Hizkuntza minorizatuak eta ekonomia: euskararen kasua

Artikulu honetan egitasmo zabal baten aurkezpena egin nahi izan da, "Euskara eta Ekonomia" gaiaren inguruan. Hori mamitzeko, hizkuntzaren eta ekonomiaren arteko erlazioen artean, bereziki hizkuntza minorizatuen esparruan kokatu behar da lana. Nahitaezkoa da arlo honetan Euskal Herriaren antzeko egoera linguistikoetan dauden lekuetan eduki ditzaketen esperientziak alderatzea eta lortutako emaitzak kontutan hartzea. Ondoren, eta euskararen kasura mugatuz, euskal ekonomiarekin dituen harreman zehatzak aztertu nahi dira, aurreko puntuetan adierazi diren ikerketa-ildoak jarraituz, horietako bakoitzaren metodologia finkatu eta lan sistematiko bat prestatu ondoren.

Synopsis, ou, deducção chronologica dos factos mais notaveis da historia do Brasil

Deducção chronologica dos fatos mais notaveis da historia do Brasil

Hydroacoustic evaluation of spawning red hind (Epinephelus guttatus) aggregations along the coast of Puerto Rico in 2002 and 2003

Red hind (Epinephelus guttatus) have been overfished in the Caribbean and were included with seven other regional grouper species deemed vulnerable to risk of extinction. The Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources desired to map spawning red hind aggregations within commonwealth waters as part of their resource management program for the species. Mobile hydroacoustic surveys were conducted over 3-day periods in 2002 and 2003, indexed to the full moon phase in February or March when red hind were known to aggregate. Four vessels concurrently sampled the southwest, south, and southeast coasts of Puerto Rico in 2002. In 2003, three vessels conducted complementary surveys of the northwest, north, and northeast coasts of the island, completing a circuit of the coastal shelf-spawning habitat. These surveys indicated that red hind spawning aggregations were prevalent along the south and west coasts, and sparse along the north coast during the survey periods. Highest spawning red hind concentrations were observed in three areas offshore of the west coast of Puerto Rico, around Mona and Desecheo islands (20,443 and 10,559 fish/km2, respectively) and in the Bajo de Cico seasonal closed area (4,544 fish/km2). Following both 2002 and 2003 surveys, a series of controlled acoustic measurements of known local fish species in net pens were conducted to assess the mean target strength (acoustic backscatter) of each group. Ten species of fish were measured, including red hind (E. guttatus), coney (E. fulvus), white grunt (Haemulon plumieri), pluma (Calamus pennatula), blue tang (Acanthurus coeruleus), squirrel fish (Holocentrus spp.), black durgeon (Melichtyhs niger), ocean file fish (Canthidermis sufflamen), ocean surgeon fish (Acanthurus bahianus), and butter grouper (Mycteroperca spp.). In general, the mean target strength results from the caged fish experiments were in agreement with published target strength length relationships, with the exception of white grunt and pluma.

Princípios de economia política, para servir de introducção à tentativa economica do author dos Princípios de direito mercantil

Cayru expõe e defende as teorias de Adam Smith, especialmente as expostas no Wealth of Nations, publicado em 1776.

Istoria delle guerre del Regno del Brasile : accadute tra la corona di Portogallo e la Republica di Olanda, composta, ed offerta alla sagra reale maesda di Pietro Secondo, Re di Portogallo & C. dal P. F. Gio. Gioseppe di S. Teresa Carmelitano Scalzo : Parte prima e Parte seconda

As negociações entre Portugal e Holanda a respeito da devolução dos territórios portugueses ocupados se desenvolveram ao longo de um decênio. As propostas iniciais de Portugal referiam-se aos territórios ocupados pelos holandeses na África e no Maranhão. Estão no raríssimo folheto.

Detecting fish aggregations from reef habitats mapped with high resolution side scan sonar imagery

As part of a multibeam and side scan sonar (SSS) benthic survey of the Marine Conservation District (MCD) south of St. Thomas, USVI and the seasonal closed areas in St. Croix—Lang Bank (LB) for red hind (Epinephelus guttatus) and the Mutton Snapper (MS) (Lutjanus analis) area—we extracted signals from water column targets that represent individual and aggregated fish over various benthic habitats encountered in the SSS imagery. The survey covered a total of 18 km2 throughout the federal jurisdiction fishery management areas. The complementary set of 28 habitat classification digital maps covered a total of 5,462.3 ha; MCDW (West) accounted for 45% of that area, and MCDE (East) 26%, LB 17%, and MS the remaining 13%. With the exception of MS, corals and gorgonians on consolidated habitats were significantly more abundant than submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) on unconsolidated sediments or unconsolidated sediments. Continuous coral habitat was the most abundant consolidated habitat for both MCDW and MCDE (41% and 43% respectively). Consolidated habitats in LB and MS predominantly consisted of gorgonian plain habitat with 95% and 83% respectively. Coral limestone habitat was more abundant than coral patch habitat; it was found near the shelf break in MS, MCDW, and MCDE. Coral limestone and coral patch habitats only covered LB minimally. The high spatial resolution (0.15 m) of the acquired imagery allowed the detection of differing fish aggregation (FA) types. The largest FA densities were located at MCDW and MCDE over coral communities that occupy up to 70% of the bottom cover. Counts of unidentified swimming objects (USOs), likely representing individual fish, were similar among locations and occurred primarily over sand and shelf edge areas. Fish aggregation school sizes were significantly smaller at MS than the other three locations (MCDW, MCDE, and LB). This study shows the advantages of utilizing SSS in determining fish distributions and density.

Análisis de Plataforma de Monitorización y Diseño de Mejoras

Análisis de Pandora FMS Open Source y diseño de mejoras, en forma de módulos o sondas para extraer información de dispositivos y sistemas no soportados nativamente por la plataforma.

Contraprotesto feito por um brasileiro em resposta ao Sr. Visconde de Jequitinhonha, relativo á rendição de Uruguayana

Obra atribuída a Quintino Bocaiúva, político brasileiro, adepto das idéias republicanas, membro preeminente da conspiração que depôs o último gabinete do império. A rendição de Uruguaiana é um episódio da Guerra do Paraguai ocorrido em 18/10/1865, no qual a localidade de Uruguaiana é ocupada pelo exército paraguaio e retomada pouco depois. Inclui transcrições de vários documentos oficiais (despachos, notas, ofícios), do Ministério de Relações Exteriores do Paraguai e da Legação Imperial do Brasil, assinados por José Berges, Cesar Sauvan Vianna de Lima e Carlos Caneiro de Campos.

Reflexões sobre alguns successos do Brasil

O autor defende a Independência do Brasil. Foi escrita em duas partes, sendo a primeira datada de março e a segunda, de dezembro de 1821. Conforme esclarece o próprio autor na Advertência, que antecede o texto, Reflexões teve a sua publicação negada. A obra contém, também, documentos e atos legais do Império

Estudos do bem-commum e economia politica, ou, sciencia das leis naturaes e civis de animar e dirigir a geral industria, e promover a riqueza nacional, e prosperidade do estado

Entrada secundária de título : Sciencia das leis naturaes e civis de animar e dirigir a geral industria, e promover a riqueza nacional, e prosperidade do estado

Espírito de Vieira, ou, selecta de pensamentos econômicos, políticos, moraes, literários :com a biographia deste celebrado escriptor

A Bibliografia da Impressão Régia do Rio de Janeiro diz: "Terminada a publicação dos Estudos do comum... (1819-1820), José da Silva Lisboa planejou publicar uma coletânia dos escritos do Padre Vieira como apêndice à obra...'

Refutação das declamações contra o commercio inglez : extrahida de escriptores eminentes

José da Silva Lisboa, Visconde de Cairu, nasceu na Bahia, em 19 de julho de 1756 e morreu no Rio de Janeiro, em 20 de agosto de 1835. Aos oito anos, como se distinguia pelo seu amor às letras, começou a aprender Gramática Latina, dedicando-se mais tarde também à Filosofia Racional e Moral, Música e piano. Na Universidade de Coimbra, fez os cursos jurídico e filosófico, formando-se em 1779. Foi professor das cadeiras de Filosofia, Moral e Língua Grega.

Um protesto : resposta ás pretenções da França a uma parte do Amazonas manifestadas por Mr. Deloncle

Dado de responsabilidade pesquisado no Lello Universal em 2 volumes, 19-? v. 2 p. 192.

Kontsumitzailearen teoriaren ekarpenak hizkuntza gutxituen erabilpena aztertzeko

Mikroekonomiaren bitartez, hizkuntza gutxitu bateko hiztunek egin beharreko aukera, hizkuntzaren erabilerari dagokionean, kontsumitzailearen teorian oinarritutako eredu batez aurkezten da, bertan,euskararen egoera eta bilakaera aztertzeko oso baliagarria izan daitekeen tresna eskaintzen zaigu.

Feeding Ecology of Humpback Whales in Continental Shelf Waters near Cordell Bank, California

Daytime feeding behavior of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Gulf of the Farallones, California, and adjacent waters was observed during autumn of 1988 to 1990. Bodega Canyon, Cordell Bank, and the Farallon Islands were the primary sites of feeding activity. Fecal samples of whales and zooplankton tows contained euphausiids exclusively, dominated by Thysanoessa spinifera (79%), with lesser amounts of Euphausia pacifica (14%), Nyctiphanes simplex (4%), and Nematoscelis difficilis (3%). In 1988 and 1990, whales also were infrequently observed feeding on small schooling fish, presumably Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Feeding was the most common behavior observed (52%), and less frequently traveling (23%), milling (21 %), and resting (4%). Whales used different methods to consume euphausiid prey at the surface (0-10 m), in shallow water (11-60 m), and deep water (61-140 m). Humpback whales fed at the surface 56% of time in 1988 and 32% of time in 1990, using primarily lateral lunges to capture swarms of euphausiids. In 1989, no surface feeding was observed; however, deep, long-duration dives were followed by extended surface intervals with many respirations. These 1989 observations coincided with increased prey depth as indicated by depth sounder records of diving whales and prey scattering layers. In 1989, increased prey depth and associated feeding behaviors were strongly associated with unusually high surface temperatures, calm seas, and changes in water circulation. Environmental conditions in 1989 triggered the most intense and wide-spread occurrence of red tide in this region since 1980. Red tide samples collected throughout this period contained Alexandrium (=Gonyaulax) catenella and Noctiluca scintillans. Surface feeding was observed only in 1988 and 1990, when surface prey were available and red tides were very limited in extent, duration, and intensity. Annual variations in humpback whale feeding behavior were related to prey availability which is affected by corresponding environmental conditions. (PDF contains 94 pages)