Physical oceanography, sea-bed photographs and videos of benthos from the Weddell Sea taken with remote operated vehicle CHEROKEE during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIII/8

The marine ecosystem on the eastern shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula was surveyed 5 and 12 years after the climate-induced collapse of the Larsen A and B ice shelves. An impoverished benthic fauna was discovered, that included deep-sea species presumed to be remnants from ice-covered conditions. The current structure of various ecosystem components appears to result from extremely different response rates to the change from an oligotrophic sub-ice-shelf ecosystem to a productive shelf ecosystem. Meiobenthic communities remained impoverished only inside the embayments. On local scales, macro- and mega-epibenthic diversity was generally low, with pioneer species and typical Antarctic megabenthic shelf species interspersed. Antarctic Minke whales and seals utilised the Larsen A/B area to feed on presumably newly established krill and pelagic fish biomass. Ecosystem impacts also extended well beyond the zone of ice-shelf collapse, with areas of high benthic disturbance resulting from scour by icebergs discharged from the Larsen embayments.

Sea-floor images during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XIII/3 to the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Transects of a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) providing sea-bed videos and photographs were carried out during POLARSTERN expedition ANT-XIII/3 focussing on the ecology of benthic assemblages on the Antarctic shelf in the South-Eastern Weddell Sea. The ROV-system sprint 103 was equiped with two video- and one still camera, lights, flash-lights, compass, and parallel lasers providing a scale in the images, a tether-management system (TMS), a winch, and the board units. All cameras used the same main lense and could be tilted. Videos were recorded in Betacam-format and (film-)slides were made by decision of the scientific pilot. The latter were mainly made under the aspect to improve the identification of organisms depicted in the videos because the still photographs have a much higher optical resolution than the videos. In the photographs species larger than 3 mm, in the videos larger than 1 cm are recognisable and countable. Under optimum conditions the transects were strait; the speed and direction of the ROV were determined by the drift of the ship in the coastal current, since both, the ship and the ROV were used as a drifting system; the option to operate the vehicle actively was only used to avoide obstacles and to reach at best a distance of only approximately 30 cm to the sea-floor. As a consequence the width of the photographs in the foreground is approximately 50 cm. Deviations from this strategy resulted mainly from difficult ice- and weather conditions but also from high current velocity and local up-welling close to the sea-bed. The sea-bed images provide insights into the general composition of key species, higher systematic groups and ecological guilds. Within interdisciplinary approaches distributions of assemblages can be attributed to environmental conditions such as bathymetry, sediment characteristics, water masses and current regimes. The images also contain valuable information on how benthic species are associated to each other. Along the transects, small- to intermediate-scaled disturbances, e.g. by grounding icebergs were analysed and further impact to the entire benthic system by local succession of recolonisation was studied. This information can be used for models predicting the impact of climate change to benthic life in the Southern Ocean. All these approaches contribute to a better understanding of the fiunctioning of the benthic system and related components of the entire Antarctic marine ecosystem. Despite their scientific value the imaging methods meet concerns about the protection of sensitive Antarctic benthic systems since they are non-invasive and they also provide valuable material for education and outreach purposes.

Sea-floor images from ROV transects during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XVII/3 (EASIZ III) to the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Transects of a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) providing sea-bed videos and photographs were carried out during POLARSTERN expedition ANT-XVII/3 focussing on the ecology of benthic assemblages on the Antarctic shelf in the South-Eastern Weddell Sea. The ROV-system sprint 103 was equiped with two video- and one still camera, lights, flash-lights, compass, and parallel lasers providing a scale in the images, a tether-management system (TMS), a winch, and the board units. All cameras used the same main lense and could be tilted. Videos were recorded in Betacam-format and (film-)slides were made by decision of the scientific pilot. The latter were mainly made under the aspect to improve the identification of organisms depicted in the videos because the still photographs have a much higher optical resolution than the videos. In the photographs species larger than 3 mm, in the videos larger than 1 cm are recognisable and countable. Under optimum conditions the transects were strait; the speed and direction of the ROV were determined by the drift of the ship in the coastal current, since both, the ship and the ROV were used as a drifting system; the option to operate the vehicle actively was only used to avoide obstacles and to reach at best a distance of only approximately 30 cm to the sea-floor. As a consequence the width of the photographs in the foreground is approximately 50 cm. Deviations from this strategy resulted mainly from difficult ice- and weather conditions but also from high current velocity and local up-welling close to the sea-bed. The sea-bed images provide insights into the general composition of key species, higher systematic groups and ecological guilds. Within interdisciplinary approaches distributions of assemblages can be attributed to environmental conditions such as bathymetry, sediment characteristics, water masses and current regimes. The images also contain valuable information on how benthic species are associated to each other. Along the transects, small- to intermediate-scaled disturbances, e.g. by grounding icebergs were analysed and further impact to the entire benthic system by local succession of recolonisation was studied. This information can be used for models predicting the impact of climate change to benthic life in the Southern Ocean. All these approaches contribute to a better understanding of the fiunctioning of the benthic system and related components of the entire Antarctic marine ecosystem. Despite their scientific value the imaging methods meet concerns about the protection of sensitive Antarctic benthic systems since they are non-invasive and they also provide valuable material for education and outreach purposes.

Epibenthic foraminiferal d13C in the Recent deep Arctic Ocean

Low planktic and benthic d18O and d13C values in sediments from the Nordic seas of cold stadials of the last glaciation have been attributed to brines, formed similar to modern ones in the Arctic Ocean. To expand on the carbon isotopes of this hypothesis I investigated benthic d13C from the modern Arctic Ocean. I show that mean d13C values of live epibenthic foraminifera from the deep Arctic basins are higher than mean d13C values of upper slope epibenthic foraminifera. This agrees with mean high d13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Arctic Bottom Water (ABW), which are higher than mean d13CDIC values from shallower water masses of mainly Atlantic origin. However, adjustments for oceanic 13C-Suess depletion raise subsurface and intermediate water d13CDIC values over ABW d13CDIC ones. Accordingly, during preindustrial Holocene times, the d13CDIC of ABW was as high or higher than today, but lower than the d13CDIC of younger subsurface and intermediate water. If brine-enriched water significantly ventilated ABW, brines should have had high d13CDIC values. Analogously, high-d13CDIC brines may have been formed in the Nordic seas during warm interstadials. During cold stadials, when most of the Arctic Ocean was perennially sea-ice covered, a cessation of high-d13CDIC brine rejection may have lowered d13CDIC values of ABW, and ultimately the d13CDIC in Nordic seas intermediate and deep water. So, in contrast to the idea of enhanced brine formation during cold stadials, the results of this investigation imply that a cessation of brine rejection would be more likely.

Las palabras de la música. Las voces relacionadas con la música en el Diccionario de autoridades

Existe un amplio consenso acerca de que uno de los medios más efectivos para medir el grado de conocimientos que una nación ha alcanzado, tanto en materia de ciencias como de artes, puede consistir en el análisis de sus diccionarios o enciclopedias. En ellos se codifica el sentir general de una sociedad y, mediante una lectura integral y analítica, parecen servir como muestra del pulso intelectual y cultural de una comunidad lingüística en un momento determinado. Partiendo de dichas hipótesis, Las palabras de la música… plantea un estudio en profundidad –a caballo entre la ciencia musicológica y la investigación lexicográfica– de las voces de la música contenidas en el Diccionario de autoridades (1726-1739). De igual manera, con el presente trabajo pretendemos apuntar las principales problemáticas derivadas de la inclusión de una alta cantidad de léxico de la música en el primer corpus académico, la ambigua relación de la Corporación con esta disciplina, así como reivindicar enfoques y metodologías interdisciplinares para ensayar, desde la musicología, nuevas narrativas historiográficas.

España y las reformas en la Unión Europea: de la política al derecho

Este trabajo analiza cómo España ha asimilado el proyecto europeo como parte del proyecto nacional. También examina la contribución de España a las reformas del proceso europeo , como se han armonizado los intereses nacionales y los generales europeos. Se analiza la crisis de confianza en la Unión Europea y, finalmente, se pregunta por la suerte del Derecho español si España no hubiera sido miembro de la UE.

Error tolerance of topological codes with independent bit-flip and measurement errors

Topological quantum error correction codes are currently among the most promising candidates for efficiently dealing with the decoherence effects inherently present in quantum devices. Numerically, their theoretical error threshold can be calculated by mapping the underlying quantum problem to a related classical statistical-mechanical spin system with quenched disorder. Here, we present results for the general fault-tolerant regime, where we consider both qubit and measurement errors. However, unlike in previous studies, here we vary the strength of the different error sources independently. Our results highlight peculiar differences between toric and color codes. This study complements previous results published in New J. Phys. 13, 083006 (2011).

De ángel del hogar a diablesa: la persistencia de los estereotipos de género en las sexualidades alternativas

Las sexualidades alternativas (swinger1 y bdsm2) se muestran como espacios libremente elegidos por mujeres y hombres para desarrollar una sexualidad no hegemónica en términos de total igualdad y consentimiento de las mujeres. El trabajo cuestiona estos presupuestos con la información obtenida a través de entrevistas realizadas a informantes clave, debates en foros de Internet, grupos de discusión y búsqueda y análisis básico de datos en diferentes páginas web. Se profundiza en las vivencias y experiencias de mujeres y hombres practicantes, con énfasis en la sexualidad femenina. Se analiza el mito de la mujer perversa en la dominación femenina3 como objeto de fantasía sexual masculina. La reformulación del personaje en términos de género, proponiéndola a las mujeres como posibilidad, es un elemento importante en el trabajo. Las conclusiones a las que se llega evidencian la fuerte persistencia de los estereotipos de género y la reproducción de forma masiva y sistemática de los roles de género en el juego sexual. Las vivencias de la sexualidad de las mujeres están impregnadas del sistema sexo/género y de su tradicional opresión. La subyugación femenina aparece, sin embargo, en un escenario de posibilidades y oportunidades para desarrollar una sexualidad genuinamente libre e igualitaria en aparente contradicción.

Efeitos induzidos por treino complementar de força em basquetebolistas adolescentes

O estudo teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos induzidos por sessões adicionais de treino de força em adolescentes praticantes de basquetebol. Mais especificamente, pretendeu-se comparar dois programas de treino (um baseado na teoria do treino integrado e outro no treino integrado com um trabalho complementar de treino de força recorrendo ao peso do próprio corpo) ao nível da aptidão física em praticantes de basquetebol sub-14. A amostra foi constituída por 12 jogadores que se voluntariaram para participar no estudo. Após uma avaliação inicial, a amostra foi dividida em 2 grupos homogéneos. Um dos grupos, grupo experimental (GE) realizou 8 semanas de treino integrado, mais um trabalho complementar de treino de força valendo-se do peso do próprio corpo, ao mesmo tempo que o grupo de controlo (GC) apenas realizou o treino integrado. Após 8 semanas houve lugar a nova avaliação (avaliação final). As avaliações foram realizadas sempre no mesmo local, com os mesmos membros da equipa de investigação a proceder às recolhas, e no mesmo período do dia. Após um aquecimento mio-articular de 10 min as avaliações consistiram nos seguintes testes: (i) lançamento da bola medicinal 2kg; (ii) salto vertical com contramovimento sem mobilização dos membros superiores; (iii) com mobilização dos membros superiores; (iv) sprint de 22 m; (v) agilidade sem bola; (vi) e com bola. Os resultados finais indicaram que o GE melhorou significativamente a força nos membros superiores medida através do lançamento da bola medicinal. Tendo-se verificado que a utilização dos 6 exercícios selecionados, através do incremento de volume de duas em duas semanas, promoveu em apenas oito semanas de trabalho, melhorias significativas de desempenho que rondaram os 10% relativamente ao teste inicial. Foi também possível verificar que, ao nível da agilidade com bola, as 8 semanas de aplicação do trabalho complementar não foram suficientes para promover incrementos significativos. No entanto, ao nível da agilidade sem bola, os jogadores do GE conseguiram ver esta capacidade melhorada, demonstrando uma maior facilidade na mudança de direção e deslocamento lateral e a retaguarda em comparação à avaliação inicial. Ao nível da força inferior, verificou-se que fazendo comparação entre os dois momentos de avaliação, ao nível do salto sem uso dos membros superiores, nenhum dos grupos obteve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na melhoria desta componente, nos dois momentos. Já quando foi permitido o uso dos membros superiores para balancear o corpo, foram observadas melhorias de rendimento no GE. Ao nível da velocidade, por se tratar de velocidade pura, i.e. todos os esforços foram abaixo dos 5s na totalidade dos jogadores, além disso foi possível verificar que, as oito semanas de aplicação do trabalho complementar, não foram suficientes para promover diferenças significativas em ambos os grupos nos dois momentos. Assim, as diferenças obtidas entre os grupos reforçam a importância que um trabalho de força complementar tem para praticantes de basquetebol adolescentes. Pelo que, os treinadores desta faixa etária deverão procurar incluir trabalho multifuncional na prescrição de treino, de forma a visar uma aptidão física adequada para a prática da modalidade.

Sea-bed photographs (benthos) from the Weddell Sea along two ROV profiles during Polarstern cruise ANT-XIII/3

Young specimens of cf. Pagothenia borchgrevinki were observed for the first time to cling to the subsurface of the marginal ice shelf in Drescher Inlet, southeastern Weddell Sea. Along an approximately 40-m-long videotransect at 80 m water depth, the abundance was roughly estimated to be 7 individuals per 10 m**2. This behaviour is interpreted to represent the most advanced adaptation to ice as a microhabitat for Antarctic fish.

Granulometry, geochemistry, amino acids, radiocarbon ages and paleomagnetics of samples from Heidemann Valley

A Pliocene (2.6-3.5 Ma) age is determined from glacial sediments studied in a 20m long, 4 m deep trench excavated in Heidemann Valley, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. The age determination is based on a combined study of amino acid racemization, diatoms, foraminifera, and magnetic polarity, and supports earlier estimates of the age of the sedimentary section; all are beyond 14C range. Four till units are recognized and documented, and 16 subunits are identified. All are ascribed to deposition during a Late Pliocene glaciation that was probably the last time the entire Vestfold Hills was covered by an enlarged East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). Evidence for other more recent glacial events of the 'Vestfold Glaciation' may have been due to lateral expansion of the Sorsdal Glacier and limited expansion of the icesheet margin during the Last Glacial Maximum rather than a major expansion of the EAIS. The deposit appears to correlate with a marine deposition event recorded in Ocean Drilling Program Site 1166 in Prydz Bay, possibly with the Bardin Bluffs Formation of the Prince Charles Mountains and with part of the time represented in the ANDRILL AND-1B core in the Ross Sea.