Leitungsgewalt und Kollegialität. Vom benediktinischen Beratungsrecht zum Konstitutionalismus deutscher Domkapitel und des Kardinalkollegs (ca. 500-1500).

Die kirchliche Verfassungsgeschichte des Mittelalters war von einer analogen Entwicklung scheinbar konträrer monarchischer und kollegialer Prinzipien geprägt. Dem Leitungsanspruch von Äbten, Bischöfen und Päpsten standen Beratungsrechte und Mitbestimmungsanliegen ihrer Mönche, Domkapitulare und Kardinäle gegenüber. Die Abhandlung zeigt auf, wie sich letztere im Verlauf der mittelalterlichen Geschichte als mehr oder weniger unabhängige Wahl- und Ratskollegien formierten und um eine Transformation eher unverbindlicher Beratungsfunktionen zu quasi parlamentarischen Rechten bemühten. Einschlägige verfassungsgeschichtliche Dokumente von der Benediktsregel aus dem 6. Jahrhundert bis hin zu bischöflichen und päpstlichen Wahlkapitulationen aus dem 15. Jahrhundert werden hinsichtlich ihrer kulturgeschichtlichen Zusammenhänge und Wirkungen analysiert.

Evaluación productiva de pollos de engorde, línea Cobb 500, bajo dos sistemas de manejo, en la Finca Santa Rosa- departamento de Managua

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca Santa Rosa de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), con la finalidad de evaluar la productividad de pollos de engorde línea Cobb 500 , bajo dos sistemas de manejo (estabulados y con acceso a pastoreo) . Para dicho estudio se utilizaron 150 pollos de engorde en total , con un peso inicial promedio de 46 gramos, los cuales fueron d istribuidos mediante un Diseño C ompleta mente al A zar (DCA), en dos tratamientos. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1 pollos estabulados alimentados con concentrado comercial, T2 pollos alimentados con concentrado comercial pero con acceso al pastoreo (8 horas/día) . Las variables evaluadas fueron: ganancia media diaria (GMD), peso promedio semanal (PPS), índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA), índice de eficiencia (I E), peso de la canal (PC), e índice de mortalidad (IM). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un DCA y prueba de separación de medias por el método de Tukey, mediante el paquete estadístico Infostat . No se encontraron diferencias significativas (p>0.05) para C onsumo de alimento , GMD, ICA, RC y IE; Existiendo diferencias significativas (p > 0.05) para PPS , donde el T1 (2796 g) s uperó al T2 (2574 g) y para PC el T1 (2059.86 g) superó al T2 (1855.78 g). En conclusión podemos afirmar que los pollos de engorde bajo un manejo con acceso a pastoreo, son productivamente más eficientes que los pollos estabulados.

Efeito dos dias da semana na volatilidade do índice S&P 500: Um estudo empírico

Mestrado em Contabilidade e Análise Financeira,

Digital revision of USGS 1:500,000-scale New Jersey state base map /

Shows stages and operations undertaken in revising the New Jersey state base map.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo para enterocolitis necrosante en recién nacidos de 1,000 a 1,500 g en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales del Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González desde el 1 de agosto del 2005 hasta el 31 de julio del 2006

Antecedentes: la enterocolitis necrosante es la enfermedad gastrointestinal médica y quirúrgica más frecuente de la etapa neonatal. Objetivo: conocer su prevalencia y sus factores de riesgo en recién nacidos de 1,000 a 1,500 g en la unidad de cuidados intensivos eonatales del Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se recopilaron los datos de los expedientes clínicos de los pacientes nacidos en el Hospital Universitario durante el periodo del 1 de agosto del 2005 al 31 de julio del 2006 con peso de 1,000 a 1,500 g. Se excluyeron pacientes que nacieron en otro hospital o que tuvieran malformaciones congénitas. Se analizaron los datos mediante las pruebas de la χ2, la t de Student y razón de momios. Resutados: de los 55 pacientes que reunieron los criterios de inclusión, 18% tuvieron enterocolitis necrosante grado II o mayor. Se encontraron como factores de riesgo con significación estadística al Apgar de 0 a 6 al primer minuto, uso de presión positiva continua nasal, uso de aminofi lina y sepsis tardía (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: su prevalencia es mayor en el hospital en donde se efectuó el presente estudio que la reportada en países desarrollados o en hospitales privados de países en vías de desarrollo, pero con menor mortalidad. Los factores de riesgo con significación estadística fueron los relacionados con episodios de isquemia, reperfusión e infección.

500 años del nacimiento de San Ignacio : prelación : el oprimido, el pobre y los derechos humanos

Fondo Margaritainés Restrepo

The relationship between start performance and race outcome in elite 500-m short-track speed skating

Initial short-track speed-skating 14-m start performance has substantial influence on 500-m race outcome at the international level, yet the relationship has not been systematically quantified. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between rank position entering first corner (RPEFC) and race outcome and to understand how this relationship changes with competition round and absolute race intensity. Data were compiled from 2011-2014 World Cup seasons and 2010 and 2014 Olympic Winter Games. Association between RPEFC and race outcome was determined through Kendall tau-rank correlations. A visual comparison was made of how the relationship changes with relative competition level (race tau correlations were sorted by competition round) and with race intensity (race tau correlations were sorted by within-event winning time). A very large relationship between RPEFC and race outcome was observed (correlations for cohort, τ = .60; men, τ = .53; women, τ= .67). When examined by competition round (quarter- to A-finals), no substantial change in relationship was observed (men, τ= .57-.46; women, τ= .73-.53). However, when the start-performance relationship was considered by within-event winning time, the relationship strength increased with decreasing time (men, τ = .61 to .46; women, τ = .76 to .57; fastest to 7th- and 8th-fastest combined, respectively). These results establish and quantify RPEFC as an important aspect of elite short-track 500-m race outcome. RPEFC as an indicator of race outcome becomes increasingly important with absolute race intensity, suggesting that RPEFC capability is a discriminating factor for competitors of similar top speed and speed endurance.

Net Present Value Table – 2% per annum Weeks 101 through 500 Effective June 27, 2014

This table gives the net present value at 2 per cent for weeks 101 through 500.

A B C ou aleph ba’a ta’a : représentations du système d’écriture de l’enfant libanais

Cette recherche vise à décrire les liens entre les représentations des enfants dans deux systèmes d’écriture: alphabétique et consonantique. Cette étude transversale est déployée auprès de 60 enfants libanais âgés entre 4 et 6 ans. Les écritures des enfants autour de huit mots sont récoltées en français et en arabe. Les résultats ne montrent aucune différence significative entre les deux systèmes d’écriture aux âges de 4 et 5 ans. C’est à l’âge de 6 ans que des différences significatives se présentent entre les deux langues. Les résultats montrent une différence significative des écritures en fonction de l’âge. Ces résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse développementale d’une structuration unique inductive quant aux codes alphabétique français et consonantique arabe. Cette structuration se distingue pour chacune des langues lors de l’entrée formelle dans l’écrit. Descripteurs: 1- émergence, 2- littératie, 3- écriture provisoire, 4- français, 5- arabe

Los indígenas y la conservación de la Biodiversidad: 500 años de Resistencia

IntroducciónEn la actualidad, los indígenas costarricenses representan un 1% del total de la población de nuestro país. Sin embargo, este pequeño, pero importante sector de nuestra nación, ha podido conservar para sí, para los costarricenses y la humanidad, una parte importante del territorio deonde se resguarda nuestro patrimonio natural. Cerca del 85% de los indígenas vivien a ambos lados de la cordillera de Talamanca, asiento histórico de las dos etnias numéricamente más importantes de los indígenas costarricenses contemporáneos: los bribris y los cabécares. Aproximadamente el 75% del territorio es bosque natural y un 15% se encuentra en el presente literalmente alterado...

Synthesis and characterization of K2Ca5(SO4)6· H2O, the equivalent of görgeyite, a rare evaporite mineral

Görgeyite, K2Ca5(SO4)6··H2O, is a very rare monoclinic double salt found in evaporites related to the slightly more common mineral syngenite. At 1 atmosphere with increasing external temperature from 25 to 150 °C, the following succession of minerals was formed: first gypsum and K2O, followed at 100 °C by görgeyite. Changes in concentration at 150 °C due to evaporation resulted in the formation of syngenite and finally arcanite. Under hydrothermal conditions, the succession is syngenite at 50 °C, followed by görgyeite at 100 and 150 °C. Increasing the synthesis time at 100 °C and 1 atmosphere showed that initially gypsum was formed, later being replaced by görgeyite. Finally görgeyite was replaced by syngenite, indicating that görgeyite is a metastable phase under these conditions. Under hydrothermal conditions, syngenite plus a small amount of gypsum was formed, after two days being replaced by görgeyite. No further changes were observed with increasing time. Pure görgeyite showed elongated crystals approximately 500 to 1000 µ m in length. The infrared and Raman spectra are mainly showing the vibrational modes of the sulfate groups and the crystal water (structural water). Water is characterized by OH-stretching modes at 3526 and 3577 cm–1 , OH-bending modes at 1615 and 1647 cm–1 , and an OH-libration mode at 876 cm–1 . The sulfate 1 mode is weak in the infrared but showed strong bands at 1005 and 1013 cm–1 in the Raman spectrum. The 2 mode also showed strong bands in the Raman spectrum at 433, 440, 457, and 480 cm–1 . The 3 mode is characterized by a complex set of bands in both infrared and Raman spectra around 1150 cm–1 , whereas 4 is found at 650 cm–1.

Vibrational spectroscopy of phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine in sandwich-type (na)phthalocyaninato and porphyrinato rare earth complexes : (Part 10) The infrared and Raman characteristics of phthalocyanine in heteroleptic bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth complexes with decreased molecular symmetry

The infrared (IR) spectroscopic data for a series of eleven heteroleptic bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth complexes MIII(Pc)[Pc(α-OC5H11)4] (M = Sm–Lu, Y) [H2Pc = unsubstituted phthalocyanine, H2Pc(α-OC5H11)4 = 1,8,15,22-tetrakis(3-pentyloxy)phthalocyanine] have been collected with 2 cm−1 resolution. Raman spectroscopic properties in the range of 500–1800 cm−1 for these double-decker molecules have also been comparatively studied using laser excitation sources emitting at 632.8 and 785 nm. Both the IR and Raman spectra for M(Pc)[Pc(α-OC5H11)4] are more complicated than those of homoleptic bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth analogues due to the decreased molecular symmetry of these double-decker compounds, namely C4. For this series, the IR Pc√− marker band appears as an intense absorption at 1309–1317 cm−1, attributed to the pyrrole stretching. With laser excitation at 632.8 nm, Raman vibrations derived from isoindole ring and aza stretchings in the range of 1300–1600 cm−1 are selectively intensified. In contrast, when excited with laser radiation of 785 nm, the ring radial vibrations of isoindole moieties and dihedral plane deformations between 500 and 1000 cm−1 for M(Pc)[Pc(α-OC5H11)4] intensify to become the strongest scatterings. Both techniques reveal that the frequencies of pyrrole stretching, isoindole breathing, isoindole stretchings, aza stretchings and coupling of pyrrole and aza stretchings depend on the rare earth ionic size, shifting to higher energy along with the lanthanide contraction due to the increased ring-ring interaction across the series. The assignments of the vibrational bands for these compounds have been made and discussed in relation to other unsubstituted and substituted bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth analogues, such as M(Pc)2 and M(OOPc)2 [H2OOPc = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(octyloxy)phthalocyanine].

Passive solar systems for heating, daylighting and ventilation for rooms without an equator-facing facade

Spaces without northerly orientations have an impact on the ‘energy behaviour’ of a building. This paper outlines possible energy savings and better performance achieved by different zenithal solar passive strategies (skylights, roof monitors and clerestory roof windows) and element arrangements across the roof in zones of cold to temperate climates typical of the central and central-southern Argentina. Analyses were undertaken considering daylighting, thermal and ventilation performances of the different strategies. The results indicate that heating,ventilation and lighting loads in spaces without an equator-facing facade can be significantly reduced by implementing solar passive strategies. In the thermal aspect, the solar saving fraction reached for the different strategies were averaged 43.16% for clerestories, 41.4% for roof monitors and 38.86% for skylights for a glass area of 9% to the floor area. The results also indicate average illuminance levels above 500 lux for the different clerestory and monitor arrangements, uniformity ratios of 0.66–0.82 for the most distributed arrangements and day-lighting factors between 11.78 and 20.30% for clear sky conditions, depending on the strategy. In addition, minimum air changes rates of 4 were reached for the most extreme conditions.

Error, Bias, and Long-Branch Attraction in Data for Two Chloroplast Photosystem Genes in Seed Plants

Sequences of two chloroplast photosystem genes, psaA and psbB, together comprising about 3,500 bp, were obtained for all five major groups of extant seed plants and several outgroups among other vascular plants. Strongly supported, but significantly conflicting, phylogenetic signals were obtained in parsimony analyses from partitions of the data into first and second codon positions versus third positions. In the former, both genes agreed on a monophyletic gymnosperms, with Gnetales closely related to certain conifers. In the latter, Gnetales are inferred to be the sister group of all other seed plants, with gymnosperms paraphyletic. None of the data supported the modern ‘‘anthophyte hypothesis,’’ which places Gnetales as the sister group of flowering plants. A series of simulation studies were undertaken to examine the error rate for parsimony inference. Three kinds of errors were examined: random error, systematic bias (both properties of finite data sets), and statistical inconsistency owing to long-branch attraction (an asymptotic property). Parsimony reconstructions were extremely biased for third-position data for psbB. Regardless of the true underlying tree, a tree in which Gnetales are sister to all other seed plants was likely to be reconstructed for these data. None of the combinations of genes or partitions permits the anthophyte tree to be reconstructed with high probability. Simulations of progressively larger data sets indicate the existence of long-branch attraction (statistical inconsistency) for third-position psbB data if either the anthophyte tree or the gymnosperm tree is correct. This is also true for the anthophyte tree using either psaA third positions or psbB first and second positions. A factor contributing to bias and inconsistency is extremely short branches at the base of the seed plant radiation, coupled with extremely high rates in Gnetales and nonseed plant outgroups. M. J. Sanderson,* M. F. Wojciechowski,*† J.-M. Hu,* T. Sher Khan,* and S. G. Brady