Gamma radiation preserves chemical and bioactive properties of Boletus edulis wild mushrooms

Boletus edulis Bull: Fr. is an edible mushroom quite appreciated for its organoleptic and nutritional properties. However, the seasonality and perishability cause some difficulties in its distribution and marketing in fresh form; losses associated with this type of food during marketing can reach 40% [1]. Irradiation is recognized as a safe and effective method for food preservation, being used worldwide to increase shelf life of fresh and dehydrated products (e.g. fruits, vegetables and spices) [2]. In particular, gamma irradiation has already been applied to cultivated mushrooms (especially Agaricus, Lentinula and Pleurotus Genus) and proved to be an interesting conservation technology [3]. However, the studies with added-value wild species are scarce. In this work, the effects of gamma irradiation on chemical and antioxidant properties of wild B. edulis, were evaluated. Fruiting bodies were obtained in Trás-os-Montes, in the Northeast of Portugal, in November 2012. The irradiation was performed in experimental equipment with 60Co sources at 1 and 2 kGy. All the results were compared with nonirradiated samples (control). Macronutrients and energy value were determined following official procedures of food analysis; fatty acids were analyzed by gas-chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection (GC-FID), while sugars and tocopherols were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to refraction index (RI) and fluorescence detectors, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated in the methanolic extracts by in vitro assays measuring DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of β- carotene bleaching and inhibition of lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Total phenolics were also determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The nutritional profiles were not affected in high extension. Fatty acids and sugars were slightly affected, decreasing with the increasing doses. The performed assays for antioxidant activity, indicate that irradiated samples tended to have lower scavenging activity and reducing power, but higher lipid peroxidation inhibition. Despite the detected differences in individual compounds, the results of nutritional parameters, the most relevant in terms of mushroom acceptability by consumers, were less affected, indicating an interesting potential of gamma-irradiation to be used as an effective conservation technology for the studied mushrooms.

Nitrogen vs argon: what is the most effective atmosphere for shelf-life extension of buckler sorrel leaves?

Buckler sorrel (Rumex induratus Boiss. & Reut.) is an underutilized leafy vegetable with peculiar sensory properties and potential as a gourmet food. In the food industry, different packaging methods have been used for shelf-life extension, but it is important to know how the quality of minimally processed vegetable is affected by these treatments. Recently, nitrogen and argon have been used for food packaging. Nitrogen is low soluble in water and other food constituents and does not support the growth of aerobic microbes. In turn, argon is biochemically active and appears to interfere with enzymatic oxygen receptor sites. In this study, modified atmospheres enriched with nitrogen and argon were evaluated for shelf-life extension of buckler sorrel leaves. Wild samples were gathered in Bragança, Portugal, considering local consumers’ sites and criteria. Healthy and undamaged leaves were selected, rinsed in tap water, and a portion was immediately analyzed (non-stored control). The remaining fresh material was packaged in polyethylene bags under nitrogen- and argon-enriched atmospheres and a conventional control atmosphere (air). All packaged samples were stored at 4 ºC for 12 days and then analyzed. The headspace gas composition was monitored during storage. Different quality attributes were evaluated, including visual (colour), nutritional (macronutrients, individual sugars and fatty acids) and bioactive (hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules and antioxidant properties) parameters. Different statistical tools were used; the one-way analysis of variance (ANO VA) was applied for analyse the differences among treatments and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA ) was used to evaluate the effects on the overall postharvest quality. The argon-enriched atmosphere better prevent the samples yellowing. The proximate composition did not change significantly during storage. Samples in control atmosphere revealed higher protein and ash contents and lower levels of lipids. The non-stored control samples presented the higher amounts of fructose, glucose and trehalose. The storage time increased the palmitic acid levels and decreased the content in α-linolenic and linoleic acids. The γ- e δ-tocopherols were higher after the 12 days of cold storage. Probably, the synthesis of these lipophilic compounds was a plant strategy to fight against the abiotic stress induced by storage. Higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids and increased reducing power and β-carotene bleaching inhibition capacity were also found in the stored control samples. Once again, this result may be attributed to the intrinsic plant-protection mechanisms. Overall, the argon atmosphere was more suitable for quality preservation and shelf-life extension of buckler sorrel.

A influência dos ácidos hexenurônicos no rendimento e na branqueabilidade da polpa kraft

This study investigated the impact of pulp hexenuronic acids (HexAs) content on pulping yield by changing cooking reaction temperature. The bleachability of pulps containing variable amounts of HexAs was also investigated. The cooking at 170 degrees C produced pulp of kappa number, HexAs and screen yield of 16.2, 49.4 mmol/kg and 50.2%, respectively, whereas the cooking at 156 degrees C resulted pulp of kappa 17.0, 61.3 mmol/kg HexAs and 50.8% screened yield. The pulp produced at lower cooking temperature also showed better bleachability as evaluated by the total amount of active chlorine required to achieve 90% ISO. The sequence OAHTD(EP) DD showed the lowest bleaching performance among all.

Antioxidant potential of two Apiaceae plant extracts: a comparative study focused on the phenolic composition

The present study aimed to characterize the extracts prepared from Pimpinella anisum L. (anise) and Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) (Apiaceae plants) seeds in terms of phenolic composition, and to correlate the obtained profiles with the antioxidant activity. Anise gave the highest abundance in phenolic compounds (42.09± 0.11 mg/g extract), mainly flavonoids (28.08±0.17 mg/g extract) and phenolic acids (14.01±0.06 mg/g extract), and also the highest antioxidant potential, measured by the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and β-carotene bleaching, the reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity. Apigenin and luteolin derivatives, as also caffeoylquinic acid derivatives seem to be directly related with the higher in vitro antioxidant potential of the anise extract. In contrast, the lower antioxidant potential of coriander seems to be due to its lower abundance in phenolic compounds (2.24±0.01 mg/g extract). Further studies are necessary to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant potential of the tested extracts, but the in vitro experiments already performed highlight them as potential health promoters.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants from a surplus tomato crop by response surface methodology

Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop worldwide and a rich source of industrially interesting antioxidants. Hence, the microwave-assisted extraction of hydrophilic (H) and lipophilic (L) antioxidants from a surplus tomato crop was optimized using response surface methodology. The relevant independent variables were temperature (T), extraction time (t), ethanol concentration (Et) and solid/liquid ratio (S/L). The concentration-time response methods of crocin and β-carotene bleaching were applied, since they are suitable in vitro assays to evaluate the antioxidant activity of H and L matrices, respectively. The optimum operating conditions that maximized the extraction were as follows: t, 2.25 min; T, 149.2 ºC; Et, 99.1 %; and S/L, 45.0 g/L for H antioxidants; and t, 15.4 min; T, 60.0 ºC; Et, 33.0 %; and S/L, 15.0 g/L for L antioxidants. This industrial approach indicated that surplus tomatoes possess a high content of antioxidants, offering an alternative source for obtaining natural value-added compounds. Additionally, by testing the relationship between the polarity of the extraction solvent and the antioxidant activity of the extracts in H and L media (polarity-activity relationship), useful information for the study of complex natural extracts containing components with variable degrees of polarity was obtained.

Quality control of gamma irradiated dwarf mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) based on color, organic acids, total phenolics and antioxidant parameters

This study addresses the effects of gamma irradiation (1, 5 and 8 kGy) on color, organic acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of dwarf mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.). Organic acids were analyzed by ultra fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector. Total phenolics and flavonoids were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated based on the DPPH(•) scavenging activity, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching inhibition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation inhibition. Analyses were performed in the non-irradiated and irradiated plant material, as well as in decoctions obtained from the same samples. The total amounts of organic acids and phenolics recorded in decocted extracts were always higher than those found in the plant material or hydromethanolic extracts, respectively. The DPPH(•) scavenging activity and reducing power were also higher in decocted extracts. The assayed irradiation doses affected differently the organic acids profile. The levels of total phenolics and flavonoids were lower in the hydromethanolic extracts prepared from samples irradiated at 1 kGy (dose that induced color changes) and in decocted extracts prepared from those irradiated at 8 kGy. The last samples also showed a lower antioxidant activity. In turn, irradiation at 5 kGy favored the amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the effects of irradiation in indicators of dwarf mallow quality, and highlighted the decoctions for its antioxidant properties.

Factors influencing dental appearance satisfaction in adolescents: a cross-sectional study conducted in Southern Brazil

The perception of dental aesthetic appearance may affect social interaction and psychological status, influencing dental needs and the search for treatments. Aim: To investigate the satisfaction with dental appearance and influencing factors among adolescents. Methods: The study was carried out among adolescents aged 14 to 19 years attending a private high school in Brazil. Data on demographic information, the perception of dental appearance, previous aesthetic treatments and wish to perform dental treatments were collected in the school. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test or Linear Trend. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Poisson regression. Results: A total of 531 adolescents (Response rate = 98.3%) answered the questionnaire. The prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance was 17.4%. Almost 65% had history of previous orthodontic treatment and 16% performed dental bleaching. Approximately 45% of children wished to undergo orthodontics and 54.8% to bleach their teeth. Dissatisfaction with dental appearance was associated with individuals unsatisfied with dental color (95% IC[1.73;4.32]), those perceiving poor dental alignment (PR3.16 95% IC[2.11;4.72]) and those wishing orthodontic treatment (PR2.9; 95% IC[1.79; 4.70]). Conclusions: The prevalence of dissatisfaction was considerable and was associated with aesthetic concerns such as tooth color, dental alignment and with the wish for orthodontics. In this young population, a large part of adolescents had already performed orthodontic and bleaching treatments and wished to perform those treatments again. Satisfaction with dental appearance could affect the adolescents’ behavior regarding search for dental treatment, thus causing possible overtreatment.

Efectos del blanqueamiento dental sobre el tejido pulpar

El blanqueamiento dental es un proceso dinámico que busca la eliminación de manchas de la estructura dental mediante el empleo de productos químicos, principalmente el peróxido de hidrógeno, el cual fue utilizado por primera vez en 1884 y hasta la fecha continúa siendo el principal componente activo de muchos productos usados para terapias de blanqueamiento dental, y es utilizado en su forma pura o como producto final de la degradación de otras sustancias empleadas para blanqueamiento, como el peróxido de carbamida. Al entrar en contacto con los tejidos dentales el peróxido de hidrógeno se disocia en radicales libres, como las especies reactivas de oxígeno, las cuales pueden difundirse a través de esmalte, dentina e incluso llegar al tejido pulpar, provocando efectos adversos como son sensibilidad dental, daño a los componentes celulares y alteración del flujo sanguíneo; estos efectos deletéreos están relacionados con el número de sesiones, concentración del producto, tiempo de colocación y el tipo de activación (química, luz, calor y láser).

La datation du site Mailhot-Curran : application de la luminescence optique sur des poteries iroquoiennes du Saint-Laurent

La luminescence optique (OSL) a été mesurée sur dix-sept fragments de poterie collectés à Mailhot-Curran (BgFn-2), un site archéologique du Sylvicole supérieur tardif localisé dans le sud-ouest du Québec. Le but principal de ce projet était de dater ce site qui est considéré jusqu’à maintenant comme le plus récent site préhistorique de la concentration de Saint-Anicet, afin de poser un jalon dans la chronologie des sites de cette région. L’OSL a été utilisée conjointement à la datation par radiocarbone (14C) et la sériation du matériel archéologique. L’hypothèse archéologique propose que le village aurait été occupé pendant les années 1518 à 1530 de notre ère (Chapdelaine 2015a). Les résultats que nous proposons dans ce présent mémoire appuient cette proposition. Nous avons obtenu un âge de 490 ± 49 ans (année de référence : 2013), correspondant à l’année 1523 de notre ère avec une probabilité d’occupation du site Mailhot-Curran entre les années 1474 et 1572. Le programme de datation par luminescence optique a été réalisé sur des fragments de poterie domestique composés d’argile de la Mer de Champlain datant de la période du Quaternaire récent. La datation par stimulation infrarouge (IRSL) a été préférentiellement utilisée sur des aliquotes de grains fins polyminéraliques. Pour la détermination des doses équivalentes, un protocole SAR (Murray et Wintle 2000) modifié pour la mesure des feldspaths et incluant un lessivage optique a été utilisé (Lamothe et al. 2004). Les valeurs g ont été mesurées en suivant le protocole proposé par Auclair et al. (2003). La correction de Huntley et Lamothe (2001) a été utilisée afin de corriger les doses équivalentes mesurées pour la décroissance anormale du signal feldspathique. Les doses annuelles ont pour leur part été déterminées par des mesures réalisées in situ et en laboratoire. Les résultats que nous présentons dans ce mémoire sont affectés par une dispersion assez large. Cette variabilité a été prise en compte par des méthodes statistiques pour la détermination de l’âge probable de l’occupation du site Mailhot-Curran.

Branqueamento dentário

A estética dentária tem recebido bastante enfoque nos últimos anos, particularmente devido à importância a que a população atribui à aparência estética do sorriso. É, assim, desejado um sorriso o mais branco possível e que de preferência seja fácil de obter, eficaz, rápido, económico e que seja o menos invasivo possível. No entanto, muitos pacientes apresentam frequentemente dentes com cor alterada, comprometendo desta forma a estética do sorriso. O branqueamento dentário é uma técnica não invasiva, conservadora que não altera a forma natural do dente, e que permite alterações estéticas consideráveis. A procura de uma melhoria estética a todos os níveis, leva a que o Branqueamento dentário se apresente hoje como método de eleição para a remoção da pigmentação dentária. Recorre-se assim a substâncias oxidantes, que na maioria dos casos têm origem no Peróxido de Hidrogénio (H2O2). Um dos efeitos secundários ao Branqueamento, prende-se com a sensibilidade dentária, sendo que esta pode originar algum desconforto ou mesmo ser condicionante para a não realização ou término do tratamento. Para se atingir sucesso num tratamento branqueador é da maior importância o diagnóstico preciso da etiologia da alteração de cor, por isso uma anamnese detalhada e um exame clínico e dentário são da maior importância para se poder aconselhar o paciente pelo melhor tratamento a adotar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a informação científica disponível sobre as técnicas disponíveis para realizar branqueamento dentário, vantagens e desvantagens de cada técnica, agentes branqueadores utilizados, mecanismos de ação e os seus efeitos adversos. Para tal foi efetuada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed e B-On de artigos publicados entre 2006-2016 com as seguintes palavras-chave: dental bleaching, teeth whitening, peroxides, branqueamento dentário, clareamento dentário. O branqueamento dentário, apresenta algumas limitações e contra-indicações, assim como vários efeitos adversos, que devem ser do conhecimento do Médico para este poder intervir devidamente. Foi percetível que um tratamento branqueador depende de inúmeros fatores e que a forma de atuação do profissional é tão importante para o sucesso do tratamento como o tipo de agente branqueador utilizado.

La datation du site Mailhot-Curran : application de la luminescence optique sur des poteries iroquoiennes du Saint-Laurent

La luminescence optique (OSL) a été mesurée sur dix-sept fragments de poterie collectés à Mailhot-Curran (BgFn-2), un site archéologique du Sylvicole supérieur tardif localisé dans le sud-ouest du Québec. Le but principal de ce projet était de dater ce site qui est considéré jusqu’à maintenant comme le plus récent site préhistorique de la concentration de Saint-Anicet, afin de poser un jalon dans la chronologie des sites de cette région. L’OSL a été utilisée conjointement à la datation par radiocarbone (14C) et la sériation du matériel archéologique. L’hypothèse archéologique propose que le village aurait été occupé pendant les années 1518 à 1530 de notre ère (Chapdelaine 2015a). Les résultats que nous proposons dans ce présent mémoire appuient cette proposition. Nous avons obtenu un âge de 490 ± 49 ans (année de référence : 2013), correspondant à l’année 1523 de notre ère avec une probabilité d’occupation du site Mailhot-Curran entre les années 1474 et 1572. Le programme de datation par luminescence optique a été réalisé sur des fragments de poterie domestique composés d’argile de la Mer de Champlain datant de la période du Quaternaire récent. La datation par stimulation infrarouge (IRSL) a été préférentiellement utilisée sur des aliquotes de grains fins polyminéraliques. Pour la détermination des doses équivalentes, un protocole SAR (Murray et Wintle 2000) modifié pour la mesure des feldspaths et incluant un lessivage optique a été utilisé (Lamothe et al. 2004). Les valeurs g ont été mesurées en suivant le protocole proposé par Auclair et al. (2003). La correction de Huntley et Lamothe (2001) a été utilisée afin de corriger les doses équivalentes mesurées pour la décroissance anormale du signal feldspathique. Les doses annuelles ont pour leur part été déterminées par des mesures réalisées in situ et en laboratoire. Les résultats que nous présentons dans ce mémoire sont affectés par une dispersion assez large. Cette variabilité a été prise en compte par des méthodes statistiques pour la détermination de l’âge probable de l’occupation du site Mailhot-Curran.

Criminalidade Económica e Lavagem de Dinheiro: prevenção pela aprendizagem

1 – Resumo: a criminalidade económica tem uma relação muito próxima com o branqueamento de capitais ou lavagem de dinheiro. O sistema económico capitalista está relacionado de forma próxima com o branqueamento de capitais ou a lavagem de dinheiro. O branqueamento de vantagens – como por exemplo capitais -, é um crime que pode atingir um carácter mundial. Também o financiamento do terrorismo surge aqui com um papel importante. É muito importante punir a ilicitude do crime de branqueamento. Mas mais importante ainda é a prevenção do branqueamento de capitais. Neste sentido, o dever de formação é fundamental. E é um dever fundamental que é importante sobretudo no contexto de determinadas entidades. Entidades financeiras e entidades não financeiras. §1.1 Abstract: economic crime has a close relationship with money laundering. The capitalist economic system is related closely with money laundering. Bleaching of advantages - such as capital - is a crime that can reach a global nature. Also the financing of terrorism comes here with an important role. It is very important to punish the unlawfulness of laundering crime. But more important is the prevention of money laundering. In this sense, the duty of training is critical. It is a fundamental duty that is especially important in the context of certain entities. financial institutions and non-financial entities.

Criminalidade Económica e Lavagem de Dinheiro: prevenção pela aprendizagem

Resumo: a criminalidade económica tem uma relação muito próxima com o branqueamento de capitais ou lavagem de dinheiro. O sistema económico capitalista está relacionado de forma próxima com o branqueamento de capitais ou a lavagem de dinheiro. O branqueamento de vantagens – como por exemplo capitais – é um crime que pode atingir um carácter mundial. Também o financiamento do terrorismo surge aqui com um papel importante. É muito importante punir a ilicitude do crime de branqueamento. Mas mais importante ainda é a prevenção do branqueamento de capitais. Neste sentido, o dever de formação é fundamental. E é um dever fundamental importante sobretudo no contexto de determinadas entidades. Entidades financeiras e entidades não financeiras.§ Abstract: Economic crime has a close relationship with money laundering. The capitalist economic system is related closely with money laundering. Bleaching of advantages – such as capital – is a crime that can reach a global nature. Also the financing of terrorism comes here with an important role. It is very important to punish the unlawfulness of laundering crime. But more important is the prevention of money laundering. In this sense, the duty of training is critical. It is a fundamental duty that is especially important in the context of certain entities. financial institutions and non-financial entities.

Láser Q-Switched en el manejo de ocronosis exógena: revisión sistemática de la literatura

Antecedentes: La ocronosis Exógena (OE) es una enfermedad subdiagnosticada y de difícil manejo (1). El láser Q-Switched (QS) surge como una alternativa para el tratamiento de esta (2). Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes, del láser QS y los desenlaces en el tratamiento de OE. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases PubMed, Embase, PMC, Scielo, Elselvier, BMJ Case Reports, Journal of Medical Case Reports, Cases Journal e International Medical Case Reports Journal, desde enero del 2000 a marzo del 2016, pacientes con ocronosis exógena, 18 a 70 años, tratados con láser QS. Los artículos fueron evaluados mediante la herramienta de evaluación de validez y valor educativo de reportes de caso descrito por Pierson (3). Resultados: Se encontraron 256 artículos, 63 fueron seleccionados: 28 repetidos y 31 no cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Se escogieron 4 artículos que reportan 12 casos de pacientes con ocronosis exógena diagnosticada mediante estudio histopatológico y tratada con láser QS. Discusión: Hay poca experiencia con el láser QS en OE. En la práctica clínica se usa para tatuajes y patologías pigmentarias dérmicas con resultados satisfactorios. El pigmento dérmico en OE y la corta duración de pulso de láser QS, podrían ser el pilar de tratamiento para OE. Conclusión: El láser QS puede ser útil para el tratamiento en OE, con nivel de evidencia 3 y grado de recomendación D. Se sugiere realizar estudios clínicos con mayor grado de evidencia.