Entscheidungsprozesse in Sportvereinen in Zusammenhang mit externer Beratung

Introduction: Verbunden mit den steigenden Mitgliederzahlen, fällt es Sportvereinen zunehmend schwer, die vielfältige Nachfrage zu bedienen und die hohen Erwartungen zu erfüllen. Viele Schweizer Sportvereine bekunden Probleme, insbesondere im Bereich der Gewinnung und Bindung von ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeitern (Lamprecht, Fischer & Stamm, 2012). Da ca. 90 % der Schweizer Sportvereine ehrenamtlich organisiert sind und die Erfüllung des Vereinszwecks direkt mit dem ehrenamtlichen Engagement der Vereinsmitglieder zusammenspielt, führt der Mangel an Ehrenamtlichen zu erheblichen Problemen. Sportvereine können diese skizzierten Herausforderungen aufgrund deren Komplexität und den eigenen begrenzten Ressourcen nicht mehr alleine bewältigen und sind deshalb auf Wissen von aussen angewiesen (Bette, 2009). Damit stellt sich zugleich die Frage, inwieweit von aussen an Sportvereine herangetragene Steuerungspraktiken und Beratungsprogramme (z.B. durch Sportverbände) in Bezug auf den Umgang mit personalen Problemlagen wirksam sind oder nicht. So lässt sich vielfach beobachten, dass standardisierte Beratungsinputs im Verein zu unterschiedlichen Konsequenzen führen. Demnach ist zu vermuten, dass externe Impulse vereinsintern in unterschiedlicher Art und Weise interpretiert und in Vereinsrealität übersetzt (programmiert) werden. Solche Prozesse sind in hohem Masse an die vereinsspezifischen Reproduktionsbedingungen, also Entscheidungsprozesse gebunden. Deshalb stellt sich die Frage: Welche organisationalen Entscheidungsprozesse im Allgemeinen und speziell in Zusammenhang mit externer Beratung sind in Sportvereinen zu beobachten? Methods: Die Daten zur Analyse der Entscheidungsprozesse wurden im Rahmen des Projekts „Mehr Freiwillige im Fussballverein“ (MFiF) in Kooperation mit dem Schweizerischen Fussballverband (SFV) in elf Fussballvereinen erhoben. Die Interventionsstudie umfasst vier Aspekte: (1) systematischer Ansatz, (2) Einbezug aller Vereinsmitglieder, (3) konsequente Implementation in den Fussballvereinen und (4) eine längerfristige Bindungsstrategie für ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter. Die Daten wurden einerseits über Fragebogen zur Struktur des Vereins und den Ergebnissen des Projekts erhoben, andererseits wurden leitfadengestützte Interviews mit den führenden Vereinsvertretern in den Projektgruppen durchgeführt und anschliessend anhand qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet (Mayring, 2010). Results: Die Auswertung der Interviews zeigt auf, dass verschiedene Faktoren für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung einer Gewinnungs- und Bindungsstrategie entscheidend sind. Einerseits wird die Rolle der zuständigen Personen unterschiedlich interpretiert und deshalb fällt das Engagement im Entscheidungsprozess unterschiedlich aus. Die Bandbreite reicht vom Informator über den Moderator bis hin zum aktiven Promotor. Mit Blick auf die externe Beratung lässt sich erkennen, dass die Fussballvereine die Unterstützung unterschiedlich einordnen. Dem traditionellen Beratungskonzept folgend anerkennen Vereine die externe Beratung als bewährte Musterlösung und verfolgen unreflektiert die vorgeschlagene Lösungsstrategie. Gleichzeitig lässt sich eine zweite Gruppe von Vereinen entsprechend dem systemischen Beratungskonzept durch die externe Beratung irritieren und hinterfragt die eigene Struktur und sucht nach eine passenden Lösungsstrategie. Discussion/Conclusion: Die Untersuchung zeigt auf, dass externe Vereinsberatung sowohl mimetisch, wie auch als systemische Beratung interpretiert zu Verbesserungen im Bereich des Ehrenamtmanagements in Sportvereinen führen kann. References: Bette, K.-H. (2009). Beratung von Sportorganisationen: Konzepte und Voraussetzungen. In C. Breuer & A. Thiel (Hrsg.), Handbuch Sportmanagement (2. Aufl., S. 139-155). Schorndorf: Hofmann. Lamprecht, M., Fischer, A., & Stamm, H.-P. (2012). Sportvereine in der Schweiz. Strukturen, Leistungen, Herausforderungen. Zürich: Seismo. Mayring, P. (2010). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken (11. Aufl.). Hemsbach: Beltz.

Trypanosomal TAC40 constitutes a novel subclass of mitochondrial -barrel proteins specialized in mitochondrial genome inheritance

Mitochondria cannot form de novo but require mechanisms allowing their inheritance to daughter cells. In contrast to most other eukaryotes Trypanosoma brucei has a single mitochondrion whose single-unit genome is physically connected to the flagellum. Here we identify a β-barrel mitochondrial outer membrane protein, termed tripartite attachment complex 40 (TAC40), that localizes to this connection. TAC40 is essential for mitochondrial DNA inheritance and belongs to the mitochondrial porin protein family. However, it is not specifically related to any of the three subclasses of mitochondrial porins represented by the metabolite transporter voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the protein translocator of the outer membrane 40 (TOM40), or the fungi-specific MDM10, a component of the endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES). MDM10 and TAC40 mediate cellular architecture and participate in transmembrane complexes that are essential for mitochondrial DNA inheritance. In yeast MDM10, in the context of the ERMES, is postulated to connect the mitochondrial genomes to actin filaments, whereas in trypanosomes TAC40 mediates the linkage of the mitochondrial DNA to the basal body of the flagellum. However, TAC40 does not colocalize with trypanosomal orthologs of ERMES components and, unlike MDM10, it regulates neither mitochondrial morphology nor the assembly of the protein translocase. TAC40 therefore defines a novel subclass of mitochondrial porins that is distinct from VDAC, TOM40, and MDM10. However, whereas the architecture of the TAC40-containing complex in trypanosomes and the MDM10-containing ERMES in yeast is very different, both are organized around a β-barrel protein of the mitochondrial porin family that mediates a DNA–cytoskeleton linkage that is essential for mitochondrial DNA inheritance.

Into the abyss of Lake Geneva: the elemo interdisciplinary field investigation using the MIR submersibles

In summer 2011, the two Russian MIR sub- mersibles were brought to Switzerland to perform deep water dives in Lake Geneva. Research teams from several environmental science institutes, both national and inter- national, participated in this interdisciplinary effort to investigate the deeper parts of Lake Geneva. Using the MIRs allowed the scientists to see and precisely select the sites where they could extract specific sediment cores and carry out detailed in situ measurements at the sediment– water boundary. One focus site was the surrounding of the outlet of the wastewater treatment plant of the City of Lausanne, which discharges into the Vidy Bay. The investigations concentrated on the pollution of the local sediments, pollution-related ecotoxicological risks, micro- bial activity and spreading and removal of the effluents from the bay to the open waters of the lake. The other focus site was the Rhoˆne River delta and its subaquatic canyons, which formed as a result of the long-term interplay of the deposition of river-borne sediments and flood-triggered canyon erosion events.

An IEEE 802.11 energy efficient mechanism for continuous media applications

The widespread deployment of wireless mobile communications enables an almost permanent usage of portable devices, which imposes high demands on the battery of these devices. Indeed, battery lifetime is becoming one the most critical factors on the end-users satisfaction when using wireless communications. In this work, the optimized power save algorithm for continuous media applications (OPAMA) is proposed, aiming at enhancing the energy efficiency on end-users devices. By combining the application specific requirements with data aggregation techniques, {OPAMA} improves the standard {IEEE} 802.11 legacy Power Save Mode (PSM) performance. The algorithm uses the feedback on the end-user expected quality to establish a proper tradeoff between energy consumption and application performance. {OPAMA} was assessed in the OMNeT++ simulator, using real traces of variable bitrate video streaming applications, and in a real testbed employing a novel methodology intended to perform an accurate evaluation concerning video Quality of Experience (QoE) perceived by the end-users. The results revealed the {OPAMA} capability to enhance energy efficiency without degrading the end-user observed QoE, achieving savings up to 44 when compared with the {IEEE} 802.11 legacy PSM.

SDR-based Passive Indoor Localization System for GSM

This study deals with indoor positioning using GSM radio, which has the distinct advantage of wide coverage over other wireless technologies. In particular, we focus on passive localization systems that are able to achieve high localization accuracy without any prior knowledge of the indoor environment or the tracking device radio settings. In order to overcome these challenges, newly proposed localization algorithms based on the exploitation of the received signal strength (RSS) are proposed. We explore the effects of non-line-of-sight communication links, opening and closing of doors, and human mobility on RSS measurements and localization accuracy. We have implemented the proposed algorithms on top of software defined radio systems and carried out detailed empirical indoor experiments. The performance results show that the proposed solutions are accurate with average localization errors between 2.4 and 3.2 meters.

Towards End-User Driven Power Saving Control in Android devices

Abstract. During the last decade mobile communications increasingly became part of people's daily routine. Such usage raises new challenges regarding devices' battery lifetime management when using most popular wireless access technologies, such as IEEE 802.11. This paper investigates the energy/delay trade-off of using an end-user driven power saving approach, when compared with the standard IEEE 802.11 power saving algorithms. The assessment was conducted in a real testbed using an Android mobile phone and high-precision energy measurement hardware. The results show clear energy benefits of employing user-driven power saving techniques, when compared with other standard approaches.

A Comparative Analysis of Beaconless Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Video Dissemination over Flying Ad-Hoc Networks

A reliable and robust routing service for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) must be able to adapt to topology changes, and also to recover the quality level of the delivered multiple video flows under dynamic network topologies. The user experience on watching live videos must also be satisfactory even in scenarios with network congestion, buffer overflow, and packet loss ratio, as experienced in many FANET multimedia applications. In this paper, we perform a comparative simulation study to assess the robustness, reliability, and quality level of videos transmitted via well-known beaconless opportunistic routing protocols. Simulation results shows that our developed protocol XLinGO achieves multimedia dissemination with Quality of Experience (QoE) support and robustness in a multi-hop, multi-flow, and mobile networks, as required in many multimedia FANET scenarios.

Testbed Evaluation of Sensor Node Overlay Multicast

The Sensor Node Overlay Multicast (SNOMC) protocol supports reliable, time-efficient and energy-efficient dissemination of data from one sender node to multiple receivers as it is needed for configuration, code update, and management operations in wireless sensor networks. SNOMC supports end-to-end reliability using negative acknowledgements. The mechanism is simple and easy to implement and can significantly reduce the number of transmissions. SNOMC supports three different caching strategies namely caching on each intermediate node, caching on branching nodes, or caching on the sender node only. SNOMC was evaluated in our in-house real-world testbed and compared to a number of common data dissemination protocols. It outperforms the selected protocols in terms of transmission time, number of transmitted packets, and energy-consumption.

Modulation of orientation-selective neurons by motion: when additive, when multiplicative?

The recurrent interaction among orientation-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is suited to enhance contours in a noisy visual scene. Motion is known to have a strong pop-up effect in perceiving contours, but how motion-sensitive neurons in V1 support contour detection remains vastly elusive. Here we suggest how the various types of motion-sensitive neurons observed in V1 should be wired together in a micro-circuitry to optimally extract contours in the visual scene. Motion-sensitive neurons can be selective about the direction of motion occurring at some spot or respond equally to all directions (pandirectional). We show that, in the light of figure-ground segregation, direction-selective motion neurons should additively modulate the corresponding orientation-selective neurons with preferred orientation orthogonal to the motion direction. In turn, to maximally enhance contours, pandirectional motion neurons should multiplicatively modulate all orientation-selective neurons with co-localized receptive fields. This multiplicative modulation amplifies the local V1-circuitry among co-aligned orientation-selective neurons for detecting elongated contours. We suggest that the additive modulation by direction-specific motion neurons is achieved through synaptic projections to the somatic region, and the multiplicative modulation by pandirectional motion neurons through projections to the apical region of orientation-specific pyramidal neurons. For the purpose of contour detection, the V1-intrinsic integration of motion information is advantageous over a downstream integration as it exploits the recurrent V1-circuitry designed for that task.

SLA-Driven Simulation of Multi-Tenant Scalable Cloud-Distributed Enterprise Information Systems

Cloud Computing is an enabler for delivering large-scale, distributed enterprise applications with strict requirements in terms of performance. It is often the case that such applications have complex scaling and Service Level Agreement (SLA) management requirements. In this paper we present a simulation approach for validating and comparing SLA-aware scaling policies using the CloudSim simulator, using data from an actual Distributed Enterprise Information System (dEIS). We extend CloudSim with concurrent and multi-tenant task simulation capabilities. We then show how different scaling policies can be used for simulating multiple dEIS applications. We present multiple experiments depicting the impact of VM scaling on both datacenter energy consumption and dEIS performance indicators.

Combining Wireless Sensor Networks and Machine Learning for Flash Flood Nowcasting

This paper addresses an investigation with machine learning (ML) classification techniques to assist in the problem of flash flood now casting. We have been attempting to build a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to collect measurements from a river located in an urban area. The machine learning classification methods were investigated with the aim of allowing flash flood now casting, which in turn allows the WSN to give alerts to the local population. We have evaluated several types of ML taking account of the different now casting stages (i.e. Number of future time steps to forecast). We have also evaluated different data representation to be used as input of the ML techniques. The results show that different data representation can lead to results significantly better for different stages of now casting.