Ballistic Trauma in Finland : An Epidemiologic and Clinical Study of Firearm and Explosion Injuries

The occurrence and nature of civilian firearm- and explosion-injuries in Finland, and the nature of severe gunshot injuries of the extremities were described in seven original articles. The main data sources used were the National Hospital Discharge Register, the Cause-of-Death Register, and the Archive of Death Certificates at Statistics Finland. The present study was population based. Epidemiologic methods were used in six and clinical analyses in five papers. In these clinical studies, every original hospital record and death certificate was critically analyzed. The trend of hospitalized firearm injuries has slightly declined in Finland from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The occurrence decreased from 5.1 per 100 000 person-years in 1990 to 2.6 in 2003. The decline was found in the unintentional firearm injuries. A high incidence of unintentional injuries by firearms was characteristic of the country, while violence and homicides by firearms represented a minor problem. The incidence of fatal non-suicidal firearm injuries has been stable, 1.8 cases per 100 000 person-years. Suicides using firearms were eight times more common during the period studied. This is contrary to corresponding reports from many other countries. However, the use of alcohol and illegal drugs or substances was detected in as many as one-third of the injuries studied. The median length of hospitalization was three days and it was significantly associated (p<0.001) with the type of injury. The mean length of hospital stay has decreased from the 1980s to the early 2000s. In this study, there was a special interest in gunshot injuries of the extremities. From a clinical point of view, the nature of severe extremital gunshot wounds, as well as the primary operative approach in their management, varied. The patients with severe injuries of this kind were managed at university and central hospital emergency departments, by general surgeons in smaller hospitals and by cardiothoracic or vascular surgeons in larger hospitals. Injuries were rarities and as such challenges for surgeons on call. Some noteworthy aspects of the management were noticed and these should be focused on in the future. On the other hand, the small population density and the relatively large geographic area of Finland do not favor high volume, centralized trauma management systems. However, experimental war surgery has been increasingly taught in the country from the 1990s, and excellent results could be expected during the present decade. Epidemiologically, explosion injuries can be considered a minor problem in Finland at present, but their significance should not be underestimated. Fatal explosion injuries showed up sporadically. An increase occurred from 2002 to 2004 for no obvius reason. However, in view of the historical facts, a possibility for another rare major explosion involving several people might become likely within the next decade. The national control system of firearms is mainly based on the new legislations from 1998 and 2002. However, as shown in this study, there is no reason to assume that the national hospitalization policies, or the political climate, or the legislation might have changed over the study period and influenced the declining development, at least not directly. Indeed, the reason for the decline to appear in the incidence of unintentional injuries only remains unclear. It may derive from many practical steps, e.g. locked firearm cases, or from the stability of the community itself. For effective reduction of firearm-related injuries, preventive measures, such as education and counseling, should be targeted at recreational firearm users. To sum up, this study showed that the often reported increasing trend in firearm as well as explosion-related injuries has not manifested in Finland. Consequently, it can be recognized that, overall, the Finnish legislation together with the various strategies have succeeded in preventing firearm- and explosion-related injuries in the country.

Monoclinic polymorph of Boc-Trp-Ile-Ala-Aib-Ile-Val-Aib-Leu-Aib-Pro-OMe(anhydrous). Parallel packing of 3(10)-/alpha-helices and a transition of helix type

The structures of two crystal forms of Boc-Trp-Ile-Ala-Aib-Ile-Val-Aib-Leu-Aib-Pro-OMe have been determined. The triclinic form (P1, Z = 1) from DMSO/H2O crystallizes as a dihydrate (Karle, Sukumar & Balaram (1986) Proc, Natl, Acad. Sci. USA 83, 9284-9288). The monoclinic form (P2(1), Z = 2) crystallized from dioxane is anhydrous. The conformation of the peptide is essentially the same in both crystal system, but small changes in conformational angles are associated with a shift of the helix from a predominantly alpha-type to a predominantly 3(10)-type. The r.m.s. deviation of 33 atoms in the backbone and C beta positions of residues 2-8 is only 0.29 A between molecules in the two polymorphs. In both space groups, the helical molecules pack in a parallel fashion, rather than antiparallel. The only intermolecular hydrogen bonding is head-to-tail between helices. There are no lateral hydrogen bonds. In the P2(1) cell, a = 9.422(2) A, b = 36.392(11) A, c = 10.548(2) A, beta = 111.31(2) degrees and V = 3369.3 A for 2 molecules of C60H97N11O13 per cell.

A preliminary survey of dermatomycoses in Bangalore

Clinical and mycological investigations were made on 225 cases of suspected dermatomycoses. Of these, 102 were microscopically positive. But only 63 were culturally positive, and these are analysed here with regard to clinical patterns and aetiological species, age, sex and occupational incidence and susceptibility to griseofulvin in vitro. As in most other parts of India, Trichophyton rubrum was the dominant species. A high proportion of Epidermophyton floccosum was an unusual feature seen. Of the clinical types, tinea cruris was the most common. The isolates were sensitive to griseofulvin at low concentrations of 1 to 5 μg per ml of agar medium, E. floccosum being the most sensitive.

Vitamin E may affect the life expectancy of men, depending on dietary vitamin C intake and smoking

Background: Antioxidants might protect against oxidative stress, which has been suggested as a cause of aging. Methods: The ATBC Study recruited males aged 50-69 years who smoked at least 5 cigarettes per day at the baseline. The current study was restricted to participants who were followed up past the age of 65. Deaths were identified in the National Death Registry (1445 deaths). We constructed Kaplan-Meier survival curves for all participants, and for four subgroups defined by dietary vitamin C intake and level of smoking. We also constructed Cox regression models allowing a different vitamin E effect for low and high age ranges. Results: Among all 10,837 participants, vitamin E had no effect on those who were 65 to 70 years old, but reduced mortality by 24% when participants were 71 or older. Among 2284 men with dietary vitamin C intakes above the median who smoked less than a pack of cigarettes per day, vitamin E extended life-span by two years at the upper limit of the follow-up age span. In this subgroup, the survival curves of vitamin E and no-vitamin E participants diverged at 71 years. In the other three subgroups covering 80% of the participants, vitamin E did not affect mortality. Conclusions: This is the first study to strongly indicate that protection against oxidative stress can increase the life expectancy of some initially healthy population groups. Nevertheless, the lack of effect in 80% of this male cohort shows that vitamin E is no panacea for extending life expectancy.

An Accurate Model For Interference From Spatially Distributed Shadowed Users in CDMA Uplinks

A detailed characterization of interference power statistics in CDMA systems is of considerable practical and theoretical interest. Such a characterization for uplink inter-cell interference has been difficult because of transmit power control, randomness in the number of interfering mobile stations, and randomness in their locations. We develop a new method to model the uplink inter-cell interference power as a lognormal distribution, and show that it is an order of magnitude more accurate than the conventional Gaussian approximation even when the average number of mobile stations per cell is relatively large and even outperforms the moment-matched lognormal approximation considered in the literature. The proposed method determines the lognormal parameters by matching its moment generating function with a new approximation of the moment generating function for the inter-cell interference. The method is tractable and exploits the elegant spatial Poisson process theory. Using several numerical examples, the accuracy of the proposed method in modeling the probability distribution of inter-cell interference is verified for both small and large values of interference.

Conformation of a 16-residue zervamicin IIA analog peptide containing three different structural features: 310-helix, alpha helix and ß-bend ribbon

Boc-Trp-Ile-Ala-Aib-Ile-Val-Aib-Leu-Aib- Pro-Ala-Aib-Pro-Aib-Pro-Phe-OM(we here Boc is t-butoxycarbonyla nd Aib is a-aminoisobutyriac cid), a synthetica polar analog of the membrane-activefu ngal peptide antibioticz ervamtycinII A, crystallizesi n spaceg roupP 1 withZ =1 and cell parameters a = 9.086 ?0.002 A, b = 10.410 ?+ 0.002 A, c = 28.188 ? 0.004 A, a = 86.13 ? 0.01?, 13 = 87.90 ? 0.01?, and y = 89.27 ? 0.01?;o veralla greementf actorR = 7.3% for 7180 data (Fo > 3cr) and 0.91-A resolution. The peptide backbone makes a continuous spiral that begins as a 310-helix at the N-terminus, changes to an a-helix for two turns, and ends in a spiral of three fl-bends in a ribbon. Each of the fl-bends contains a proline residue at one of the corners. The torsion angles 4i range from -51? to -91? (average value -64o), and the torsion angles ai range from -1? to -46? (average value -31?). There are 10 intramolecularN H...OCh ydrogenb onds in the helix and two directh ead-to-taihl ydrogenb ondsb etween successive molecules. Two H20 and two CH30H solvent molecules fill additional space with appropriate hydrogen bonding in the head-to-tail region, and two additional H20 molecules form hydrogen bonds with carbonyl oxygens near the curve in the helix at Pro-10. Since there is only one peptide molecule per cell in space group P1, the molecules repeat only by translation, and consequently the helices pack parallel to each other.

Costs and Benefits of a Shared Digital Long-Term Preservation System

This paper describes the cost-benefit analysis of digital long-term preservation (LTP) that was carried out in the context of the Finnish National Digital Library Project (NDL) in 2010. The analysis was based on the assumption that as many as 200 archives, libraries, and museums will share an LTP system. The term ‘system’ shall be understood as encompassing not only information technology, but also human resources, organizational structures, policies and funding mechanisms. The cost analysis shows that an LTP system will incur, over the first 12 years, cumulative costs of €42 million, i.e. an average of €3.5 million per annum. Human resources and investments in information technology are the major cost factors. After the initial stages, the analysis predicts annual costs of circa €4 million. The analysis compared scenarios with and without a shared LTP system. The results indicate that a shared system will have remarkable benefits. At the development and implementation stages, a shared system shows an advantage of €30 million against the alternative scenario consisting of five independent LTP solutions. During the later stages, the advantage is estimated at €10 million per annum. The cumulative cost benefit over the first 12 years would amount to circa €100 million.

Sensitivity of terrestrial water and energy budgets to CO(2)-physiological forcing: an investigation using an offline land model

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) influence climate by suppressing canopy transpiration in addition to its well- known greenhouse gas effect. The decrease in plant transpiration is due to changes in plant physiology (reduced opening of plant stomata). Here, we quantify such changes in water flux for various levels of CO(2) concentrations using the National Center for Atmospheric Research's (NCAR) Community Land Model. We find that photosynthesis saturates after 800 ppmv (parts per million, by volume) in this model. However, unlike photosynthesis, canopy transpiration continues to decline at about 5.1% per 100 ppmv increase in CO(2) levels. We also find that the associated reduction in latent heat flux is primarily compensated by increased sensible heat flux. The continued decline in canopy transpiration and subsequent increase in sensible heat flux at elevated CO(2) levels implies that incremental warming associated with the physiological effect of CO(2) will not abate at higher CO(2) concentrations, indicating important consequences for the global water and carbon cycles from anthropogenic CO(2) emissions.

Osteoprotective effect of propranolol in ovariectomized rats: a comparison with zoledronic acid and alfacalcidol

Currently beta-adrenergic receptor blockers are considered to be potential drugs under investigation for preventive or therapeutic effect in osteoporosis. However, there is no published data showing the comparative study of beta-blockers with well accepted agents for the treatment of osteoporosis. To address this question, we compared the effects of propranolol with well accepted treatments like zoledronic acid and alfacalcidol in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Five days after ovariectomy, 36 ovariectomized (OVX) rats were divided into 6 equal groups, randomized to treatments zoledronic acid (100 mu g/kg, intravenous single dose); alfacalcidol (0.5 mu g/kg, oral gauge daily); propranolol (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneously 5 days per week) for 12 weeks. Untreated OVX and sham OVX were used as controls. At the end of treatment serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase were assayed. Femurs were removed and tested for bone density, bone porosity, bone mechanical properties and trabecular micro-architecture. Propranolol showed a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase levels and bone porosity in comparison to OVX control. Moreover, propranolol significantly improved bone density, bone mechanical properties and inhibited the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture when compared with OVX control. The osteoprotective effect of propranolol was comparable with zoledronic acid and alfacalcidol. Based on this comparative study, the results strongly suggest that propranolol can be a candidate therapeutic drug for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Comparative Evaluation of Zoledronic Acid, Alfacalcidol and Propranolol in Pharmacological Correction of Experimental Osteoporosis

Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, is presently considered to be a potential therapeutic intervention under investigation for its role in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, no studies have compared the osteoprotective properties of propranolol with well accepted therapeu-tic interventions for the treatment of osteoporosis. To address this question, this study was designed to evaluate the bone protective effects of zoledronic acid, alfacalcidol and propranolol in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Five days after ovariectomy, 36 ovariectomized (OVX) rats were divided in- to 6 equal groups, randomized to treatments zoledronic acid (100 μg/kg, intravenous single dose); alfacal-cidol (0.5 μg/kg, oral gauge daily); propranolol (0.1mg/kg, subcutaneously 5 days per week) for 12 weeks. Untreated OVX and sham OVX were used as controls. At the end of the study, rats were killed under anesthesia. For bone porosity evaluation, whole fourth lumbar vertebrae (LV4) were removed. LV4 were also used to measure bone mechanical propeties. Left femurs were used for bone histology. Propranolol showed a significant decrease in bone porosity in comparison to OVX control. Moreover, propranolol sig- nificantly improved bone mechanical properties and bone quality when compared with OVX control. The osteoprotective effect of propranolol was comparable with zoledronic acid and alfacalcidol. Based on this comparative study, the results strongly suggest that propranolol might be new therapeutic intervention for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis in humans.

Stable isotope evidence for ca. 2.7-Ga-old Archean cap carbonates from the Dharwar Supergroup, southern India

Carbon isotope compositions of carbonate rocks from similar to 2.7-Ga-old Neoarchean Vanivilas Formation of the Dharwar Supergroup presented earlier by us are re-evaluated in this study, besides oxygen isotope compositions of a few silica dolomite pairs. The purpose of such a revisit assumes significance in view of recent field evidences that suggest a glaciomarine origin for the matrix-supported conglomerate member, the Talya conglomerate, which underlies the carbonate rocks of the Vanivilas Formation. An in-depth analysis of carbon isotope data reveals preservation of their pristine character despite the rocks having been subjected to metamorphism to different degrees (from lower greenschist to lower amphibolite facies). The dolomitic member of Vanivilas Formation of Marikanive area is characterized by highly depleted delta C-13 value (up to -5 parts per thousand VPDB) and merits as the Indian example of ca. 2.7-Ga-old cap carbonate. This inference is further supported by estimated low temperature of equilibration documented by a few silica dolomite pairs from the Vanivilas Formation collected near Kalche area. These pairs show evidence for oxygen isotopic equilibrium at low temperatures (similar to 0-20 degrees C) with depleted water (delta O-18 = -21 parts per thousand to -15 parts per thousand VSMOW) of glacial origin. We propose that the mineral pairs were deposited during the deglaciation period when the ocean temperature was in its gradual restoration phase. The dolomite of Marikanive area is the first record of cap carbonates from the Indian subcontinent with Neoarchean antiquity.

Effect of combined treatment with zoledronic acid and propranolol on mechanical strength in an rat model of disuse osteoporosis

Objectives: A model that uses right hind-limb unloading of rats is used to study the consequences of skeletal unloading during various conditions like space flights and prolonged bed rest in elderly. This study was aimed to investigate the additive effects of antiresorptive agent zoledronic acid (ZOL), alone and in combination with propranolol (PRO) in a rat model of disuse osteoporosis. Methods: In the present study, 3-month-old male Wistar rats had their right hind-limb immobilized (RHLI) for 10 weeks to induce osteopenia, then were randomized into four groups: 1-RHLI positive control, 2-RHLI plus ZOL (50 mu g/kg, i.v. single dose), 3-RHLI plus PRO (0.1 mg/kg, s.c. 5 days per week), 4-RHLI plus PRO (0.1 mg/kg, s.c. 5 days per week) plus ZOL (50 mu g/kg, i.v. single dose) for another 10 weeks. One group of non-immobilized rats was used as negative control. At the end of treatment, the femurs were removed and tested for bone porosity, bone mechanical properties, and bone dry and ash weight. Results: With respect to improvement in the mechanical strength of the femoral mid-shaft, the combination treatment with ZOL plus PRO was more effective than ZOL or PRO monotherapy. Moreover, combination therapy using ZOL plus PRO was more effective in improving dry bone weight and preserved the cortical bone porosity better than monotherapy using ZOL or PRO in right hind-limb immobilized rats. Conclusions: These data suggest that this combined treatment with ZOL plus PRO should be recommended for the treatment of disuse osteoporosis. (C) 2014 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Measuring Binding Kinetics Of Surface-Bound Molecules Using The Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology and the Biacore biosensor have been widely used to measure the kinetics of biomolecular interactions in the fluid phase. In the past decade, the assay was further extended to measure reaction kinetics when two counterpart molecules are anchored on apposed surfaces. However, the cell binding kinetics has not been well quantified. Here we report development of a cellular kinetic model, combined with experimental procedures for cell binding kinetic measurements, to predict kinetic rates per cell. Human red blood cells coated with bovine serum albumin and anti-BSA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) immobilized on the chip were used to conduct the measurements. Sensor-grams for BSA-coated RBC binding onto and debinding from the anti-BSA mAb-immobilized chip were obtained using a commercial Biacore 3000 biosensor, and analyzed with the cellular kinetic model developed. Not only did the model fit the data well, but it also predicted cellular on and off-rates as well as binding affinities from curve fitting. The dependence of flow duration, flow rate, and site density of BSA on binding kinetics was tested systematically, which further validated the feasibility and reliability of the new approach. Crown copyright (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

U.S. Caribbean fish trap fishery costs and earnings study

Executive Summary: This study describes the socio-economic characteristics of the U.S. Caribbean trap fishery that encompasses the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In-person interviews were administered to one hundred randomly selected trap fishermen, constituting nearly 25% of the estimated population. The sample was stratified by geographic area and trap tier. The number of traps owned or fished to qualify for a given tier varied by island. In Puerto Rico, tier I consisted of fishermen who had between 1-40 fish traps, tier II was made up of fishermen who possessed between 41 and 100 fish traps, and tier III consisted of fishermen who held in excess of 100 fish traps. In St. Thomas and St. John, tier I was composed of fishermen who held between 1 and 50 fish traps, tier II consisted of fishermen who had between 51-150 fish traps and tier III was made up of fishermen who had in excess of 150 fish traps. Lastly, in St. Croix, tier I was made up of fishermen who had less than 20 fish traps and tier II consisted of fishermen who had 20 or more fish traps. The survey elicited information on household demographics, annual catch and revenue, trap usage, capital investment on vessels and equipment, fixed and variable costs, behavioral response to a hypothetical trap reduction program and the spatial distribution of traps. The study found that 79% of the sampled population was 40 years or older. The typical Crucian trap fisherman was older than their Puerto Rican and St. Thomian and St. Johnian counterparts. Crucian fishermen’s average age was 57 years whereas Puerto Rican fishermen’s average age was 51 years, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen’s average age was 48 years. As a group, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 25 years of fishing experience, and Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen had 30, and 29 years, respectively. Overall, 90% of the households had at least one dependent. The average number of dependents across islands was even, ranging between 2.8 in the district of St. Thomas and St. John and 3.4 in the district of St. Croix. The percentage utilization of catch for personal or family use was relatively low. Regionally, percentage use of catch for personal or family uses ranged from 2.5% in St. Croix to 3.8% in the St. Thomas and St. John. About 47% of the respondents had a high school degree. The majority of the respondents were highly dependent on commercial fishing for their household income. In St. Croix, commercial fishing made up 83% of the fishermen’s total household income, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John and Puerto Rico it contributed 74% and 68%, respectively. The contribution of fish traps to commercial fishing income ranged from 51% in the lowest trap tier in St. Thomas and St. John to 99% in the highest trap tier in St. Croix. On an island basis, the contribution of fish traps to fishing income was 75% in St. Croix, 61% in St. Thomas and St. John, and 59% in Puerto Rico. The value of fully rigged vessels ranged from $400 to $250,000. Over half of the fleet was worth $10,000 or less. The St. Thomas and St. John fleet reported the highest mean value, averaging $58,518. The Crucian and Puerto Rican fleets were considerably less valuable, averaging $19,831 and $8,652, respectively. The length of the vessels ranged from 14 to 40 feet. Fifty-nine percent of the sampled vessels were at least 23 feet in length. The average length of the St. Thomas and St. John fleet was 28 feet, whereas the fleets based in St. Croix and Puerto Rico averaged 21 feet. The engine’s propulsion ranged from 8 to 400 horsepower (hp). The mean engine power was 208 hp in St. Thomas and St. John, 108 hp in St. Croix, and 77 hp in Puerto Rico. Mechanical trap haulers and depth recorders were the most commonly used on-board equipment. About 55% of the sampled population reported owning mechanical trap haulers. In St. Thomas and St. John, 100% of the respondents had trap haulers compared to 52% in Puerto Rico and 20% in St. Croix. Forty-seven percent of the fishermen surveyed stated having depth recorders. Depth recorders were most common in the St. Thomas and St. John fleet (80%) and least common in the Puerto Rican fleet (37%). The limited presence of emergency position indication radio beacons (EPIRBS) and radar was the norm among the fish trap fleet. Only 8% of the respondents had EPIRBS and only 1% had radar. Interviewees stated that they fished between 1 and 350 fish traps. Puerto Rican respondents fished on average 39 fish traps, in contrast to St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian respondents, who fished 94 and 27 fish traps, respectively. On average, Puerto Rican respondents fished 11 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian respondents fished 46 lobster traps. None of the Crucian respondents fished lobster traps. The number of fish traps built or purchased ranged between 0 and 175, and the number of lobster traps built or bought ranged between 0 and 200. Puerto Rican fishermen on average built or purchased 30 fish traps and 14 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen built or bought 30 fish traps and 11 lobster traps. Crucian fishermen built or bought 25 fish traps and no lobster traps. As a group, fish trap average life ranged between 1.3 and 5 years, and lobster traps lasted slightly longer, between 1.5 and 6 years. The study found that the chevron or arrowhead style was the most common trap design. Puerto Rican fishermen owned an average of 20 arrowhead traps. St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian fishermen owned an average of 44 and 15 arrowhead fish traps, respectively. The second most popular trap design was the square trap style. Puerto Rican fishermen had an average of 9 square traps, whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 33 traps and Crucian fishermen had 2 traps. Antillean Z (or S) -traps, rectangular and star traps were also used. Although Z (or S) -traps are considered the most productive trap design, fishermen prefer the smaller-sized arrowhead and square traps because they are easier and less expensive to build, and larger numbers of them can be safely deployed. The cost of a fish trap, complete with rope and buoys, varied significantly due to the wide range of construction materials utilized. On average, arrowhead traps commanded $94 in Puerto Rico, $251 in St. Thomas and St. John, and $119 in St. Croix. The number of trips per week ranged between 1 and 6. However, 72% of the respondents mentioned that they took two trips per week. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen took 2.1 trips per week, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen took 1.4 trips per week, and Crucian fishermen took 2.5 trips per week. Most fishing trips started at dawn and finished early in the afternoon. Over 82% of the trips lasted 8 hours or less. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen hauled 27 fish traps per trip whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen and Crucian fishermen hauled 68 and 26 fish traps per trip, respectively. The number of traps per string and soak time varied considerably across islands. In St. Croix, 84% of the respondents had a single trap per line, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John only 10% of the respondents had a single trap per line. Approximately, 43% of Puerto Rican fishermen used a single trap line. St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen soaked their traps for 6.9 days while Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen soaked their traps for 5.7 and 3.6 days, respectively. The heterogeneity of the industry was also evidenced by the various economic surpluses generated. The survey illustrated that higher gross revenues did not necessarily translate into higher net revenues. Our analysis also showed that, on average, vessels in the trap fishery were able to cover their cash outlays, resulting in positive vessel income (i.e., financial profits). In Puerto Rico, annual financial profits ranged from $4,760 in the lowest trap tier to $32,467 in the highest tier, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John annual financial profits ranged from $3,744 in the lowest tier to $13,652 in the highest tier. In St. Croix, annual financial profits ranged between $9,229 and $15,781. The survey also showed that economic profits varied significantly across tiers. Economic profits measure residual income after deducting the remuneration required to keep the various factors of production in their existing employment. In Puerto Rico, annual economic profits ranged from ($9,339) in the lowest trap tier to $ 8,711 in the highest trap tier. In St. Thomas and St. John, annual economic profits ranged from ($7,920) in the highest tier to ($18,486) in the second highest tier. In St. Croix, annual economic profits ranged between ($7,453) to $10,674. The presence of positive financial profits and negative economic profits suggests that higher economic returns could be earned from a societal perspective by redirecting some of these scarce capital and human resources elsewhere in the economy. Furthermore, the presence of negative economic earnings is evidence that the fishery is overcapitalized and that steps need to be taken to ensure the long-run economic viability of the industry. The presence of positive financial returns provides managers with a window of opportunity to adopt policies that will strengthen the biological and economic performance of the fishery while minimizing any adverse impacts on local fishing communities. Finally, the document concludes by detailing how the costs and earnings information could be used to develop economic models that evaluate management proposals. (PDF contains 147 pages)

The Japanese longline fishery for tunas and billfishes in the Eastern Pacific Ocean east of 130°W, 1964-1966

ENGLISH: Catch and effort statistics from the Japanese longline fishery operating in the eastern Pacific Ocean east of 130°W, from 1964 through 1966, were examined to study the geographic distribution, trends in apparent abundance, sexual maturity, and size composition of the tunas and billfishes. Yellowfin and bigeye tuna are generally most abundant in the equatorial regions of the high seas between about 10°N and 20°S, but west of 95°W. The marlins are more coastal in distribution, usually occurring to the east, and to the north and south of the heavy concentration of tropical tunas. Sailfish tend to be associated with coastal areas also, whereas shortbill spearfish are more frequently captured on the high seas. Swordfish are found most abundantly in the coastal regions off northern Mexico, and off northern Peru and southern Ecuador. The albacore, a temperate-water species of tuna, is most abundant in the high-seas area of the southeastern Pacific, Trends in apparent abundance were measured by the hook-rate (i.e. catch per 100 hooks). Hook-rates for bigeye tuna have decreased from about 3.5 fish per 100 hooks in 1958 to about 1.1 fish per 100 hooks in 1966. During the same period, effort was increased substantially and total catch has decreased since 1963. It does not appear that increased effort will result in sustained increased catches of bigeye. Hook-rates for yellowfin tuna in recent years have decreased to about one third of their initial levels. The surface fishery for yellowfin in the eastern Pacific apparently affects recruitment to the longline fishery. Assuming that present conditions in the surface fishery do not change appreciably, increased effort in the longline fishery probably would not produce sustained increased catches, but might in fact result in reduced catch rates. Unlike the situation for the other tunas of the eastern Pacific, it appears that the albacore fishery east of 130°W is not having a marked effect on their abundance. Although a high degree of variability was observed in the hookrates for striped marlin, no obvious trends are evident. Catches have decreased slightly from 13,500 tons in 1964 to about 11,000 tons in 1966. Heavy fishing for sailfish began in 1964 with a hook-rate of 10.6 fish per 100 hooks; by 1966 it had dropped to 5.8. Catches of this species in the area of major concentration dropped from 329,900 fish in 1965 to 173,600 fish in 1966. This fishery has operated for too short a period of time to enable one to determine its effect on the sustainable yield. Length-frequency measurements and gonad samples from yellowfin and bigeye tunas collected in the eastern Pacific were analyzed to determine sexual maturity and growth characteristics. The results corroborate the findings of earlier investigators. SPANISH: Las estadísticas de captura y del esfuerzo de la pesca japonesa con palangre que maniobra en el Océano Pacífico oriental al este de los 130°W, desde 1964 hasta 1966, fueron examinadas para estudiar la distribución geográfica, las tendencias de la abundancia aparente, la madurez sexual y la composición de talla de los atunes y de los peces espada. Los atunes aleta amarilla y ojo grande son generalmente más abundantes en las regiones ecuatoriales de alta entre unos 10°N y 20°S, pero al oeste de los 95°W. Los marlines son costaneros en distribución, apareciendo habitualmente hacia el y hacia el norte y sur de la densa concentración de atunes tropicales. pez vela tiende a asociarse también con las áreas costaneras, mientras el pez aguja corta es capturado con más frecuencia en alta mar. Los peces espada se encuentran más abundantemente en las regiones costaneras de México septentrional y frente al norte del Perú y del Ecuador meridional. La albacora, una especie de atún de aguas templadas, es más abundante en el área de alta mar del Pacífico sudoriental. Las tendencias en la abundancia aparente fueron evaluadas por la tasa de captura por anzuelo (i.e., captura por 100 anzuelos). Las tasas de captura por anzuelo del atún ojo grande, disminuyeron en 1958, de unos 3.5 peces por 100 anzuelos a cerca de 1.1 pez por 100 anzuelos en 1966. Durante el mismo período, el esfuerzo fue aumentado substancialmente y, desde 1963, la captura total disminuyó. No parece que el aumento del esfuerzo resultara en un aumento sostenido de las capturas del atún ojo grande. Las tasas de captura por anzuelo de atún aleta amarilla han disminuido en un tercio de los niveles iniciales, en años recientes. La pesca de superficie de esta especie en el Pacífico oriental afectó aparentemente el reclutamiento en la pesca con palangre. Suponiendo que las condiciones actuales de la pesquería no cambien apreciablemente, un aumento del esfuerzo en la pesquería palangrera probablemente no produciría un aumento sostenido de las capturas, pero en realidad podría resultar en tasas de captura reducidas. A diferencia de la situación de otros túnidos del Pacífico oriental, parece que la pesca de la albacora al este de los 130°W no ha tenido un efecto marcado en su abundancia. Aunque se observó un alto grado de variabilidad en las tasas de captura por anzuelo correspondientes al marlin rayado, no fueron evidentes tendencias obvias. Las capturas han mermado ligeramente de 13,500 toneladas en 1964 a unas 11,000 toneladas en 1966. La fuerte pesca por peces vela empezó en 1964 con una tasa por anzuelo de 10.6 peces por 100 anzuelos; en 1966 había mermado a 5.8. Las capturas de esta especie en el área de mayor concentración disminuyeron de 329,000 peces en 1965, a 173,600 peces en 1966. Esta pesquería ha maniobrado por un período demasiado corto de tiempo para que pueda determinarse su efecto en el rendimiento sostenible. Las mediciones frecuencia-longitud, y las muestras de las gónadas de los atunes aleta amarilla y ojo grande, obtenidas en el Pacífico oriental, fueron analizadas para determinar la madurez sexual y las características del crecimiento. Los resultados corroboraron los hallazgos anteriores de investigadores. (PDF contains 144 pages.)