Social comparison and body image in non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers

Body image refers to an individual's internal representation ofhis/her outer self (Cash, 1994; Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). It is a multidimensional construct which includes an individual's attitudes towards hislher own physical characteristics (Bane & McAuley, 1998; Cash, 1994; Cash, 2004; Davison & McCabe, 2005; Muth & Cash, 1997; Sabiston, Crocker, & Munroe-Chandler, 2005). Social comparison is the process of thinking about the self in relation to others in order to determine if one's opinions and abilities are adequate and to assess one's social status (Festinger, 1954; Wood, 1996). Research investigating the role of social comparisons on body image has provided some information on the types and nature of the comparisons that are made. The act of making social comparisons may have a negative impact on body image (van den Berg et ai., 2007). Although exercise may improve body image, the impact of social comparisons in exercise settings may be less positive, and there may be differences in the social comparison tendencies between non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers. The present study examined the nature of social comparisons that female collegeaged non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers made with respect to their bodies, and the relationship of these social comparisons to body image attitudes. Specifically, the frequency and direction of comparisons on specific tal-gets and body dimensions were examined in both non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers. Finally, the relationship between body-image attitudes and the frequency and direction with which body-related social comparisons were made for non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers were examined. One hundred and fifty-two participants completed the study (n = 70 non or ill infrequent exercisers; n = 82 exercisers). Participants completed measures of social physique anxiety (SPA), body dissatisfaction, body esteem, body image cognitions, leisure time physical activity, and social comparisons. Results suggested that both groups (non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers) generally made social comparisons and most frequently made comparisons with same-sex friends, and least frequently with same-sex parents. Also, both groups made more appearance-related comparisons than non-appearance-related comparisons. Further, both groups made more negative comparisons with almost all targets. However, non or infrequent exercisers generally made more negative comparisons on all body dimensions, while exercisers made negative comparisons only on weight and body shape dimensions. MANOV As were conducted to examine if any differences on social comparisons between the two groups existed. Results of the MANOVAs indicated that frequency of comparisons with targets, the frequency of comparisons on body dimensions, and direction of comparisons with targets did not differ based on exercise status. However, the direction of comparison of specific body dimensions revealed a significant (F (7, 144) = 3.26,p < .05; 1]2 = .132) difference based on exercise status. Follow-up ANOVAs showed significant differences on five variables: physical attractiveness (F (1, 150) = 6.33,p < .05; 1]2 = .041); fitness (F(l, 150) = 11.89,p < .05; 1]2 = .073); co-ordination (F(I, 150) = 5.61,p < .05; 1]2 = .036); strength (F(I, dO) = 12.83,p < .05; 1]2 = .079); muscle mass or tone (F(l, 150) = 17.34,p < .05; 1]2 = 1.04), with exercisers making more positive comparisons than non or infrequent exercisers. The results from the regression analyses for non or infrequent exercisers showed appearance orientation was a significant predictor of the frequency of social comparisons N (B = .429, SEB = .154, /3 = .312,p < .01). Also, trait body image measures accounted for significant variance in the direction of social comparisons (F(9, 57) = 13.43,p < .001, R2adj = .68). Specifically, SPA (B = -.583, SEB = .186, /3 = -.446,p < .01) and body esteem-weight concerns (B = .522, SEB = .207, /3 = .432,p < .01) were significant predictors of the direction of comparisons. For exercisers, regressions revealed that specific trait measures of body image significantly predicted the frequency of comparisons (F(9, 71) = 8.67,p < .001, R2adj = .463). Specifically, SPA (B = .508, SEB = .147, /3 = .497,p < .01) and appearance orientation (B = .457, SEB = .134, /3 = .335,p < .01) were significant predictors of the frequency of social comparisons. Lastly, for exercisers, the results for the regression of body image measures on the direction of social comparisons were also significant (F(9, 70) = 14.65,p < .001, R2adj = .609) with body dissatisfaction (B = .368, SEB = .143, /3 = .362,p < .05), appearan.ce orientation (B = .256, SEB = .123, /3 = .175,p < .05), and fitness orientation (B = .423, SEB = .194, /3 = .266,p < .05) significant predictors of the direction of social comparison. The results indicated that young women made frequent social comparisons regardless of exercise status. However, exercisers m,a de more positive comparisons on all the body dimensions than non or infrequent exercisers. Also, certain trait body image measures may be good predictors of one's body comp~son tendencies. However, the measures which predict comparison tendencies may be different for non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers. Future research should examine the effects of social comparisons in different populations (i.e., males, the obese, older adults, etc.). Implications for practice and research were discussed.

Working Children: their Agency and self-organization

In recent years, ‘agency’ has appeared in academic writings as a new way of referring to active involvement from below in development interventions. The concept of ‘agency’ starts from the assumption that people are actually agents themselves, continuously acting in and reacting to circumstances. In child labour activism, this concept has been applied to working children in the understanding that, in order to improve their working conditions, children should be organised in organizations that are exclusively for and (ideally) run by working children. This paper aims to evaluate the extent to which child labourers can become agents of change through their own organizations. The paper will draw on two studies carried out by the IREWOC foundation. In 2002 a study was undertaken in Bolivia to give practical meaning to the concept of child agency. Secondly, in 2004/2005 an investigation was carried out on the functioning and impact of children’s organizations in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. The applied research methods were mainly anthropological and used participant observation, (semi-) informal interviews and group interviewing with working children, their parents and adult representatives of the working children’s organizations. Both investigations show that in focussing on children as active participants, the structural constraints under which children have to live also need to be highlighted. One needs to understand how material poverty, mental deprivation and disempowerment help to shape resilience and defiance, but also anger, distrust and marginalisation.

Pauvreté des familles monoparentales. Le Canada et le Québec dans l’univers des régimes providentiels

La pauvreté monoparentale touche de nombreux pays développés au point que la monoparentalité est restée pendant longtemps associée à la pauvreté. Malgré les efforts de l’État-providence, les systèmes de protection sociale s’avèrent souvent inefficaces et inadaptés aux changements de la structure familiale et de la diversité des modes de résidence. Or, les situations des familles monoparentales ne sont pas semblables d’une société à une autre. Certaines sociétés adoptent des régimes providentiels qui offrent des conditions plutôt favorables aux familles quel que soit leur statut (monoparental ou biparental), tandis que d’autres se caractérisent par des systèmes moins égalitaires et moins favorables aux familles monoparentales. Notre thèse cherche à déconstruire le lien entre la pauvreté et la monoparentalité en poussant plus loin la réflexion sur les régimes providentiels. Le bien-être des familles monoparentales dépend des arrangements institutionnels des régimes qui assurent des ressources à travers les trois piliers que sont l’État, le marché et la famille. Certaines sociétés favorisent le pilier de l’État comme principal pourvoyeur de ressources alors que d’autres mettent l’accent sur le marché. Dans d’autres cas, la solidarité familiale est considérée comme étant fondamentale dans le bien-être des individus. Parmi ces trois piliers, il est souvent difficile de trouver la combinaison la plus appropriée pour protéger les familles monoparentales et leur assurer une certaine sécurité et une autonomie économique. Lorsque les gouvernements adoptent la politique de prise en charge des familles monoparentales, ces dernières deviennent très dépendantes de l’assistance sociale et des programmes d’aide publique. Dans un contexte libéral, les mesures d’incitation au travail qui visent les chefs de famille monoparentale ont plutôt tendance à réduire cette dépendance. Mais dans bien des cas, les familles monoparentales sont amenées à dépendre d’un revenu du marché qui ne les aide pas toujours à sortir de la pauvreté. Lorsque nous regardons le troisième pilier, celui de la famille, il s’avère souvent que les solidarités qui proviennent de cette source sont limitées et occasionnelles et nécessitent parfois une réglementation spéciale pour les dynamiser (comme c’est le cas des pensions alimentaires). L’articulation de ces piliers et leur apport au bien-être des familles monoparentales soulève une question fondamentale : Quelles sont les possibilités pour les chefs de famille monoparentale de fonder et maintenir un ménage autonome qui ne soit ni pauvre ni dans la dépendance par rapport à une seule source de revenu qui peut provenir de l’État, du marché ou de la famille ? Pour examiner cette question, nous avons procédé à des comparaisons internationales et interprovinciales à partir des données du Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). Le choix des comparaisons internationales est très utile pour situer le Québec dans un environnement de régimes providentiels avec un cadre théoriquement et conceptuellement structuré pour comprendre les politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté monoparentale. Cette recherche montre principalement que la pauvreté monoparentale est très problématique dans les régimes qui privilégient le marché comme principal pilier de bien-être. Elle l’est aussi dans certains pays qui privilégient les transferts et adoptent des politiques de prise en charge envers les familles monoparentales qui restent largement désavantagées par rapport aux familles biparentales. Par contre, certains régimes favorisent une complémentarité entre ce que peuvent tirer les familles du marché du travail et ce qu’elles peuvent tirer des ressources de l’État. Généralement, ce genre d’approche mène vers des taux de pauvreté plus faibles chez les familles monoparentales. Le Québec fait partie des sociétés où le marché représente une source fondamentale de bien-être. Toutefois, la pauvreté monoparentale est moins problématique que chez ses voisins d’Amérique du Nord. De nombreux chefs de famille monoparentale dans la province occupent des emplois à temps plein sans être désavantagés. Cependant, les chefs de famille monoparentale qui occupent des emplois à temps partiel sont largement plus exposés à la pauvreté. Pourtant, dans certaines sociétés, particulièrement aux Pays-Bas, ce statut d’emploi offre des conditions meilleures pour la conciliation travail-famille.

Transfusions de globules rouges aux soins intensifs pédiatriques : épidémiologie et déterminants

Les transfusions de globules rouges (GR) sont fréquentes aux soins intensifs pédiatriques (SIP). Cependant, il n’y a pas de donnée récente sur les pratiques transfusionnelles aux SIP. Les objectifs de notre étude étaient 1) de décrire les pratiques transfusionnelles aux SIP du CHU Sainte-Justine en y déterminant la fréquence des transfusions de GR et en caractérisant les déterminants de ces transfusions, 2) de comparer ces pratiques avec celles observées il y a dix ans, et 3) d’évaluer le degré d’adhérence à la recommandation principale d’une large étude randomisée contrôlée, l’étude TRIPICU, laquelle proposait une pratique précise chez les patients stabilisés. Nous avons réalisé une étude monocentrique prospective observationnelle d’une durée d’un an. L’information requise a été extraite des dossiers médicaux. Les déterminants des transfusions ont été recherchés quotidiennement jusqu’à la première transfusion pour les cas transfusés, ou jusqu’à la sortie des SIP pour les cas non transfusés. Les justifications des transfusions déclarées par les médecins traitants ont été compilées à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Il y a eu 913 admissions consécutives durant la période d’étude, dont 842 ont été retenues. Au moins une transfusion a été donnée à 144 patients (17.1%). Le taux moyen d’hémoglobine avant la première transfusion était de 77.3±27.2 g/L. Les déterminants d’un premier événement transfusionnel à l’analyse multivariée étaient le jeune âge (< 12 mois), la présence d’une cardiopathie congénitale, un nadir d’hémoglobine ≤ 70 g/L, la gravité de la maladie, et certaines dysfonctions d’organe. Les trois justifications de transfusions les plus fréquemment évoquées par les médecins étaient une hémoglobine basse, un transport en oxygène insuffisant et une instabilité hémodynamique. La recommandation principale de l’étude TRIPICU a été appliquée dans 96.4% des premiers événements transfusionnels. En conclusion, les transfusions de GR sont fréquentes aux SIP. Jeune âge, cardiopathie congénitale, hémoglobine basse, gravité de la maladie et certaines dysfonctions d’organes sont des déterminants significatifs de transfusions de GR aux SIP. La plupart des premiers événements transfusionnels furent prescrits en accord avec les récentes recommandations.

Pensée, politique, totalitarisme : lire Platon avec Hannah Arendt

Cette étude, qui s'intéresse aux appropriations de l'Antiquité grecque au XXe siècle, se propose d'analyser les impacts de la lecture de Platon sur le développement de la pensée politique et éthique de Hannah Arendt. Notre approche du sujet est historique et philosophique. Premièrement, nous considérerons la toile de fond biographique, intellectuelle et historique de cette lecture. La relation intellectuelle entre Hannah Arendt et Martin Heidegger reçoit une attention particulière, puisque le Platon arendtien présente parfois des similarités avec celui de Heidegger. Nous considérerons également la réception de Platon en Allemagne entre la période de Weimar et l'après-guerre : les lectures idéologiques de l'époque nazie, et le débat autour du statut de Platon en tant qu'ancêtre du totalitarisme, clamé par Karl Popper, ont assombri la réputation philosophique de Platon jusqu'à la fin du XXe siècle. Nous trouvons des échos de ce climat intellectuel particulier dans le traitement de Platon chez Arendt. Dans un deuxième temps, nous examinerons les thèmes et les motifs de la lecture arendtienne en observant minutieusement une sélection d'ouvrages, d'essais, d'ébauches d'Arendt, en plus des notes du Journal de pensée (Denktagebuch) et des extraits de dialogues de Platon sur lesquels s'appuient sa lecture. Arendt déconstruit, transforme, altère et utilise ces textes afin de démontrer que notre tradition de pensée politique s'est édifiée sur un mépris de la politique qui trouve sa source dans la pensée platonicienne. Ce mépris culmine dans la pensée de Marx et le totalitarisme. Mais les réflexions d'Arendt sur la pensée, le jugement et la conscience, et son traitement du cas Eichmann suggère qu'elle s'approprie par moments la pensée de Platon. Des comparaisons avec d'autres penseurs émigrés allemands, qui s'inspirent aussi de Platon et des Grecs pour édifier leur pensée politique, Leo Strauss et Eric Voegelin, vont nous permettre d'affiner notre compréhension du Platon d'Arendt.

A Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) Study of the Influence of the Vanadium Concentration on the Activity of Vanadium-Niobium Oxide Catalysts for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane

A series of vanadium-niobium oxide catalysts in which the vanadia content varies between 0.3 and 18mol%was prepared by coprecipitation. These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), and by catalytic testing in the oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of propane. The results of the surface analysis by XPS and LEIS are compared. It is concluded that the active site on the catalyst surface contains 2.0 ± 0.3 vanadium atoms on average. This can be understood byassuming the existenceof two or three different sites:isolated vanadium atoms, pairs of vanadium atoms, or ensembles of three vanadium atoms. At higher vanadium concentration more vanadium clusters with a higher activity are at the surface.LEIS revealed that as the vanadium concentration in the catalyst increases, vanadium replaces niobium at the surface. At vanadium concentrations above 8 mol%, new phases such as P-(Nb, V)20S which are less active because vanadium is present in isolated sites are formed, while the vanadium surface concentration shows a slight decrease

Aitchison Geometry for Probability and Likelihood as a new approach to mathematical statistics

The Aitchison vector space structure for the simplex is generalized to a Hilbert space structure A2(P) for distributions and likelihoods on arbitrary spaces. Central notations of statistics, such as Information or Likelihood, can be identified in the algebraical structure of A2(P) and their corresponding notions in compositional data analysis, such as Aitchison distance or centered log ratio transform. In this way very elaborated aspects of mathematical statistics can be understood easily in the light of a simple vector space structure and of compositional data analysis. E.g. combination of statistical information such as Bayesian updating, combination of likelihood and robust M-estimation functions are simple additions/ perturbations in A2(Pprior). Weighting observations corresponds to a weighted addition of the corresponding evidence. Likelihood based statistics for general exponential families turns out to have a particularly easy interpretation in terms of A2(P). Regular exponential families form finite dimensional linear subspaces of A2(P) and they correspond to finite dimensional subspaces formed by their posterior in the dual information space A2(Pprior). The Aitchison norm can identified with mean Fisher information. The closing constant itself is identified with a generalization of the cummulant function and shown to be Kullback Leiblers directed information. Fisher information is the local geometry of the manifold induced by the A2(P) derivative of the Kullback Leibler information and the space A2(P) can therefore be seen as the tangential geometry of statistical inference at the distribution P. The discussion of A2(P) valued random variables, such as estimation functions or likelihoods, give a further interpretation of Fisher information as the expected squared norm of evidence and a scale free understanding of unbiased reasoning

Analyzing shapes as compositions of distances

We propose to analyze shapes as “compositions” of distances in Aitchison geometry as an alternate and complementary tool to classical shape analysis, especially when size is non-informative. Shapes are typically described by the location of user-chosen landmarks. However the shape – considered as invariant under scaling, translation, mirroring and rotation – does not uniquely define the location of landmarks. A simple approach is to use distances of landmarks instead of the locations of landmarks them self. Distances are positive numbers defined up to joint scaling, a mathematical structure quite similar to compositions. The shape fixes only ratios of distances. Perturbations correspond to relative changes of the size of subshapes and of aspect ratios. The power transform increases the expression of the shape by increasing distance ratios. In analogy to the subcompositional consistency, results should not depend too much on the choice of distances, because different subsets of the pairwise distances of landmarks uniquely define the shape. Various compositional analysis tools can be applied to sets of distances directly or after minor modifications concerning the singularity of the covariance matrix and yield results with direct interpretations in terms of shape changes. The remaining problem is that not all sets of distances correspond to a valid shape. Nevertheless interpolated or predicted shapes can be backtransformated by multidimensional scaling (when all pairwise distances are used) or free geodetic adjustment (when sufficiently many distances are used)

A compositional data analysis package for R providing multiple approaches

”compositions” is a new R-package for the analysis of compositional and positive data. It contains four classes corresponding to the four different types of compositional and positive geometry (including the Aitchison geometry). It provides means for computation, plotting and high-level multivariate statistical analysis in all four geometries. These geometries are treated in an fully analogous way, based on the principle of working in coordinates, and the object-oriented programming paradigm of R. In this way, called functions automatically select the most appropriate type of analysis as a function of the geometry. The graphical capabilities include ternary diagrams and tetrahedrons, various compositional plots (boxplots, barplots, piecharts) and extensive graphical tools for principal components. Afterwards, ortion and proportion lines, straight lines and ellipses in all geometries can be added to plots. The package is accompanied by a hands-on-introduction, documentation for every function, demos of the graphical capabilities and plenty of usage examples. It allows direct and parallel computation in all four vector spaces and provides the beginner with a copy-and-paste style of data analysis, while letting advanced users keep the functionality and customizability they demand of R, as well as all necessary tools to add own analysis routines. A complete example is included in the appendix

News from compositions, the R package

The R-package “compositions”is a tool for advanced compositional analysis. Its basic functionality has seen some conceptual improvement, containing now some facilities to work with and represent ilr bases built from balances, and an elaborated subsys- tem for dealing with several kinds of irregular data: (rounded or structural) zeroes, incomplete observations and outliers. The general approach to these irregularities is based on subcompositions: for an irregular datum, one can distinguish a “regular” sub- composition (where all parts are actually observed and the datum behaves typically) and a “problematic” subcomposition (with those unobserved, zero or rounded parts, or else where the datum shows an erratic or atypical behaviour). Systematic classification schemes are proposed for both outliers and missing values (including zeros) focusing on the nature of irregularities in the datum subcomposition(s). To compute statistics with values missing at random and structural zeros, a projection approach is implemented: a given datum contributes to the estimation of the desired parameters only on the subcompositon where it was observed. For data sets with values below the detection limit, two different approaches are provided: the well-known imputation technique, and also the projection approach. To compute statistics in the presence of outliers, robust statistics are adapted to the characteristics of compositional data, based on the minimum covariance determinant approach. The outlier classification is based on four different models of outlier occur- rence and Monte-Carlo-based tests for their characterization. Furthermore the package provides special plots helping to understand the nature of outliers in the dataset. Keywords: coda-dendrogram, lost values, MAR, missing data, MCD estimator, robustness, rounded zeros