin optimaalista soveltamistapaa kartonki- ja paperikoneen kiertoveden mikrobiologisen tilan hallintaan. Kirjallisuusosassa selvitettiin otsonin tuotannon nykytekniikkaa sekä otettiin selvää saatavilla olevista kapasiteetiltaan riittävistä otsonigeneraattoreista. Kirjallisuuden perusteella selvitettiin myös otsonin reaktioita paperi- ja kartonkikoneen kiertovesissä olevien orgaanisten ja epäorgaanisten aineiden kanssa. Lisäksi käsiteltiin otsonin käytön eri sovelluksia vedenpuhdistuksessa sekä perehdyttiin aikaisemmin tehtyihin tutkimuksiin otsonin käytöstä mikrobitorjuntaan paperi- ja kartonkikoneiden kiertovesistä. Kokeellisessa osassa määritettiin sopiva otsoniannos valkaisematonta sellua käyttävän koneen kiekkosuotimen kirkkaalle ja samealle suodokselle. Vesien otsonointi suoritettiin otsonipilotlaitteistolla. Työssä tutkittiin otsonoinnin vaikutusta kiertoveden mikrobiologisiin ja kemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin kiertoveden otsonoinnin vaikutuksia koepaperikoneella valkaisemattomasta sel-lusta ja hylkymassasta valmistettujen lopputuotteiden laatuun. Työssä arvioitiin myös otsonin käytön mahdollisuutta osittain korvaamaan jo käytössä olevia hapettavia biosidejä. Samealle suodokselle sopivaksi otsoniannokseksi osoittautui 120 mg O3/l (0,3 mg O3/mg CODCr) ja kirkkaalle suodokselle riittävä annos olisi 60 mg O3/l (0,2 mg/mg CODCr). Näillä annoksilla kiertoveden mikrobireduktiot olivat 98–100 %. Kiertoveden hapetuskyky kasvoi 9-14 % ja pH laski yhdellä yksiköllä otsonoinnin vaikutuksesta. Kiertoveden kemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin otsonoinnilla oli edullinen vaikutus, sillä veden sameus, kiintoaine- ja CODCr-pitoisuudet laskivat. Koepaperikoneella havaittiin perälaatikon ilmapitoisuuden vähentyneen jopa 49 % käytettäessä ot-sonoitua kiertovettä. Mikrobiologiset analyysit suoritettiin koepaperikoneen massalle, viiravedelle ja lopputuotteelle. Tutkimusten perusteella mikrobientorjunnan kannalta parhaimmaksi otsonin annos-telupaikaksi osoittautui samea suodos. Massan, viiraveden ja lopputuotteen mikrobimäärät alenivat selvästi. Kemialliset analyysit osoittivat, että kirkasta suodosta käytettäessä oli koepaperikoneen vii-raveden kemiallinen tila parantunut LK-aineen muuttuessa hydrofiilisemmäksi ja sen sitoutumisky-vyn parantuessa. Samealla suodoksella ei muutosta havaittu. Valkaisemattomasta sellusta ja päällystetystä hylystä koepaperikoneella valmistettujen lopputuotteiden lujuus- ja aistinvaraisissa ominaisuuksissa ei tapahtunut merkittävää muutosta. Tulosten perusteella otsonia voisi käyttää korvaamaan hinnaltaan kalliimpia hapettavia biosidejä. Otsonin etuna on, ettei sille resistenttejä mikrobikantoja ole. Kirjallisuuden perusteella otsonin heikkoutena on sen tehon paikallisuus eli otsonin lisänä on käytettävä jotain muuta sekundääristä biosidia ylläpitämään matala mikrobitaso otsonoinnin jälkeen.

ÄLYKKÄIDEN PALVELUJEN JA YHTEYSPALVELIMEN TOTEUTUS H.323-VIESTINTÄVERKKOON

Soneran IP-viestintäverkko on monipuolisia viestintäpalveluita asiakkaille tarjoava palvelualusta. Palveluihin kuuluvat ITU-T:n H.323-suosituksen mukaiset ääni- ja videopuhelut. Työssä toteutettiin viestintäverkkoon kokonaisuus, joka tarjoaa verkon käyttäjille puheluiden kytkennän ja reitityksen sekä useita älykkäitä palveluita. Kokonaisuus koostuu kahdesta komponentista. Puheluiden kytkemisen ja reitityksen sekä signaloinnin hoitaa H.323-suosituksen mukainen yhteyspalvelin Sonera Gatekeeper. Palvelujen toteuttamiseen tarvittavat tiedot säilytetään LDAP-hakemistossa. Työssä esitellään yleisimpiä suosituksia, joita käytetään äänen, videokuvan ja muun median siirtämiseen tietoverkoissa. Tarkimmin käsitellään H.323-suositusta ja muita työssä käytettyjä suosituksia. Lisäksi tarkastellaan työssä hyödynnettyjä ohjelmointirajapintoja ja vertaillaan toteutettua IP-pohjaista älykkäiden palvelujen toteutustapaa tavallisen puhelinverkon asiakkaille vastaavia palveluita tarjoavaan älyverkkoon. Lopuksi esitellään toteutettujen ohjelmistojen rakennetta.

On Short Exponential Sums Involving Fourier Coefficients of Holomorphic Cusp Forms

By an exponential sum of the Fourier coefficients of a holomorphic cusp form we mean the sum which is formed by first taking the Fourier series of the said form,then cutting the beginning and the tail away and considering the remaining sum on the real axis. For simplicity’s sake, typically the coefficients are normalized. However, this isn’t so important as the normalization can be done and removed simply by using partial summation. We improve the approximate functional equation for the exponential sums of the Fourier coefficients of the holomorphic cusp forms by giving an explicit upper bound for the error term appearing in the equation. The approximate functional equation is originally due to Jutila [9] and a crucial tool for transforming sums into shorter sums. This transformation changes the point of the real axis on which the sum is to be considered. We also improve known upper bounds for the size estimates of the exponential sums. For very short sums we do not obtain any better estimates than the very easy estimate obtained by multiplying the upper bound estimate for a Fourier coefficient (they are bounded by the divisor function as Deligne [2] showed) by the number of coefficients. This estimate is extremely rough as no possible cancellation is taken into account. However, with small sums, it is unclear whether there happens any remarkable amounts of cancellation.

Beyond Value-at-Risk : GlueVaR Distortion Risk Measures

We propose a new family of risk measures, called GlueVaR, within the class of distortion risk measures. Analytical closed-form expressions are shown for the most frequently used distribution functions in financial and insurance applications. The relationship between Glue-VaR, Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Tail Value-at-Risk (TVaR) is explained. Tail-subadditivity is investigated and it is shown that some GlueVaR risk measures satisfy this property. An interpretation in terms of risk attitudes is provided and a discussion is given on the applicability in non-financial problems such as health, safety, environmental or catastrophic risk management

The use of flexible quantile-based measures in risk assessment

A new family of distortion risk measures -GlueVaR- is proposed in Belles- Sampera et al. -2013- to procure a risk assessment lying between those provided by common quantile-based risk measures. GlueVaR risk measures may be expressed as a combination of these standard risk measures. We show here that this relationship may be used to obtain approximations of GlueVaR measures for general skewed distribution functions using the Cornish-Fisher expansion. A subfamily of GlueVaR measures satisfies the tail-subadditivity property. An example of risk measurement based on real insurance claim data is presented, where implications of tail-subadditivity in the aggregation of risks are illustrated.

The connection between distortion risk measures and ordered weighted averaging operators

Distortion risk measures summarize the risk of a loss distribution by means of a single value. In fuzzy systems, the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) and Weighted Ordered Weighted Averaging (WOWA) operators are used to aggregate a large number of fuzzy rules into a single value. We show that these concepts can be derived from the Choquet integral, and then the mathematical relationship between distortion risk measures and the OWA and WOWA operators for discrete and finite random variables is presented. This connection offers a new interpretation of distortion risk measures and, in particular, Value-at-Risk and Tail Value-at-Risk can be understood from an aggregation operator perspective. The theoretical results are illustrated in an example and the degree of orness concept is discussed.

Female common lizards (Lacerta vivipara) do not adjust their sex-biased investment in relation to the adult sex ratio.

Sex allocation theory predicts that facultative maternal investment in the rare sex should be favoured by natural selection when breeders experience predictable variation in adult sex ratios (ASRs). We found significant spatial and predictable interannual changes in local ASRs within a natural population of the common lizard where the mean ASR is female-biased, thus validating the key assumptions of adaptive sex ratio models. We tested for facultative maternal investment in the rare sex during and after an experimental perturbation of the ASR by creating populations with female-biased or male-biased ASR. Mothers did not adjust their clutch sex ratio during or after the ASR perturbation, but produced sons with a higher body condition in male-biased populations. However, this differential sex allocation did not result in growth or survival differences in offspring. Our results thus contradict the predictions of adaptive models and challenge the idea that facultative investment in the rare sex might be a mechanism regulating the population sex ratio.

Alai! Alai! - a new species of the Gloydius halys (Pallas, 1776) complex (Viperidae, Crotalinae), including a brief review of the complex

During a scientific field expedition to the Alai-Pamir range five specimens of the genus Gloydius have been collected in the larger Alai. A morphological and genetical examination of the specimens has shown that they are part of the G. halys complex, but represent a new taxon which is characterized by the following unique character combination: It is a slender and moderately stout small snake, up to 479 mm total length. The head has nine symmetrical plates on the upper head, 7 supralabial and 8-9 infralabial scales. Body scales in 20-22 rows around midbody, 143-156 ventral and 35-45 usually paired subcaudal scales. The cloacal plate not divided. The general coloration consists of various different tones of olive, tan and brown, having a distinct head, but an indistinct body pattern with, excluding the tail, 26-29 transverse crossbands, which are not extending to the sides of the body. The haplotype network shows the new species within the G. halys complex and close related to both, G. h. halys and G. h. caraganus. So far the new described species is only known from the Alai range. However, various Gloydius specimens are found in Kyrgyzstan and because of the complicated taxonomy those specimens have to re-identified to clarify their status and the status of the new species.

Estimating extreme value cumulative distribution functions using bias-corrected kernel approaches

We propose a new kernel estimation of the cumulative distribution function based on transformation and on bias reducing techniques. We derive the optimal bandwidth that minimises the asymptotic integrated mean squared error. The simulation results show that our proposed kernel estimation improves alternative approaches when the variable has an extreme value distribution with heavy tail and the sample size is small.

Fotoquímica de chalconas fluoradas no estado sólido

Chalcone and its fluorinated derivatives were synthesized and photolyzed in the solid state. UV irradiation of chalcone and its monosubstituted fluorine derivatives (3- and 4-fluorchalcone) resulted in a mixture of anti-head-head (gamma-truxinic), sin-head-tail (alpha-truxilic) and anti-head-tail (epsilon-truxilic) dimers. On the other hand, upon irradiation of 3,4- and 3,5-difluorchalcone a stereoselective formation of the alpha-truxilic photodimer was observed, whereas for 2-substituted chalcones (2,3difluorchalcone, 2,5-difluorchalcone, 2,6-difluorchalcone and 2,3,4-trifluorchalcone) the beta-truxilic dimer was stereoselectively obtained. 2',3',4',5',6'-pentafluorchalcone was the less reactive of all chalcones studied and at least one of the possible photodimers, i.e the anti-head-head isomer, was identified. Irradiation of polyfluorinated chalcones such as 2,3,5,6-tetrafluor-, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluor-, and 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decafluorchalcone led only to polymerization and/or decomposition products.

β1 integrin regulation

Integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors mediating adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and to other cells. Integrins are important in embryonic development, structural integrity of connective tissue, blood thrombus formation, and immune defense system. Integrins are transmembrane proteins whose ligand binding capacity (activity) is regulated by large conformational changes. Extracellular ligand binding or intracellular effector binding to integrin cytoplasmic face regulate integrin activity. Integrins are thus able to mediate bi-directional signaling. Integrin function is also regulated by intracellular location. Integrins are constantly recycled from endocytic vesicles to plasma membrane, and this has been shown to be important for cell migration and invasion as well. Deregulation of integrin functionality can lead to deleterious illnesses, such as bleeding or inflammatory disorders. It is also evident that integrin deregulation is associated with cancer progression. In this study, a novel Beta1 integrin associating protein, Rab21, was characterized. Rab21 binding to integrin cytoplasmic tail was shown to be important for Beta1 integrin endo- and exocytosis – intracellular trafficking. It was furher shown that this interaction has an important role in cell adhesion, migration, as well as in the final step of cell division, cytokinesis. This work showed that abrogation of Rab21 function or β1 integrin endocytic traffic, can lead to defects in cell division and results in formation of multinucleated cells. Multinucleation and especially tetraploidy can be a transient pathway to aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. This work characterized chromosomal deletions in rab21 locus in ovarian and prostate cancer samples and showed that a cell line with rab21 deletion also had impairment in cell division, which could be rescued by Rab21 re-expression. The work demonstrates an important role for Rab21 and Beta1 integrin traffic regulation in cell adhesion and division, and suggests a probable associaton with tumorigenesis. In this study, Beta1 integrin activity regulation was also addressed. A novel cell array platform for genome-scale RNAi screenings was characterized here. More than 4500 genes were knocked-down in prostate cancer cells using siRNA-mediated silencing. The effects on Beta1 integrin activity were analyzed upon knock-downs. The screen identified more that 400 putative regulators of Beta1 integrin activity in prostate cancer. In conclusion, this work will help us to understand complex regulatory pathways involved in cancer cell adhesion and migration.

Influence of the single-particle structure on the nuclear surface and the neutron skin

We analyze the influence of the single-particle structure on the neutron density distribution and the neutron skin in Ca, Ni, Zr, Sn, and Pb isotopes. The nucleon density distributions are calculated in the Hartree-Fock+BCS approach with the SLy4 Skyrme force. A close correlation is found between the quantum numbers of the valence neutrons and the changes in the position and the diffuseness of the nuclear surface, which in turn affect the neutron skin thickness. Neutrons in the valence orbitals with low principal quantum number and high angular momentum mainly displace the position of the neutron surface outwards, while neutrons with high principal quantum number and low angular momentum basically increase the diffuseness of the neutron surface. The impact of the valence shell neutrons on the tail of the neutron density distribution is discussed.

Structure and dynamics of the membrane attaching nitric oxide transporter nitrophorin 7

Nitrophorins represent a unique class of heme proteins that are able to perform the delicate transportation and release of the free-radical gaseous messenger nitric oxide (NO) in a pH-triggered manner. Besides its ability to bind to phospholipid membranes, the N-terminus contains an additional Leu-Pro-Gly stretch, which is a unique sequence trait, and the heme cavity is significantly altered with respect to other nitrophorins. These distinctive features encouraged us to solve the X-ray crystallographic structures of NP7 at low and high pH and bound with different heme ligands (nitric oxide, histamine, imidazole). The overall fold of the lipocalin motif is well preserved in the different X-ray structures and resembles the fold of other nitrophorins. However, a chain-like arrangement in the crystal lattice due to a number of head-to-tail electrostatic stabilizing interactions is found in NP7. Furthermore, the X-ray structures also reveal ligand-dependent changes in the orientation of the heme, as well as in specific interactions between the A-B and G-H loops, which are considered to be relevant for the biological function of nitrophorins. Fast and ultrafast laser triggered ligand rebinding experiments demonstrate the pH-dependent ligand migration within the cavities and the exit route. Finally, the topological distribution of pockets located around the heme as well as from inner cavities present at the rear of the protein provides a distinctive feature in NP7, so that while a loop gated exit mechanism to the solvent has been proposed for most nitrophorins, a more complex mechanism that involves several interconnected gas hosting cavities is proposed for NP7.

Environmental determinants of foraging strategies in Cory"s shearwaters Calonectris diomedea

Despite the advent of devices to track seabird movements, the extent to which productive areas and oceanic winds influence foraging strategies is still not fully understood. We investigated the main environmental determinants of foraging strategies in Cory"s shearwaters Calonectris diomedea by combining satellite-tracking information from 14 birds breeding on the Canary Islands with concurrent data on chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations and oceanic winds. Additionally, we took blood samples at the end of each foraging trip and analysed carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes to examine the use of trophic resources. All birds showed commuting trips, concentrating foraging activity exclusively on the African continental shelf. Foraging locations showed a strong association with chl a concentrations, suggesting birds select foraging areas according to prey availability. In contrast with other breeding colonies where Cory"s shearwaters use a dual-foraging method, birds showed a unimodal strategy and did not show differences in C and N isotope signatures in plasma, confirming that close proximity to highly productive areas strongly influences foraging strategies. In addition, birds tracked during 2 consecutive trips foraged in the same area, suggesting that high resource availability promotes fidelity to feeding grounds also at coarse scales. Persistent northeast trade winds blew during the study period, and commuting trips followed a consistent clockwise movement with a southwest heading while the birds foraged along the continental shelf, suggesting that birds used tail winds to reduce their flying costs. Our results corroborate that oceanographic conditions in the vicinity of the breeding colony have a strong effect on foraging strategies of pelagic seabirds.

Peptídeos cíclicos de biomassa vegetal: características, diversidade, biossíntese e atividades biológicas

Natural peptides are outstanding as the most promising macromolecules in the search for new drugs, especially those of cyclic nature. The higher plants revealed a very peculiar composition of their cyclic peptides, which distinguish themselves by a "head-to-tail" cyclization. It is possible to define two groups of cyclic peptides from plant biomass. Those called in this review as Eucyclopeptides formed by 2-12 amino acid, and Cyclotides considered as circular polypeptides, composed of 29-37 amino acid that retain three disulfides bridges in an arrangement known as cyclic cystine knot. Searching for plant peptides should form into a subject for scientific research in the forefront of great importance for bioprospecting natural products macromolecular.