Avifauna dels alzinars del massís de Begur a la primavera

S'ha estudiat l'avifauna present a la primavera als alzinars del massís de Begur. Mitjançant la tècnica de les estacions d'escolta, s'ha determinat la composició de les poblacions d'ocells que es detecten als retalls de la comunitat de l'alzinar que actualment es localitzen a les fondalades i sectors més ombrívols del massís. L'anàlisi de la composició del poblament ha mostrat uns valors de riquesa total i de riquesa mitjana molt elevats. Els valors de preferències ecològiques i hàbits forestals presenten uns perfils de poblacions poc especialitzats forestalment en el conjunt de les espècies detectades; quan s 'analitzen les espècies que componen la fracció de les més freqüents (valor de freqüència relativa >50%), aleshores es mostra un perfil que s 'adiu més amb un caràcter forestal. L'origen de les espècies és marcadament paleàrtic

Anàlisi de l'avifauna de la Garriga del massís del Montgrí a la primavera

En aquest estudi es recullen les dades de les poblacions d'ocells que es detecten a la primavera a la comunitat arbustiva de la garriga del massís del Montgrí. Mitjançant la metodologia de les estacions d'escolta, s'han determinat diverses variables de composició del poblament avi faunístic. Destaquen la baixa riquesa total i mitjana, i la baixa freqüència relativa de les espècies contactades, en comparació amb d'altres comunitats mediterrànies. Com s'esperava, hi ha un elevat nombre d'espècies el nínxol ecològic d'explotació de les quals és el sotabosc. També destaca la presència d'espècies d'origen Paleàrtic i mediterrani. Aquesta última és una resposta de la permanència dels matollars mediterranis durant el Plistocè que va permetre una especiació, que ha romàs fins a l 'actualitat

Avifauna de les suredes baixempordaneses a la primavera

Es presenten els resultats de l 'estudi de les poblacions avi-faunístiques de les suredes baix empordaneses a la primavera. Fins ara les úniques dades de què es disposava eren dels anys vuitanta per a les suredes de les Gavarres i inexistents per a les de l'Ardenya. Mitjançant la metodologia de les estacions d'escolta, s'han censat les poblacions d'aus d'aquests massissos, durant el cicle reproductor. S ’han analitzat els paràmetres de composició del poblament, s'han calculat les freqüències relatives de les espècies per a cada massís, així com les preferències ecològiques de les espècies presents. La valoració d'aquestes anàlisis confirmen que els poblaments avi-faunísitics de les suredes de les Gavarres i Cadiretes a la primavera són força similars; l'única diferència significativa la mostren les preferències ecològiques de les espècies

Photocatalytic Activity of Nanostructured Anatase Coatings Obtained by Cold Gas Spray

This article describes a photocatalytic nanostructured anatase coating deposited by cold gas spray (CGS)supported on titanium sub-oxide (TiO22x) coatings obtained by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) onto stainless steel cylinders. The photocatalytic coating was homogeneous and preserved the composition and nanostructure of the starting powder. The inner titanium sub-oxide coating favored the deposition of anatase particles in the solid state. Agglomerated nano-TiO2 particles fragmented when impacting onto the hard surface of the APS TiO22x bond coat. The rough surface provided by APS provided an ideal scenario for entrapping the nanostructured particles, which may be adhered onto the bond coat due to chemical bonding; a possible bonding mechanism is described. Photocatalytic experiments showed that CGS nano-TiO2 coating was active for photodegrading phenol and formic acid under aqueous conditions. The results were similar to the performance obtained by competitor technologies and materials such as dip-coating P25 photocatalysts. Disparity in the final performance of the photoactive materials may have been caused by differences in grain size and the crystalline composition of titanium dioxide.

Recovery Risk and Labor Costs in Public-Private Partnerships : Contractual Choice in the US Water industry

We use an ordered logistic model to empirically examine the factors that explain varying degrees of private involvement in the U.S. water sector through public-private partnerships. Our estimates suggest that a variety of factors help explain greater private participation in this sector. We find that the risk to private participants regarding cost recovery is an important driver of private participation. The relative cost of labor is also a key factor in determining the degree of private involvement in the contract choice. When public wages are high relative to private wages, private participation is viewed as a source of cost savings. We thus find two main drivers of greater private involvement: one encouraging private participation by reducing risk, and another encouraging government to seek out private participation in lowering costs.

Subsurface drip irrigation emitter spacing effects on soil water redistribution, corn yield and water productivity

Emitter spacings of 0.3 to 0.6 m are commonly used for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) of corn on the deep, silt loam soils of the U.S. Great Plains. Subsurface drip irrigation emitter spacings of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 m were examined for the resulting differences in soil water redistribution, corn grain yield, yield components, seasonal water use, and water productivity in a 4‐year field study (2005 through 2008) at the Kansas State University Northwest Research‐Extension Center, Colby, Kansas. The results indicate that there is increased preferential water movement along the dripline (parallel) as compared to perpendicular to the dripline and that this phenomenon partially compensates for wider emitter spacings in terms of soil water redistribution. Corn yield and water productivity (WP) were not significantly affected by the emitter spacing with application of a full irrigation regime

Posta a punt d'una planta pilot de bescanvi iònic per a tractament d'aigües amb finalitats didàctiques

Els principals objectius d’aquest projecte són: - Els tractaments d’aigües d’entrada a la indústria - Teoria sobre resines de bescanvi iònic - Presentació de l’equip i funcionament - Posta a punt de les pràctiques Amb els següents objectius es preten posar a punt una planta pilot de bescanvi iònic per a tractament d’aigües amb finalitats didàctiques

Producción cooperativa de materiales hipermedia en espacios compartidos de trabajo: un caso de enseñanza de la Química

En este artículo se presenta una investigación educativa sobre una experiencia de innovación llevada a cabo durante tres cursos escolares, en la que el alumnado del Ciclo Formativo de Química Ambiental ha producido, en grupos cooperativos, material hipermedia sobre el tema de 'iones en agua' utilizando un editor HTML gratuito y con el soporte informático de una plataforma de espacios compartidos de trabajo, igualmente gratuita. El alumnado, mediante una encuesta, ha mostrado un alto grado de aceptación hacia la producción de materiales hipermedia y al trabajo en grupos cooperativos.

A novel approach to analysing the regimes of temporary streams in relation to their controls on the composition and structure of aquatic biota

Temporary streams are those water courses that undergo the recurrent cessation of flow or the complete drying of their channel. The structure and composition of biological communities in temporary stream reaches are strongly dependent on the temporal changes of the aquatic habitats determined by the hydrological conditions. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of aquatic fauna to assess the ecological quality of a temporary stream reach cannot be used without taking into account the controls imposed by the hydrological regime. This paper develops methods for analysing temporary streams' aquatic regimes, based on the definition of six aquatic states that summarize the transient sets of mesohabitats occurring on a given reach at a particular moment, depending on the hydrological conditions: Hyperrheic, Eurheic, Oligorheic, Arheic, Hyporheic and Edaphic. When the hydrological conditions lead to a change in the aquatic state, the structure and composition of the aquatic community changes according to the new set of available habitats. We used the water discharge records from gauging stations or simulations with rainfall-runoff models to infer the temporal patterns of occurrence of these states in the Aquatic States Frequency Graph we developed. The visual analysis of this graph is complemented by the development of two metrics which describe the permanence of flow and the seasonal predictability of zero flow periods. Finally, a classification of temporary streams in four aquatic regimes in terms of their influence over the development of aquatic life is updated from the existing classifications, with stream aquatic regimes defined as Permanent, Temporary-pools, Temporary-dry and Episodic. While aquatic regimes describe the long-term overall variability of the hydrological conditions of the river section and have been used for many years by hydrologists and ecologists, aquatic states describe the availability of mesohabitats in given periods that determine the presence of different biotic assemblages. This novel concept links hydrological and ecological conditions in a unique way. All these methods were implemented with data from eight temporary streams around the Mediterranean within the MIRAGE project. Their application was a precondition to assessing the ecological quality of these streams.

El derecho humano al agua potable y al saneamiento en perspectiva jurídica internacional

El acceso al agua potable y al saneamiento sin discriminación ha sido formalmente elevado a la condición de derecho humano internacionalmente reconocido en la resolución 64/292 de la Asamblea General, de 28 de julio de 2010. El propósito del artículo es dotar de contenido dicha declaración sobre la base de los trabajos del comité DESC y de la relatora especial de la ONU sobre el derecho al agua potable y al saneamiento, haciendo una especial referencia a la situación específica del continente europeo. Se desprenden de la investigación unos contenidos mínimos del derecho al agua y al saneamiento que los estados deben respetar en toda circunstancia.

Estudi d’un assecador industrial: simulació i optimització de l’assecatge de xoriç mitjançant programari informàtic CFD

Una empresa familiar d’embotits ecològics especialitzada en l’elaboració de xoriç, volampliar la seva producció. Té com apart clau el procés d’estufatge i l’assecament. Aquests processos, que tenen lloc alsassecadors, consisteixen en fer re-circular aire a unes temperatures determinades durant unscerts temps, refredant aquest aire quan surt de la sala per extreure’n part del vapor d’aiguaque conté, i tornant-lo a escalfar per poder absorbir més aigua en tornar entrar a la sala.L’abast d’aquest projecte consisteix en la descripció del funcionament dels assecadors,i la realització de simulacions de flux d’aire i temperatura per tal de poder optimitzar unassecador concret. Dins aquest assecador es faran modificacions com pot ser l’alçada lliure quequeda entre la filera més elevada de xoriç i el sostre o el radi inferior que tenen aquestsaparells per tal d’obtenir una geometria òptima d’una sala d’assecatge. L’estudi que es duu a terme consta del comportament del flux d’aire i del flux detemperatura per tal de poder observar els punts crítics i poder determinar els paràmetres queinflueixen en el seu bon funcionament

Headspace needle-trap analysis of priority volatile organic compounds from aqueous samples: application to the analysis of natural and waste waters

Combining headspace (HS) sampling with a needle-trap device (NTD) to determine priority volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water samples results in improved sensitivity and efficiency when compared to conventional static HS sampling. A 22 gauge stainless steel, 51-mm needle packed with Tenax TA and Carboxen 1000 particles is used as the NTD. Three different HS-NTD sampling methodologies are evaluated and all give limits of detection for the target VOCs in the ng L−1 range. Active (purge-and-trap) HS-NTD sampling is found to give the best sensitivity but requires exhaustive control of the sampling conditions. The use of the NTD to collect the headspace gas sample results in a combined adsorption/desorption mechanism. The testing of different temperatures for the HS thermostating reveals a greater desorption effect when the sample is allowed to diffuse, whether passively or actively, through the sorbent particles. The limits of detection obtained in the simplest sampling methodology, static HS-NTD (5 mL aqueous sample in 20 mL HS vials, thermostating at 50 °C for 30 min with agitation), are sufficiently low as to permit its application to the analysis of 18 priority VOCs in natural and waste waters. In all cases compounds were detected below regulated levels

Deposition and characterization of lines printed through laser-induced forward transfer

The possibility of printing two-dimensional micropatterns of biomolecule solutions is of great interest in many fields of research in biomedicine, from cell-growth and development studies to the investigation of the mechanisms of communication between cells. Although laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) has been extensively used to print micrometric droplets of biological solutions, the fabrication of complex patterns depends on the feasibility of the technique to print micron-sized lines of aqueous solutions. In this study we investigate such a possibility through the analysis of the influence of droplet spacing of a water and glycerol solution on the morphology of the features printed by LIFT. We prove that it is indeed possible to print long and uniform continuous lines by controlling the overlap between adjacent droplets. We show how, depending on droplet spacing, several printed morphologies are generated, and we offer, in addition, a simple explanation of the observed behavior based on the jetting dynamics characteristic of the LIFT of liquids.

Vulnerability of stream biota to climate change in mediterranean climate regions: a synthesis of ecological responses and conservation challenges

Freshwater species worldwide are experiencing dramatic declines partly attributable to ongoing climate change. It is expected that the future effects of climate change could be particularly severe in mediterranean climate (med-) regions, which host many endemic species already under great stress from the high level of human development. In this article, we review the climate and climate-induced changes in streams of med-regions and the responses of stream biota, focusing on both observed and anticipated ecological responses. We also discuss current knowledge gaps and conservation challenges. Expected climate alterations have already been observed in the last decades, and include: increased annual average air temperatures; decreased annual average precipitation; hydrologic alterations; and an increase in frequency, intensity and duration of extreme events, such as floods, droughts and fires. Recent observations, which are concordant with forecasts built, show stream biota of med-regions when facing climate changes tend to be displaced towards higher elevations and upper latitudes, communities tend to change their composition and homogenize, while some life-history traits seem to provide biota with resilience and resistance to adapt to the new conditions (as being short-lived, small, and resistant to low streamflow and desiccation). Nevertheless, such responses may be insufficient to cope with current and future environmental changes. Accurate forecasts of biotic changes and possible adaptations are difficult to obtain in med-regions mainly because of the difficulty of distinguishing disturbances due to natural variability from the effects of climate change, particularly regarding hydrology. Long-term studies are needed to disentangle such variability and improve knowledge regarding the ecological responses and the detection of early warning signals to climate change. Investments should focus on taxa beyond fish and macroinvertebrates, and in covering the less studied regions of Chile and South Africa. Scientists, policy makers and water managers must be involved in the climate change dialogue because the freshwater conservation concerns are huge.

Freshwater biodiversity and conservation in mediterranean climate streams of Chile.

In Chile, mediterranean climate conditions only occur in the Central Zone (ChMZ). Despite its small area, this mediterranean climate region (med-region) has been recognised as a hotspot for biodiversity. However, in contrast to the rivers of other med-regions, the rivers in the ChMZ have been studied infrequently, and knowledge of their freshwater biodiversity is scarce and fragmented. We gathered information on the freshwater biodiversity of ChMZ, and present a review of the current knowledge of the principal floral and faunal groups. Existing knowledge indicates that the ChMZ has high levels of endemism, with many primitive species being of Gondwanan origin. Although detailed information is available on most floral groups, most faunal groups remain poorly known. In addition, numerous rivers in the ChMZ remain completely unexplored. Taxonomic specialists are scarce, and the information available on freshwater biodiversity has resulted from studies with objectives that did not directly address biodiversity issues. Research funding in this med-region has a strong applied character and is not focused on the knowledge of natural systems and their biodiversity. Species conservation policies are urgently required in this highly diverse med-region, which is also the most severely impacted and most populated region of the country.