Le Constitutionnel : journal politique et littéraire

1816/12/02 (Numéro 337).

Construção artesanal de um eletrodo íon seletivo a chumbo(II): uma alternativa para disciplinas experimentais

This works proposes a homemade construction of a lead(II) ISE of solid membrane (Ag2S/PbS) to determine Pb2+ ions in potentiometric titrations, using damaged combined glass electrodes. This electrode can be constructed in teaching laboratories, using it as a learning tool related to the theoretical principle of ISE. The analytical curve obtained (y = 27.056x + 337.58; R = 0.996) was linear on the range of 1 x 10-5 to 1 mol L-1 and has presented a very close behavior of the Nernstian. The homemade ISE has presented a similar selectivity to the commercial electrodes, showing to be a good alternative to the experimental activities on teaching laboratories.

Commentariolus in Urbani Hiärnes Pharmacopoeam portatilem minorem

Invocatio: D.D.

En visa till Karin när hon dansat

Soitinnus: lauluääni, piano.

Danos na produção da abobrinha de moita causados pelo Papaya ringspot virus type W e Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar, em condições de casa de vegetação e de campo, os danos causados pelo PRSV-W e ZYMV em abobrinha-de-moita (Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta). As plantas em casa de vegetação foram inoculadas com os vírus individualmente e em mistura aos 12 e 22 dias após emergência (DAE) e aos 5, 15 e 25 DAE no campo. Em casa de vegetação, as infecções com PRSV-W + ZYMV, PRSV-W e ZYMV, na primeira época de inoculação, ocasionaram reduções de área foliar de 39,6%, 36,8% e 12,1%, respectivamente. As massas fresca e seca também foram significativamente afetadas na primeira época de inoculação. No campo, as plantas com infecções individuais ou mistas dos potyvírus produziram frutos não comerciais em quantidades que variaram de 14 a 861 g/planta, dependendo da idade que foram inoculadas. As plantas tratadas com tampão fosfato aos 5, 15 e 25 DAE produziram em média 573 g, 937 g e 1172 g de frutos comerciais e 282 g, 221 g e 192 g de frutos não comerciais, respectivamente. A redução na massa fresca das plantas foi diretamente relacionada com a época de inoculação, com médias de 60,7% para aquelas inoculadas aos 5 DAE e de 22,7% para aquelas inoculadas aos 15 DAE. Na terceira época de inoculação não houve diferença significativa de massa fresca entre os tratamentos.

L'Univers

1869/09/09 (Numéro 861).

Uso de álcool entre estudantes de medicina da Universidade Federal do Maranhão

Este trabalho avalia o uso de álcool entre estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, em 2010. Os estudantes responderam dois questionários autoaplicáveis: o primeiro continha informações gerais, e o segundo, o teste Audit, que rastreia consumo de risco. A pesquisa envolveu 337 estudantes, 54,8% do sexo masculino e 45,2% do sexo feminino. Duzentos e dezessete (64,2%) usavam bebidas alcoólicas. A situação considerada mais propícia para beber foram as festas de faculdade. A maioria dos etilistas (55,8%) encontrou-se na Zona I pelo escore do Audit (baixo risco para consumo de álcool); 38,2% na Zona II (médio risco); 4,6% na Zona III (alto risco); e 1,4% na Zona IV (altíssimo risco). Houve maior consumo de álcool entre os estudantes de períodos mais adiantados e entre aqueles que não residiam com os pais, com valores de p estatisticamente significantes. É necessário, portanto, orientar o estudante de Medicina sobre os riscos do consumo de álcool de forma nociva e as consequências que este hábito pode trazer para sua profissão.

Identifying first graders at risk of reading and writing difficulties : creating a group-based screening tool in kiswahili in Tanzania

Early identification of beginning readers at risk of developing reading and writing difficulties plays an important role in the prevention and provision of appropriate intervention. In Tanzania, as in other countries, there are children in schools who are at risk of developing reading and writing difficulties. Many of these children complete school without being identified and without proper and relevant support. The main language in Tanzania is Kiswahili, a transparent language. Contextually relevant, reliable and valid instruments of identification are needed in Tanzanian schools. This study aimed at the construction and validation of a group-based screening instrument in the Kiswahili language for identifying beginning readers at risk of reading and writing difficulties. In studying the function of the test there was special interest in analyzing the explanatory power of certain contextual factors related to the home and school. Halfway through grade one, 337 children from four purposively selected primary schools in Morogoro municipality were screened with a group test consisting of 7 subscales measuring phonological awareness, word and letter knowledge and spelling. A questionnaire about background factors and the home and school environments related to literacy was also used. The schools were chosen based on performance status (i.e. high, good, average and low performing schools) in order to include variation. For validation, 64 children were chosen from the original sample to take an individual test measuring nonsense word reading, word reading, actual text reading, one-minute reading and writing. School marks from grade one and a follow-up test half way through grade two were also used for validation. The correlations between the results from the group test and the three measures used for validation were very high (.83-.95). Content validity of the group test was established by using items drawn from authorized text books for reading in grade one. Construct validity was analyzed through item analysis and principal component analysis. The difficulty level of most items in both the group test and the follow-up test was good. The items also discriminated well. Principal component analysis revealed one powerful latent dimension (initial literacy factor), accounting for 93% of the variance. This implies that it could be possible to use any set of the subtests of the group test for screening and prediction. The K-Means cluster analysis revealed four clusters: at-risk children, strugglers, readers and good readers. The main concern in this study was with the groups of at-risk children (24%) and strugglers (22%), who need the most assistance. The predictive validity of the group test was analyzed by correlating the measures from the two school years and by cross tabulating grade one and grade two clusters. All the correlations were positive and very high, and 94% of the at-risk children in grade two were already identified in the group test in grade one. The explanatory power of some of the home and school factors was very strong. The number of books at home accounted for 38% of the variance in reading and writing ability measured by the group test. Parents´ reading ability and the support children received at home for schoolwork were also influential factors. Among the studied school factors school attendance had the strongest explanatory power, accounting for 21% of the variance in reading and writing ability. Having been in nursery school was also of importance. Based on the findings in the study a short version of the group test was created. It is suggested for use in the screening processes in grade one aiming at identifying children at risk of reading and writing difficulties in the Tanzanian context. Suggestions for further research as well as for actions for improving the literacy skills of Tanzanian children are presented.

D’abord, ensuite, enfin et 0, De plus: Organisation textuelle par des séries linéaires dans les articles de recherche

The study examines the signalling of text organisation in research articles (RA) in French. The work concentrates on a particular type of organisation provided by text sequences, i.e. structures organising text to items of which at least some are signalled by markers of addition or order: First… 0… The third point… In addition… / Premièrement… 0… Le troisième point… De plus… By indicating the way the text is organised, these structures guide the reader in the reading process so that he doesn’t need to interpret the text structure himself. The aim of the work is to study factors affecting the marking of text sequences. Why is their structure sometimes signalled explicitly by markers such as secondly, whereas in other places such markers are not used? The corpus is manually XML-annotated and consists of 90 RAs (~800 000 words) in French from the fields of linguistics, education and history. The analysis highlights several factors affecting the marking of text sequences. First, exact markers (such as fist ) seem to be more frequent in sequences where all the items are explicitly signalled by a marker, whereas additive markers (such as moreover) are used in sequences with both explicitly signalled and unmarked items. The marking of explicitly signalled sequences seems thus to be precise and even repetitive, whereas the signalling of sequences with unmarked items is altogether more vague. Second, the marking of text sequences seems to depend on the length of the text. The longer the text segment, the more vague the marking. Additive markers and unmarked items are more frequent in longer sequences possibly covering several pages, whereas shorter sequences are often signalled explicitly by exact markers. Also the marker types vary according to the sequence length. Anaphoric expressions, such as first, are fairly close to their referents and are used in short sequences, connectors, such as secondly, are frequently used in sequences of intermediate length, whereas the longest sequences are often signalled by constructions composed of an ordinal and a noun acting as a subject of the sentence: The first item is… Finally, the marking of text organisation depends also on the discipline the RA belongs to. In linguistics, the marking is fairly frequent and precise; exact markers such as second are the most used, and structures with unmarked items are less common. Similarly, the marking is fairly frequent in education. In this field, however, it is also less precise than in linguistics, with frequent unmarked items and additive markers. History, on the other hand, is characterised by less frequent marking. In addition, when used, the marking in this field is also less precise and less explicit.

Comportamento das formas de nitrogênio em solo cultivado com milho irrigado com água residuária da suinocultura

A utilização de água residuária com características químicas capazes de complementar ou substituir a adição de fertilizantes químicos tem beneficiado amplamente, tanto em regiões onde ocorre a necessidade de se fazer uso de irrigação, quanto em solos que necessitam de fertilizantes. Porém, uma preocupação ambiental e agronômica deve sempre persistir no uso dessa técnica. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento das formas de nitrogênio no material percolado e no solo quando cultivado com milho (Zea mays L.) irrigado com água residuária da suinocultura (ARS), em quatro taxas de aplicação (112,5; 225; 337,5 e 450 kg N ha-1) e adubação convencional (AD), em dois níveis (15 e 25 kg N ha-1). O trabalho foi desenvolvido com a implantação de lisímetros, posterior à realização das irrigações com ARS, e coleta das amostras de solo nas profundidades 0-20; 20-40 e 40-60 cm. A partir dos resultados encontrados, concluiu-se, que no solo, houve tendência de aumentar a concentração do nitrogênio inorgânico em função da taxa de ARS e do tempo. No material percolado, observou-se maior concentração de nitrato proporcional às taxas de ARS.

Herätys aikaan

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Estudo da associação de água residuária de suinocultura e adubação mineral na cultura do milho e no solo

RESUMOO uso de água residuária em solo agrícola pode-se caracterizar como uma fonte alternativa de adubação, além de melhorar as condições edáficas do solo devido à matéria orgânica adicionada. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos na cultura do milho e em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, devido à aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura associada com adubação química. No experimento, utilizou-se de cinco doses de ARS (0; 112,5; 225; 337,5 e 450 m3 ha-1) durante o ciclo do milho, combinadas com duas adubações químicas (50 e 75% da dose recomendada), para compor os respectivos tratamentos, com três repetições. Os parâmetros da cultura do milho avaliados foram: produtividade (PROD), altura de plantas (AP), teor de macronutrientes (N, P, K e Mg) e de micronutrientes (Fe, Zn, Cu e B). Os parâmetros de solo avaliados foram: conteúdo de matéria orgânica (MO), soma e saturação por bases (SB e V), pH e teores disponíveis de N, P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que: na cultura do milho, a aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura é fator predominante no aumento da produtividade e na nutrição mineral em K, Mg, Fe, Cu e B, e insuficiente para N e P; no solo, de modo geral, a água residuária da suinocultura propiciou aumentos positivos nos parâmetros de P, Zn, Cu, pH e SB, negativos nos teores de K e Fe, e nenhum efeito nos parâmetros N, V, MO e Mn; os parâmetros P, Cu e Zn aumentaram significativamente os teores no solo ao longo do experimento, indicando a importância do fator tempo nesse tipo de estudo.

Potilaan hoitaminen diagnostisessa radiografiassa ja sen kuormittavuus röntgenhoitajan arvioimana - tavoitteena inhimillinen ja turvallinen kuvantamistapahtuma

Hyvä työ on tavoite, jonka saavuttamisesta hyötyvät sekä työntekijät että työnantajat ja erityisesti asiakkaat. Tässä tutkimuksessa mielenkiinto on diagnostisessa radiografiassa ja röntgenhoitajan kuormittumisessa, joista kummastakin on löydettävissä suhteellisen vähän tietoa. Tutkimuksen näkökulma rajattiin diagnostisen radiografian sisältöön ja erityisesti potilaan hoitamiseen. Tarkoituksena oli kuvata kuvantamistapahtuman aikainen potilaan hoitaminen ja röntgenhoitajan kuormittuminen sekä niihin yhteydessä olevat tekijät. Potilaan hoitaminen määriteltiin aihetta koskevan esitutkimuksen perusteella toiminnaksi, jonka tavoitteena on potilaan kannalta inhimillinen ja turvallinen kuvantamistapahtuma. Inhimillisyys- ja turvallisuustoimintojen kuvaaminen perustui esitutkimuksen lisäksi diagnostista radiografiaa kuvaavaan aikaisempaan kirjallisuuteen. Kuormittumista tarkastellaan työn vaatimusten ja voimavarojen välisenä ristiriitana. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osa oli luonteeltaan poikkileikkaustutkimus. Aineisto kerättiin syksyllä 2008 tutkimusta varten laadituilla aineistonkeruulomakkeilla viiden (5) suomalaisen kuvantamiskeskuksen eri yksiköissä (n=60) työskenteleviltä röntgenhoitajilta (n = 596; vastausosuus 76 %). Aineisto analysoitiin kuvailevan tilastotieteen menetelmillä. Potilaan hoitamiseen ja röntgenhoitajan kuormittumiseen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä tutkittiin käyttämällä Mann-Whitneyn U –testiä ja Kruskall-Wallisin –testiä, Spearmanin -korrelaatio kerrointa, toistettujen mittausten t-testiä sekä varianssianalyysiä. Potilaan hoitamista ja sen kuormittavuutta mallinnettiin käyttämällä askeltavaa varianssianalyysia. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan erilaiset inhimillisyys- ja turvallisuustoiminnot kuvaavat kuvantamistapahtuman aikaista potilaan hoitamista. Inhimillisyystoiminnoista korostui potilaan ja röntgenhoitajan välinen kommunikointi. Radiografiset toiminnot olivat puolestaan tyypillisimpiä turvallisuustoimintoja. Inhimillisyystoiminnot olivat itsenäisesti yhteydessä erityisesti röntgenhoitajaa kuvaaviin taustamuuttujiin kuten työkokemukseen (p < 0,001), ikään (p = 0,001) ja työn tärkeäksi kokemiseen (p = 0,001). Sen sijaan turvallisuustoiminnot olivat yhteydessä erilaisiin työtä kuvaaviin tekijöihin kuten röntgenhoitajan käyttämään kuvantamismenetelmään (p < 0,001) sekä toimintaympäristön kokoon (p < 0,001). Röntgenhoitajat kokivat kuormittuvansa erityisesti vuorovaikutuksellisesti haastavissa tilanteissa sekä tilanteissa, joissa potilas ei pysty aktiivisesti itse osallistumaan. Kuormittuminen oli yhteydessä resurssien riittävyyteen (p < 0,001) ja röntgenhoitajan käyttämien kuvantamismenetelmien määrään (p = 0,001). Sekä potilaan hoitaminen että röntgenhoitajan kuormittuminen olivat yhteydessä diagnostisen radiografian kokonaiskuormittavuuteen (p < 0,001). Tutkimuksen kuormittumista kuvaava lähtökohta sai tukea röntgenhoitajan kuormittumisen korreloidessa käänteisesti käytettävissä olevien resurssien riittävyyteen (r = –,304; p < 0,001). Tehty tutkimus tuo lisän diagnostista radiografiaa koskevaan aikaisempaan tutkimukseen, jossa alan nuoruudesta johtuen on korostunut kuvaileva tutkimusintressi. Röntgenhoitajien lisäksi tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää diagnostisen radiografian johtamisessa sekä henkilöstön ja työympäristön kehittämisessä. Tutkimus auttaa omalta osaltaan määrittelemään diagnostisen radiografian luonnetta, ominaisuuksia ja laadun ulottuvuuksia. Tulokset osoittavat röntgenhoitajan omien sekä toimintaympäristön voimavarojen olevan laadukkaan työn edellytyksiä. Tutkimuksen tulokset herättävät kysymyksen myös tekijöistä, jotka ovat yhteydessä työn merkitykselliseksi kokemiseen.

L'Univers

1868/03/23 (Numéro 337).